Chapter 2: Body Structure, Color, And Oncology

Front 1

cell

Back 1

basic unit of all living things.

Front 2

cell membrane

Back 2

forms the boundary of the cell

Front 3

cytoplasm

Back 3

gel-like fluid inside the cell

Front 4

nucleus

Back 4

largest structure within the cell, usually spherical and centrally located. It contains chromosomes for cellular reproduction and is the control center of the cell.

Front 5

genes

Back 5

regions within the chromosome.

Front 6

DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)

Back 6

comprises each gene; is a genetic material that regulates the activities of the cell

Front 7

muscle tissue

Back 7

composed of cells that have a special ability to contract, usually producing movement

Front 8

nervous tissue

Back 8

found in the nerves, spinal cord, and brain. Responsible for coordinating and controlling body activities.

Front 9

connective tissue

Back 9

connects, supports, penetrates, and encases body structure.

• Types of connective tissue:

- adipose (fat)

- osseous (bone)

- blood

Front 10

system

Back 10

group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions.

Ex. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It's function is to transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide and other waste product.

Front 11

Integumentary System

Back 11

Composed of skin, nails, and glands.

• forms a protective covering for the body

• regulates body temperature

• helps manufacture vitamin D.

Front 12

Respiratory System

Back 12

Performs respiration which provides for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the body.

Composed of:

• nose

• pharynx (throat)

• larynx (voice box)

• trachea (windpipe)

• bronchial tubes

• lungs

Front 13

Urinary System

Back 13

Removes waste from the body, regulates fluid volume and maintains electrolyte concentration.

Composed of:

• kidneys

• ureters

• bladder

• urethra

Front 14

Reproductive System

Back 14

Responsible for hereditary and reproduction.

Female reproductive system is composed of:

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina and mammary glands.

Male reproductive system is composed of:

testes, urethra, penis, prostate glands and associated tubes.

Front 15

Cardiovascular System

Back 15

Composed of the heart and blood vessels. Pumps and transports blood throughout the body.

Front 16

Lymphatic System

Back 16

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes and organs. Provides for defense against infection and drainage of extracellular fluid.

Front 17

Digestive System

Back 17

Prepares food for use by the body cells and eliminates waste.

Composed of gastrointestinal tract: mouth, esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine plus accessory organs, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.

Front 18

Musculoskeletal System

Back 18

Provides movement and framework for the body, protects vital organs such as the brain, stores calcium and produces red blood cells.

Composed of: muscle, bone and joints.

Front 19

Nervous System

Back 19

Regulates body activities by sending and receiving messages.

Composed of:

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Front 20

Endocrine System

Back 20

Composed of glands that secretes hormones. Hormones regulate many body activities.

Front 21

cranial cavity

Back 21

space inside the skull (cranium) containing the brain

Front 22

spinal cavity

Back 22

space inside the spinal column containing the spinal cord

Front 23

thoracic, or chest cavity

Back 23

space containing the heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and mediastinal area.

Front 24

abdominal cavity

Back 24

space containing the stomach, intestines, kidneys, adrenal glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and ureters

Front 25

pelvic cavity

Back 25

space containing the urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, parts of the small and large intestine, and the rectum

Front 26

abdominopelvic cavity

Back 26

both the pelvic and abdominal cavities

Front 27

Disease and Disorder Terms

adenocarcinoma

Back 27

adenocarcinoma

cancerous tumor of glandular tissue

Front 28

adenoma

Back 28

tumor composed of glandular tissue (benign)

Front 29

carcinoma

Back 29

cancerous tumor (malignant)

Front 30

chloroma

Back 30

tumor of green color (malignant, arising from myeloid tissue)

Front 31

epithelioma

Back 31

tumor composed of epithelium (may be benign or malignant)

Front 32

fibroma

Back 32

tumor composed of fiber (fibrous tissue) (benign)

Front 33

fibrosarcoma

Back 33

malignant tumor composed of fiber (fibrous tissue)

Front 34

leiomyoma

Back 34

tumor composed of smooth muscle (benign)

Front 35

lipoma

Back 35

tumor composed of fat (benign tumor)

Front 36

liposarcoma

Back 36

malignant tumor of fat

Front 37

melanocarcinoma

Back 37

cancerous black tumor (malignant)

Front 38

melanoma

Back 38

black tumor (primarily of the skin)

Front 39

myoma

Back 39

tumor composed of muscle (benign)

Front 40

neoplasm

Back 40

new growth (of abdominal tissue, benign or malignant)

Front 41

neuroma

Back 41

tumor composed of nerve (benign)

Front 42

rhabdomyoma

Back 42

tumor composed of striated muscle (benign)

Front 43

rhabdomyosarcoma

Back 43

malignant tumor of striated muscle

Front 44

sarcoma

(Note: sar/o also is presented in this chapter as a word root.)

