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450 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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atri/o
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atrium
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angi/o
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vessel
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aort/o
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aorta
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arteri/o
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artery
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brady-
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slow
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cardi/o
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heart
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coron/o
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crown, heart
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hem/o
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blood
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hemat/o
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blood
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-megaly
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enlargement
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-sclerosis
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hardening
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tachy-
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fast
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ven/o
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vein
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ventricul/o
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ventricle
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BP
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blood pressure
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CPR
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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EKG/ECG
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elektrocardiogram
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MI
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myocardial infarction
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aorta
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largest artery in the body, orginating at the left ventricle and descending through the thorax and abdomen
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atrium
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the heart consists of two upper chambers, the left and right atrium, and two lower chambers, the left and right ventricle
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diastole
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phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax between contractions (the lower number in the bp reading)
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systole
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phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract (the upper number in the bp reading)
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ventricle
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the heart consists of two lower chambers, the left and right ventricle, and two upper chambers, the left and right atrium
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angina
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angina pectoris, chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle
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hypertension
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blood pressure that is above normal (greater than 140/90)
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infarction
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myocardial infarction, death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply (also called heart attack)
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ischemia
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deficiency of blood (flow)
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cholesterol tests
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the lipid panel/profile which checks triglyceride and cholesterol levels which may include HDL, LDL, and VLDL
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electrocardiogram
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record of the electrical activity of the heart
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echocardiogram
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record of the heart (structure and motion) using sound, used to detect valcular disease and evaluate the heart during stress testing
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enzyme test
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a test for cardiac enzymes (an enzyme is a protein that catalyzes (accelerates) a chemical reaction)
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Holter monitor test
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Holter monitoring (also called continuous ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring) is a continuous monitoring of heart rate and rhythm during your usual daily activities, usually for a 24-hour period
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stress test
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a study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill, or by using drugs to simulate the stress of the physical exercise. EKG's, echocardiography and nuclear medicine scanning are three types of tests performed to measure cardiac function while exercising.
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abdomin/o
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abdomen
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appendic/o
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appendix
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an/o
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anus
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bucc/o
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cheek
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dent/i
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tooth
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enter/o
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small intestine
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-emesis
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vomiting
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epi-
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above
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esophag/o
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esophagus
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gastr/o
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stomach
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gingiv/o
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gum
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gloss/o
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tongue
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hepat/o
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liver
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lapar/o
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abdominal wall
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lingu/o
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tongue
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or/o
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mouth
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-pepsia
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digestion
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-phagia
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to swallow
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proct/o
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rectum
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-scope
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instrument for visual examination
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-scopy
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process of visual examination
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stomat/o
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mouth
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GI
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gastrointestinal
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N&V
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nausea and vomiting
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NG
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nasogastric
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mouth
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opening through which food passes into the body; breaks food into small particles by mastication and mixing with saliva
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pharynx
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throat, performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus
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esophagus
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10 inch (25 cm) tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
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stomach
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J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food. It secretes chemicals for digestion and hormones for local communication control
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small intestine
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20 foot (6m) canal extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine
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large intestine
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canal that is approximately 5 feet (1.5m) long and extends from the ileum to the anus
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appendix
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small pouch, which has no function in digestion, attached to the cecum
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elimination
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the removal of a substance from the body by any route, including the kidneys, liver, lungs, sweat glands and bowels
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ingestion
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taking a substance in through the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract, such as through eating or drinking
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mastication
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chewing
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peristalsis
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involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the digestive tract
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appendicitis
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inflammation of the appendix
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constipation
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a condition of the digestive system where a person experiences hard feces that are difficult to egest
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diarrhea
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a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements
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dental caries
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an infectious disease which damages the structures of teeth
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emesis
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vomiting, throwing up
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halitosis
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breath odor, foul breath
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hemorrhoid
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varicose vein in the rectal area, which may be internal or external
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hernia
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protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall
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ulcer
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eroded sore on the skin or muceous membrane, gastric/peptic ulcer is an ulcer in the stomach
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abdominal ultrasound
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an imaging procedure used to examine the internal organs of the abdomen including the liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys
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gastroscopy
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visual examination of the stomach
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guauic testing
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fecal occult blood test, a test to detect occult blood in feces, used to screen for colon cancer or polyps, occult blood refers to blood that is present but can only be viewed microscopically
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H. Pylori test
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a blood test to determine the presence of H. pylori bacteria, this bacteria can be found in the lining of the stomach and can cause peptic ulcers. Tests for H. pylori can also be performed on biopsy specimens and by breath test
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O&P
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ova and parasites, stool ova and parasites exam is an analysis of stool to check for the presence of a parasite or worm-like infection of the intestine. Ova refers to the egg stage of a parasite's life cycle.
