Medical Terminology For Health Conditions

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phamacology

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study of the interaction of chemical (e.g., drugs) with biological systems. Can be divided into:

1) pharmacodynamics

2) pharmacokinetics (ADME)

3) toxicology

4) therapuetics

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drug

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A chemical entity (endogenous & foreign) that is capable of interacting with biological systems.

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chemical name of drug

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Chemical compound structure (the name by chemists)

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generic name of drug

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nonproprietary, official name, shorter name than chemical, same name anywhere in world

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trade name of drug

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proprietary drug manufacturer name, more expensive (due to research, ect)

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pharmacodynamics

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how drugs change the body (biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action)

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pharmacokinetics (ADME)?

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how the body changes the drug, the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

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toxicology

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study of the adverse effects of drugs

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therapeutics in pharmacy

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use of drugs in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease

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enteral routes

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1) oral

2) rectal

3) buccal

4) sublingual

*most common types

Positives: safest route, cheap

Negatives: variation in rate of absorption, patient compliance

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parenteral routes

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intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, intrathecal, intradermal

Positives: emergency situations, when alimentary not feasible

Negatives: increased adverse effects, sterilization

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miscellaneous routes

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parenteral: topical- mucous membrane or skin

inhalation- respiratory tract w/gases or volatile

transdermal- slow controlled through skin

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iontophoresis

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electric current to enhance transdermal drug absorption

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phonophoresis

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ultrasound to enhance transdermal drug absorption

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distribution of drug

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delivery of drug from systemic circulation to tissues. Not always uniformly distributed to body tissues.

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drug metabolism

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aka biotransformation, when a drug is terminated. It involves the chemical alternation of drugs in the body. Not all drugs are inactivated by metabolism (prodrugs=activated)

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drug excretion

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drugs eliminated from body unchanged or as metabolites

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half-life (t 1/2)?

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-time required to change amount of drug in body by 50%.

-5-6 half lives to eliminate 98% of drug.

-t1/2 tends to be same in people unless geriatrics/renal impairment

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drug-receptor interaction

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combo of drug with receptor that causes molecular changes in receptor which triggers chain of events leading to a response

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agonist

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a drug that binds (affinity) and activates a receptor to elicit a response (key opens door)

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antagonist

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drug attracted to receptor (affinity) but is devoid of activity agonist, inhibits agonist (*key fits but can't turn= blocks)

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partial agonist

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drug that does not evoke a maximal response as compared to the strong agonist (* partially opens door)

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H&P

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History & Physical.

-generated when pt. presents for care, includes medical history/findings, physical exam updated each visit or consultation

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Hx

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History- documents subjective information, pt.'s chief complain or complaints of

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cc

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chief complain

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c/o

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complaints of

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PI

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present illness

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HPI

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history of present illness (duration, severity, symptoms, surgeries)

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Sx

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symptoms

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Sp

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symptoms

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SX

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surgery

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sx

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surgery

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PH

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Past history

includes: past medical illnesses, childhood diseases, surgeries, injuries, deficits, medications, allergies, UCHD, NKA, NKDA

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PMH

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past medical history

includes: past medical illnesses, childhood diseases, surgeries, injurites, deficits, medications, allergies, UCHD, NKA, NKDA

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NKA

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no known allergies

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NKDA

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no known drug allergies

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FH

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family history

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SH

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social history (recreational interests, hobbies, use of tobacco, drugs, alcohol)

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OH

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occupational history: work habits (health risks at work)

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ROS

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Review of symptoms

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SR

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Systems review

- head to toe review of fx of all body systems, evaluate symptoms not previously mentioned

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PE

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physical examination

-objective info, diagnostic test

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Px

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physical

-objective info, diagnostic tests

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Objective

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facts seen or detected through testing OR what you did and the patients response

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HEENT

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head, eyes, ears, nose, throat

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PERRLA

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pupils equal, round, and reactive to light and accomodating

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NAD

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no acute distress

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WNL

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within normal limits

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WFL

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within functional limits

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IMP

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impression or identification of disease or condition