Back 44

tumor of connective tissue (such as bone or cartilage) (highly malignant)

Front 45

Body Structure Terms

cytogenic

Back 45

producing cells

Front 46

cytoid

Back 46

resembling a cell

Front 47

cytology

Back 47

study of cells

Front 48

cytoplasm

Back 48

cell substance

Front 49

dysplasia

Back 49

abnormal development

Front 50

epithelial

Back 50

pertaining to epithelium

Front 51

erythrocyte (RBC)

Back 51

red (blood) cell

Front 52

histology

Back 52

study of tissue

Front 53

hyperplasia

Back 53

excessive development (number of cells)

Front 54

hypoplasia

Back 54

incomplete development (of an organ or tissues)

Front 55

karyocyte

Back 55

cell with nucleus

Front 56

karyoplasm

Back 56

substance of a nucleus

Front 57

leukocyte (WBC)

Back 57

White (blood) cell

Front 58

leukocytosis

Back 58

increase in the number of white (blood) cells

Front 59

lipoid

Back 59

resembling fat

Front 60

myopathy

Back 60

disease of the muscle

Front 61

neuroid

Back 61

resembling the nerve

Front 62

organomegaly

Back 62

enlargement of an organ

Front 63

somatic

Back 63

pertaining to the body

Front 64

somatogenic

Back 64

originating in the body (organic as opposed to psychogenic)

Front 65

somatopathy

Back 65

disease of the body

Front 66

somatoplasm

Back 66

body substance

Front 67

systemic

Back 67

pertaining to a (body) system (or the body as a whole)

Front 68

visceral

Back 68

pertaining to the internal organs

Front 69

cancerous

Back 69

pertaining to cancer

Front 70

carcinogen

Back 70

substance that causes cancer

Front 71

cyanosis

Back 71

abnormal condition of blue (bluish) discoloration, especially of the skin, caused by inadequate supply of oxygen in the blood)

Front 72

diagnosis (Dx)

Back 72

state of complete knowledge (identifying a disease)

Front 73

erythrocytosis

Back 73

increase in the number of red (blood) cells

Front 74

etiology

Back 74

Study of causes (of diseases)

Front 75

iatrogenic

Back 75

produced by a physician (the unexpected results from a treatment prescribed by a physician)

Front 76

iatrology

Back 76

study of medicine

Front 77

metastasis (pl. metastates) (mets)

Back 77

Beyond control (transfer of cells from one organ to another, as in malignant tumors

Front 78

oncogenic

Back 78

causing tumors

Front 79

oncologist

Back 79

physician who studies and treats (malignant) tumors

Front 80

oncology

Back 80

Study of tumors (a branch of medicine concerned with the study of malignant tumors)

Front 81

organic

Back 81

pertaining to an organ

Front 82

pathogenic

Back 82

producing disease

Front 83

pathologists

Back 83

physician who studies diseases (examines biopsies and performs autopsies to determine the cause of disease or death)

Front 84

pathology

Back 84

Study of disease (a branch of medicine dealing with the study of the causes of disease and death)

Front 85

prognosis (Px)

Back 85

state of before knowledge (prediction of the outcome of disease)

Front 86

xanthochromic

Back 86

pertaining to yellow color

Front 87

xanthosis

Back 87

abnormal condition of yellow (discoloration)

Front 88

Complementary Terms

apoptosis

Back 88

programmed cell death, a mechanism for cell deletion to regulate cell population, or destroy damaged or defective cells. Some cancers disrupt apoptosis; cells lose their ability to die and live forever.

Front 89

benign

Back 89

not malignant, nonrecurrent, favorable for recovery

Front 90

biological therapy

Back 90

treatment of cancer with biological response modifiers (BRM) that work with the immune system. (Also called biotherapy or immunotherapy)

Front 91

carcinoma in situ

Back 91

cancer in the early stage before invading surrounding tissue

Front 92

chemotherapy (chemo)

Back 92

treatment of cancer with drugs

Front 93

encapsulated

Back 93

enclosed within a capsule, as with benign or malignant tumors that have not spread beyond the capsule of the organ in which it originated

Front 94

exacerbation

Back 94

increase in the severity of a disease or its symptoms

Front 95

hospice

Back 95

provides palliative or supportive care for termially ill patients and their families

Front 96

idiopathic

Back 96

pertaining to disease of unknown origin

Front 97

inflammation

Back 97

localized protective response to injury or tissue destruction characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain

Front 98

in vitro

Back 98

within a glass, observable within a test tube

Front 99

in vivo

Back 99

within the living body

Front 100

malignant

Back 100

tending to become progressively worse and to cause death, as in cancer

Front 101

morbidity

Back 101

state of being diseased or unwell; incidence of illness in a population

Front 102

mortality

Back 102

state of being mortal (death); incidence of the number of deaths in a population

Front 103

palliative

Back 103

providing relief but not cure

Front 104

radiation therapy

Back 104

treatment of cancer with a radioactive substance, x-ray, or radiation (also called radiation oncology and radiotherapy)

Front 105

remission

Back 105

improvement or absence of signs of disease

Front 106

Abbreviation

CA

Back 106

carcinoma

Front 107

chemo

Back 107

chemotherapy

Front 108

Dx

Back 108

diagnosis

Front 109

mets

Back 109

metastases

Front 110

Px

Back 110

prognosis

Front 111

RBC

Back 111

red blood cell

Front 112

XRT

Back 112

radiation therapy

Front 113

WBC

Back 113

white blood cell