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stool cultures
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a fecal culture is a laboratory test to isolate and identify organisms in the feces that may cause gastrointestinal symptoms and disease
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lower gastrointestinal exam
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barium enema, series of x-ray images taken of the large intestine after a barium enema has been administered
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upper gastrointestinal exam
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series of x-ray images taken of the stomach and duodenum after barium has been swallowed
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aden/o
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gland
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adren/o
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adrenal
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dips/o
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thirst
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endocrin/o
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endocrine
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ex-
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out, outward, outside
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exo-
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out, outward, outside
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glyc/o
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sugar
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pancreat/o
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pancreas
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parathyroid/o
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parathyroid glands
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pituitar/o
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pituitary gland
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thyr/o
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thyroid gland
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thyroid/o
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thyroid gland
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tox/o
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poison
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toxic/o
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poison
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-uria
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urination
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ADH
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antidiuretic hormone
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DM
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diabetes mellitus
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FBS
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fasting blood sugar
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GDM
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gestational diabetes mellitus
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IDDM
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insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
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NIDDM
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non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
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adrenal cortex
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outer portion of the adrenal glands (paired glands, one of which is located above each kidney)
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adrenal medulla
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inner portion of the adrenal glands (paired glands, one of which is located above each kidney)
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pancreas
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produces pancreatic juice, which helps digest all types of food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism
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parathyroid glands
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four small bodies lying directly behind the thyroid, they secrete parathormone which helps maintain the level of calcium in the blood
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pituitary gland
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approximately the size of a pea and located at the base of the brain, it is divided in two lobes
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anterior lobe
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one lobe of the pituitary gland, produces and secretes growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone and gonadotropic hormone
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posterior lobe
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one lobe of the pituitary gland, stores and releases antifiuretic hormone and oxytocin
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thyroid gland
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largest endocrine gland, it is located in the neck below the larynx and compromises bilateral lobes connected by an isthmus. This gland secretes triiodothyronine and thyroxine.
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diabetes insipidus
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result of decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Symptoms include polydipsia and polyuria and sodium being excreted from the body.
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diabetes mellitus
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chromic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism. Caused by underactivity of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which results in insufficient production of insulin. When uncontrolled this disease can result in ketosis, acidosis and finally coma.
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ketoacidosis
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acidosis: condition brough about by an abnormal accumulation of acid products of metabolism, ketosis: abnormal concentration of ketone bodies (normal product of metabolism), both conditions are seen frequently in uncontrolled diabetes
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glucose tolerance test
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the administration of glucose to determine how quickly it is cleared from the blood
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fasting blood sugar
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a blood test to determine the amount of glucose in the blood after fasting for 8 to 10 hours, elevation indicates diabetes mellitus
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glucose meter testing
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a little drop of blood is put on a test strip in the meter, this test will give you your blood sugar level at any one time
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urine dipstick test
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a chemically treated stick is dipped into urine to check for the sugar level
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thyroidectomy
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excision of the thyroid gland
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acous/o
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hearing
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audi/o
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sound
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aur/o
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ear
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bi-
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two
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corne/o
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cornea
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-ician
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specialist
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irid/o
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iris
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ocul/o
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eye
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ophtalm/o
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eye
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-opia
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vision
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ot/o
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ear
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phac/o(r)
phak/o |
lens of eye
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scler/o
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sclera
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EENT
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eyes, ears, nose, throat
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ENT
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ears, nose, throat
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PERL
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pupil equal and reactive to light
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TM
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tympanic membrane
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cerumen
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earwax
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cornea
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transparant anterior part of the sclera, which is in front of the aqeous humor and lies over the iris
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lens
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lies directly behind the pupil, its function is to focus and bend light
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sclera
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outer protective layer of the eye; the portion seen on the anterior portion of the eyeball is referred to as the white of the eye
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auricle/pinna
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external structure located on both sides of the head, the auricle directs sound waves into the external auditory meatus
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external auditory canal
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short tube that ends at the TM, inner part lies within the temporal bone of the skull and contains the glands that sexrete cerumen
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astigmatism
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defective curvature of the refractive surface of the eye
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ophthalmoscopy
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visual examination of the eye
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cataract
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clouding of the lens of the eye
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hyperopia
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farsightedness
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myopia
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nearsightedness
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purulence
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condition of containing or forming pus
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stye/sty/hordeolum
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infection of an oil gland of the eyelid
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audiometry
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measurement of hearing
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optometry
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measurement of vision (acuity and the prescribing of corrective lenses)
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otoscopy
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visual examination of the ear
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Snellen test
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this test uses a chart with different sizes of letters or forms to evaluate your visual acuity
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visual acuity test
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this test evaluates the sharpness of your vision
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iridectomy
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excision (of part) of the iris
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LASIK
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laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis, a laser procedure that reshapes the corneal tissue beneath the surface of the cornea to correct astigmatism, hyperopia and myopia
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phacoemulsification
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method to remove cataracts in which an ultrasonic needle probe breaks up the lens, which is then aspirated
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sclerotomy
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incision into the sclera
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aden/o
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gland
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bi/o
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life
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cutane/o
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skin
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cyt/o
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cell
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-cyte
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cell
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derm/o
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skin
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dermat/o
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skin
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epi-
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above, over
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hidr/o
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sweat
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hist/o
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tissue
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-ia
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condition, state of
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intra-
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within
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-malacia
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softening
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melan/o
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black
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myc/o
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fungus
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onych/o
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nail
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-opsy
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to view
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per-
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through
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-plasia
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development
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-plasty
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surgical reconstruction
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sub-
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under, beneath
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-tome
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instrument used to cut
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Bx
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biopsy
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decub.