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DX

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diagnosis

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A

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Assessment- interpretation of patient's strengths, progress, explain data, clinical reasoning, why no progress

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differential diagnosis

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when 1 or more diagnoses are considered

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R/O

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rule out additional dx procedures

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P

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plan: recommendations, strategy, outline of tx intervention, medication, diagnostic tests, therapies, AE or AT, future plans, needs for referral to other services

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SOAP

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subjective, objective, assessment, plan

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S

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subjective- patient report of symptoms, C/C, emotions, attitude

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AE

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Adaptive equipment

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AT

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assisitive tehcnology

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L&W

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living and well

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hypertonicity/spasticity

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abnormal muscle tone felt as too much resistance to movement. Result of hyperactive reflex and loss of inhibiting influences from higher brain centers.

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primitive reflexes

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innate primary reactions found in newborns and indicative of severe brain damage if present beyond usual time of disappearance (placing reactions, moror reflex, grasp reflex, rooting reflex, sucking reflex)

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diplegia

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paralysis parts on either side of body.

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hemiplegia

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paralysis on one side of body

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cerebral palsy

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not one specific condition, grouping of clinical syndromes that affect movement, muscle tone, and coordination as a result of injury or lesion to immature brain. Considered a developmental disability

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static encephalopathy

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permanent/unchanging damage to brain (FASD, learning disability)

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hypoxia

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lack of oxygen

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hypotonicity

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Low tone, minimal resistance to passive movement

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hyperflexia

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overflexion of limbs

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clonus

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alternate involuntary muscular contractoin and relaxation in rapid succession

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stretch reflex

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reflex contraction of muscle in response to passive longitudinal stretching

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spastic cerebral palsy

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1) Hypertonicity

2) Deep tendon reflexes

3) Further categorized by anatomically body parts affected

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Athetoid or dyskinetic CP

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1) involuntary and uncontrolled movements

2) Typically slow and writhing.

3) Basal ganglia involvement

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Ataxia cerebral palsy

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1) unsteadiness and difficulty with balance

2) particularily when ambulations

3) cerebellumor pathways damaged

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Combined form of CP

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diffuse brain damage. Most common is spastic with athetoid features

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

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dominates at rest, is discreted (1-1 ratio), pre-ganglionic neurons in cranial and sacral

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Sympathetic Nervous System

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flight, fright, fight, digguse (goes to ganlgia then spreads to whole body), pre-ganglionic neurons in thoracic and lumbar

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contractures

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permanent shortening of muscle/joint leading to deformities

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equinovalgus

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deformity in foot plantar: flexed, everted, abducted

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equinovarus

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deformity in foot plantar: flexed, inverted, adducted

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astereognosis

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inability to recognize things by touch

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graphesthesia

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ability to recognize letters/numbers written on skin through touch

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topagnosia

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loss of ability to localize tactile sensations

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kinesthesia

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ability to sense position, weight, movement percieved

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competitive antagonist

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interacts with receptors at the same site as agonist- compete with agonist for same binding sight, maximal response remains the same

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non-competitive antagonist

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prevent binding of agonist or prevent agonist from activating receptor, decrease maximal response to drug

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therapeutic index

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a ratio used to evaluate the safety and usefulness of a drug. It is the ratio of dose that produces toxicity (LD) to the dose that produces clinical or desired effect (ED). The LD should be much higher than the ED.

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spasticity CP medication

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1) Diazepam (Valium)

2) Dantrolene (Dantrium)

3) Baclofen (Pump- Intrathecal)

4) Botulinum toxin (Botox)

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spasticity

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increased tension but decreased muscle strength. Exaggerated in tonic stretch reflexes.