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decubitus (ulcer)
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FS
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frozen section
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ID
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intradermal
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I&D
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incision and drainage
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SC
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subcutaneous
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1st degree burn
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superficial damage, redness, swelling - eg sunburn
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2nd degree burn
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deeper damage to both the epidermis and the upper potion of the dermis and can be caused by brief contact with heat like touching the heated element in the oven or spilling boiling water on your skin
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3rd degree burn
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go deep into the tissues and can involve the entire dermis and go even deeper into the subcutaneous tissue. This type of burn is usually caused by longer exposure to the damaging element and higher temperatures. Third-degree burns cause necrosis of the tissues, appear much darker in color and usually require debridement and skin grafting from a donor site to replace the protective layer that has been destroyed.
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Epithelial tissue
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the major covering of the external surface of the body; forms membranes that line body cavities and organs and is the major tissue in glands
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Epidermis
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outer layer of the skin
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Dermis
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inner layer of the skin, also called true skin
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Acne
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inflammatory disease of the skin involving the sebaceous glands and hair follicles
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Actinic keratosis
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a precancerous skin condition of horny tissue formation that results from excessive exposure to sunlight, it may evolve into a squamous cell carcinoma
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Basal cell carcinoma
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epithelial tumor arising from the epidermis, it seldom metastasizes but invades local tissue, common in individuals who have had excessive sun exposure
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Decubitus ulcer
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pressure ulcer, bed sore, eroded sore on the skin or mucous membrane, often occurs in bedridden patients
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Edema
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puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid
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Erythema
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redness
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Gangrene
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death of tissue caused by loss of blood supply followed by bacterial invasion
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Petechia
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pinpoint skin hemorrhages
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Pruritus
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severe itching
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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a malignant growth that develops from scalelike epithelial tissue, on the skin it appears as a firm, red, painless bump, the most frequent cause is chronic exposure to sunlight
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Biopsy
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view of life, the removal of living tissue from the body to be viewed under the microscope
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Debridement
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removal of contaminated or dead tissue and foreign matter from an open wound
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a-
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no, not
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-algia
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pain
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an-
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no, not
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-cyte
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cell
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dia-
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through, complete
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dys-
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bad
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-ectomy
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removal, excision
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erythr/o
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red
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-gen
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producing
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-genic
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producing
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-genous
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producing
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-gram
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record
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-graph
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instrument for recording
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-graphy
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process of recording
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hist/o
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tissue
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hyper-
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excessive, above
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hypo-
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deficient, below
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iatr/o
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physician, medicine
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in-
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not
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-ist
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specialist
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-itis
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inflammation
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leuk/o
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white
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-logist
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one who studies
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-logy
|
study of
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neo-
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new
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-oid
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resembling
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-ole
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small, little
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-oma
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tumor
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-osis
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abnormal condition
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-pathy
|
disease
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post-
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after
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-scope
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instrument used for visual examination
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-scopy
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visual examination
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-tomy
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process of cutting
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-ac, -al, -ary, -ar, -eal, -ic, -ior, -ose, -ous, -tic, -ine
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pertaining to
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ab-
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away from
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ad-
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toward
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anti-
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against
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cirrh/o
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yellow, orange
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chrom/o
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color
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cyan/o
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blue
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di-
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two
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endo-
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inside, within
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ecto-
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outside
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erytht/o
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red
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exo
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out, outward, outside
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jaund/o
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yellow
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leuk/o
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white
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macro-
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large
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melan/o
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black
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mono-
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one
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multi-
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many
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quadri-
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four
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semi-
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half
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tri-
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three
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uni-
|
one
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xanth/o
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yellow
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LLQ
|
left lower quadrant
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RLQ
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right lower quadrant
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LUQ
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left upper quadrant
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RUQ
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right upper quadrant
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adduction
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movement of drawing toward the middle
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abduction
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movement of drawing away from the middle
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flexion
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movement in which a limb is bent
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extension
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movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position
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rotation
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turning around its own axis
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pronation
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movement that turns the palm down
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supination
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movement that turns the palm up
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arthr/o
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joint
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-centesis
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surgical puncture to remove fluid
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cephal/o
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head
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cost/o
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rib
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crani/o
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skull
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femor/o
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femur
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inter-
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between
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lei/o
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smooth
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ligament/o
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ligament
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mandibul/o
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mandible
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maxill/o
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maxilla
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muscul/o
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muscle
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my/o
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muscle
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oste/o
|
bone
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pelv/o
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pelvis
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-porosis
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lessening in density
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rhabd/o
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striated
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spondy/o
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vertebra
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supra-
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above
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ten/o
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tendon
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tendin/o
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tendon
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vertebr/o
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vertebra
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C1, C2, C3, etc
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cervical vertebrae 1, 2, 3, etc
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T1, T2, T3, etc
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thoracic vertebrae 1, 2, 3, etc
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L1, L2, L3, etc
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lumbar vertebrae 1, 2, 3, etc
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LLE
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left lower extremity
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RLE
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right lower extremity
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LUE
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left upper extremity
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RUE
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right upper extremity
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clavicle
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collarbone
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cranium
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skull
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femur
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upper leg bone
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fibula
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lower leg bone
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humerus
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upper arm bone
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ligament
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flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint
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mandible
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lower jawbone
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maxilla
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upper jawbone
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skeletal muscles
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striated muscles, attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. Aka voluntary muscles.
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smooth muscles
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unstriated muscles, located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. Aka involuntary muscles, because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily.
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cardiac muscle
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myocardium, forms most of the wall of the heart, its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat
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pelvic bone
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hip bone, made up of three bones fused together, ischium, ilium and pubis
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phalanges
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finger and toe bones
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radius
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lower arm bone
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scapula
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shoulder blade
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sternum
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breastbone
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tendon
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band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
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tibia
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lower leg bone
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ulna
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lower arm bone
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vertebra
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bones through which the spinal cord runs
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arthritis
|
imflammation of a joint
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rheumatoid arthritis
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a chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body
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osteoarthritis
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inflammation of the bone and joint
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bunion
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abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe, it is a common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes
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gout
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disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals to be deposited in the joint, especially that of the great toe
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fracture
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broken bone
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dislocation
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a separation of two bones where they meet at a joint
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greenstick fracture
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an incomplete fracture in which the bone bends
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transverse fracture
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a fracture that goes across the bone's axis
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oblique fracture
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a fracture which goes at an angle to the axis
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spiral fracture
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a fracture which runs around the axis of the bone
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comminuted fracture
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a fracture of many relatively small fragments
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arthrocentesis
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surgical puncture of a joint to aspirate fluid
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arthroscopy
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visual examination of a joint
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bone densitometry
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method of determining the density of bone by radiograpihc techniques used to diagnose osteoporosis
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR
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a non-specific measure of inflammation that is commonly used as a medical screening test
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arthrocentesis
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Surgical puncture of a joint to aspirate fluid.
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arthrogram
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X-ray image of a joint (using contrast medium)
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arthroscopy
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visual examination inside a joint
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arthroplasty
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surgical repair of a joint
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-algesia
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sensitivity to pain
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-algia
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pain
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cerebr/o
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brain
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encephal/o
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brain
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hemi-
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half
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-kinesia
|
movement
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meningi/o
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meninges
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myel/o
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spinal cord, bone marrow
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neur/o
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nerve
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-phasia
|
speech
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pre-
|
before
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-therapy
|
treatment
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ventricul/o
|
ventricle
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CNS
|
central nervous system
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CVA
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cerebrovascular accident
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EEG
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electroencephalogram
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LP
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lumbar puncture
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PNS
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peripheral nervous system
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meninger
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three layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord
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nerves
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cord-like structures that carry impulses from one part of the body to another, there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
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spinal cord
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passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar vertebra. The spinal cord conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from the brain
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coma
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state of profound unconsciousness
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concussion
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jarring or shaking that results in an injury, brain concussisons are caused by slight or severe head imjury; symptoms include vertigo and loss of consciousness
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cerebrovascular accident, CVA
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aka stroke, interruption of blood supply to the brain caused by a cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, or cerebral hemorrhage. The pt may experience mild to severe paralysis.