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spasmolytics

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drugs used to reduce spasticity

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stretch reflex

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modified by descending pathways involving tracks from brain and spinal cord

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Rett's syndrome

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loss movement in hands, possible seizures, poor coordination, lose ability to socially engage, severe mental retardation

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child disintergrative disorder

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normal development but then severe regression 2-10 in speech, affecting sociability, cognition, competence in skills of daily life, lose bowel/bladder control

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Asperger's syndrome

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social ineptness, behavioral inflexibility, narrow range interests, IQ greater 70, no delay in speech, clumpsiness

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expressive language

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using words

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receptive language

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understanding meaning of words

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dyspraxia

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difficulty moving/ coordination

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echolalia

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copying words/repeating

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perserverative behaviors

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involuntary and pathological repetition of verbal or motor response

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floortime or DIR

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development individual relationship-based. Parents jumps back into their world to bring them out.

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Treacher Collins Syndrome

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genetic problems with the structure of the face (1 in 10,000)

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ATNR

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asymmetrical tonic neck, elicited with active or passive rotation of the read

* head one way (arm up behind head, knee bent same side, face side straight)

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STNR

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symmetrical tonic neck reflex

1) prone STNR= head extended, arms flexed, legs extended

2) supine = head flexed, arms flexed laterally, legs exteded

3) supine= head extended, arms extended, legs flexed

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TLR

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tonic labryrinthine reflex (4 months)

1) supine= arm abduction at shoulders, neck hyperextension, legs extended and crossed, results in decreased transitional movement (rolling)

2) prone= increased flexor tone, decrease head raising, weight bearing on arms, increased hypertonicity

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PSR

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positive supporting reflex, ball of foot touches firm surface legs extend, hinder standing and walking (can lead to two problems= balance & reciprocal gate=stairs)

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CP

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cerebral palsy

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UE

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upper extremities

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LE

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lower extremities

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(I)

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inability to sit

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Apraxia

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inability to learn and perform activities despite wanting to

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Strabismus

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crossed eyes in or outward, attributed to muscle weakness

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Esotropia

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turned in eye

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Exotropia

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turned out eye

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Nystagmus

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involuntary movement of eyes

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Kyphosis

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posterior curvature of thoracic spine

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Scoliosis

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lateral curvature of spine

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Kernicterus

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(brain damage), yellow staining of basal ganglia, brainstem or cerebellum by unconjugated bilirubin going from blood to brain

-paralysis of upward eye gaze

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Homonymous

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both parts of visual field of eye

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Hemianopsia

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loss of half of the field of view of eye

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lordosis

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spine curves too far inward in low back (anterior curve)

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dyspraxia

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difficulty moving

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anhedonia

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inability to experience pleasure

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catatonia

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psychomotor agitation or immobility

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cyclothymic disorder

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chronic (at least 2 years), less severe mood disturbance, numerous periods of depression and hypomania

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dysthymic disorder

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mood disorder of two years (depressed mood & loss of interest)

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euthymia

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normal, non-depressed, reasonably positive mood

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flight of ideas

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madess- racing thoughts

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rapid cycling

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at least 2-4 episodes in 12 months

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psychomotor agitation

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unintentional purposeless motions from mental anxiety

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psychomotor retardation

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slowing down of thought/reduction physical movement

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psychosis

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delusions, hallucinationc

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panic disorder

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short sudden attack, fear losing control, change behavior as results, at least 4 in one month, exposure to feared stimulus may result in this, irrational fears & interferes with routines

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OCD

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obsessions- recurrent persistent thoughts, impulses, or images

compulsions- repetitive acts (compelled)

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PTSD

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individual exposed to traumatic event, experienced witnessed life or death situation, relieve experience/hallucinations, psychological distress, physiologic reactions

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Anxiety disorder

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apprehension of danger; dread accompanied by restlessness, tension, tachycardia, dyspnea, incessant worry over things cannot change, response to threat unknown

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CBT

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cognitive behavioral therapy- recognize thoughts that affect mood/symptoms; change thinking and thoughts about the situation

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ECT

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Electroconvulsive Therapy- electrical current is passed trough the brain to trigger a seizure; alters memory of event

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melancholia

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inability to experience pleasure (feel good temporarily, indifferent, depression worse in AM, loss appetite