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epilepsy
|
disorder in which the main symptom is recurring seizures
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syncope
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fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum
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meningitis
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inflammation of the meninges
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migraine
|
vascular pulsating and recurring headaches appear to be linked to increased stress levels and correlate with the menstrual cycle in females
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electroencephalogram
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record of the electrical impulses of the brain
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lumbar puncture
|
insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertrabrae, it is performed for many reasons, including the removal of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes
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myelogram
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x-ray image of the spinal cord (after an injection of dye into the spinal fluid that surrounds the spinal cord, nerve roots and surrounding meninger can be seen)
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colp/o
|
vagina
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cyst/o
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urinary bladder
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gynec/o
|
woman
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hyster/o
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uterus
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mamm/o
|
breast
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mast/o
|
breast
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men/o
|
menses, menstruation
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metr/o
|
uterus
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oophor/o
|
ovary
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ovari/o
|
ovary
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peri-
|
around
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-rrhagia
|
bursting forth of blood
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trans-
|
across
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uter/o
|
uterus
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vagin/o
|
vagina
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D&C
|
dilation and curettage
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GU
|
genitourinary
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GYN
|
gynecology
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peritoneum
|
serous sac lining of the abdomen and pelvic cavities
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amenorrhea
|
absence of menstrual discharge (menostasis)
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dysmenorrhea
|
painful menstrual discharge
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metrorrhagia
|
rapid flow of blood from the uterus
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menorrhagia
|
rapid flow of blood from the uterus at menstruation
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endometriosis
|
abnormal condition in which endometrial tissue grows in various areas in the pelvic cavity including ovaries, fallopian tubes, bowels and uterus
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pelvic inflammatory disease, PID
|
inflammation of the female pelvic organs
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cystocele
|
protrusion of the bladder against the anterior wall of the vagina
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bronch/o
|
bronchus
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-centesis
|
surgical puncture to withdraw fluid
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endo-
|
within
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laryng/o
|
voice box
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ox/o
|
oxygen
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pneum/o
|
lung
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pneumon/o
|
lung
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pulmon/o
|
lung
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nas/o
|
nose
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-spasm
|
involuntary contraction
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-stomy
|
new opening
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thorac/o
|
chest
|
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trache/o
|
trachea
|
|
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CXR
|
chest x-ray
|
|
|
LLL
|
left lower lobe
|
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LUL
|
left upper lobe
|
|
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O2
|
oxygen
|
|
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PA
|
posteroanterior
|
|
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PFT
|
pulmonary function test
|
|
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RLL
|
right lower lobe
|
|
|
RML
|
right middle lobe
|
|
|
RUL
|
right upper lobe
|
|
|
SOB
|
shortness of breath
|
|
|
TB
|
tuberculosis
|
|
|
URI
|
upper respiratory infection
|
|
|
asthma
|
respiratory disease characterized by paroxysms of coughing, wheezing and SOB
|
|
|
COPD
|
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, group of disorders that are almost always a result of smoking that obstructs bronchial flow. One or more of the following in varying degrees are present in COPD: emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchospams and bronchiolitis.
|
|
|
-cele
|
hernia
|
|
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cyst/o
|
bladder
|
|
|
cyt/o
|
cell
|
|
|
hydr/o
|
water
|
|
|
-iasis
|
abnormal condition
|
|
|
nephr/o
|
kidney
|
|
|
-pexy
|
surgical fixation
|
|
|
poly-
|
many
|
|
|
ren/o
|
kidney
|
|
|
scrot/o
|
scrotum
|
|
|
-trophy
|
development
|
|
|
ur/o
|
urine
|
|
|
ureter/o
|
urether
|
|
|
urethr/o
|
urethra
|
|
|
vas/o
|
vessel
|
|
|
ven/o
|
vein
|
|
|
BPH
|
bening prostatic hypertrophy
|
|
|
IVP
|
intravenous pyelogram
|
|
|
KUB
|
kidney, ureter, bladder
|
|
|
UTI
|
urinary tract infection
|
|
|
varicocele
|
enlarged veins of the spermatic cord
|
