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661 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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adenoids
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collections of lymph tissue in the nasopharynx (also called pharyngeal tonsils)
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alveolus
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air sac in the lung
plural-alveoli |
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apex of the lung
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uppermost portion of the lung
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apical
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apical means pertaining to the apex
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base of the lung
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lower portion of the lung
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bronchioles
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smallest branches of the bronchi
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bronchus
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branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is a passageway into the air spaces of the lung; bronchial tube
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cilia
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thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract; they clear bacteria & foreign subs. from the lung; smoking cigarettes impairs the func. of cilia
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diaphragm
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muscle separating the chest & abdomen; it's the most impt. muscle for breathing
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epiglottis
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lid-like pc. of cartilage that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the larynx & trachea during swallowing
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expiration
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breathing out (exhalation)
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hilum
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midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, & nerves enter and exit the lungs
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hilar
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pertaining to the hilum
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inspiration
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breathing in (inhalation)
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larynx
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voice box
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lobe
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division of a lung
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mediastinum
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region b/n the lungs in the chest cavity; it contains the trachea, heart, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes
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palatine tonsil
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one of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphoid tissue in the oropharynx
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paranasal sinus
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one of the air cavities in the bones near the nose
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parietal pleura
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the outer fold of pleura lying closest to the ribs & wall of the thoraic cavity
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pharynx
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throat; composed of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
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pleura
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double-folded membrane surrounding ea. lung
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pleural cavity
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space b/n the folds of the pleura
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trachea
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windpipe
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visceral pleura
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the inner fold of pleura lying closest to the lung tissue
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adenoid/o
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adenoids
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alveol/o
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alveolus; air sac
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bronch/o, bronchi/o
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bronchial tube, bronchus
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bronchiol/o
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bronchiole, small bronchus
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capn/o
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carbon dioxide
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coni/o
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dust
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cyan/o
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blue
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epiglott/o
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epiglottis
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laryng/o
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larynx, voice box
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lob/o
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lobe of the lung
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mediastin/o
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mediastinum
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nas/o
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nose
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orth/o
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straight, upright
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ox/o
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oxygen
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pector/o
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chest
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pharyng/o
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pharynx, throat
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phon/o
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voice
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phren/o
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diaphragm
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pleur/o
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pleura
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pneum/o, pneumon/o
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air, lung
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pulmon/o
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lung
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rhin/o
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nose
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sinus/o
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sinus, cavity
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spir/o
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breathing
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tel/o
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complete
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thorac/o
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chest
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tonsill/o
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tonsils
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trache/o
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trachea, windpipe
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-ema
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condition
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-osmia
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smell
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-pnea
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breathing
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-ptysis
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spitting
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-sphyxia
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pulse
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-thorax
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pleural cavity, chest
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auscultation
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listening to sounds w/n the body
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percussion
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tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure
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rales (crackles)
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abnormal crackling sounds heard during inspiration when there is fluid, blood, or pus in the aveoli
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sputum
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material expelled from the chest by coughing or clearing the throat
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stridor
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strained, high-pitched, noisy sound made on inspiration; assoc. w/ obstruction of the larynx or trachea
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wheezes
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continuous high-pitched whistling sounds heard when air is forced through a narrow space during inspiration & expiration
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croup
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acute viral infection in infants & children; char. by obstruction of the larynx, barking cough, and stridor
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diphtheria
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acute infection of the throat & upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium
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epistaxis
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nose bleed
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pertussis (whooping cough)
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bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, & trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis, a highly contagious bacterium
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paroxysmal
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sudden
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asthma
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chronic inflammatory disorder char. by airway obstruction caused by edema, bronchoconstriction, & increased mucus production
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bronchiectasis
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chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection in the lower lobes of the lung
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purulent
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pus-containing
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palliative
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noncurative
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bronchogenic carcinoma
(lung cancer) |
cancerous tumors arising from a bronchus
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chronic bronchitis
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inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time
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cystic fibrosis
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inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick, mucous secretions that don't drain normally
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atelectasis
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incomplete expansion of alveoli; collapsed, functionless, airless lung or portion of a lung; caused by tumor or other obstruction of the bronchus, or poor respiratory effort
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emphysema
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hyperinflation of air sacs w/ destruction of alveolar walls
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pneumoconiosis
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abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, w/ chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis
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pneumonia
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acute inflammation & infection of alveoli, which fill w/ pus or products of the inflammatory rct.
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pulmonary abscess
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a lg. collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs
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pulmonary edema
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swelling & fluid in the air sacs & bronchioles
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pulmonary embolism (PE)
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clot (thrombus) or other material lodges in vessels of the lung
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pulmonary fibrosis
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formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
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tuberculosis (TB)
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infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs are usually involved, but any organ in the body may be affected
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pleural effusion
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abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity)
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pleurisy (pleuritis)
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inflammation of the pleura
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pneumothorax
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collection of air in the pleural space
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exudate
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fluid, cells, or other substances (pus) that slowly leave cells or capillaries through pores or small breaks in cell membranes
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hydrothorax
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collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
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palliative
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relieving symptoms, but not curing the disease
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paroxysmal
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pertaining to a sudden occurence, such as a spasm or seizure; oxysm/o- sudden
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pulmonary infarction
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an area of dead (necrotic) tissue in the lung
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pulmonary angiography
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x-ray images taken after injecting radiopaque contrast into the pulmonary artery or right side of the heart
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bronchoscopy
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fiber-optic or rigid endoscope inserted into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of specimens
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endotracheal intubation
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placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, & trachea to establish an airway
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laryngoscopy
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visual examination of the voice box
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lung biopsy
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removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination
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mediastinoscopy
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endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum
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thoracentesis
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surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space
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thoracotomy
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major surgical incision of the chest
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thorascopy
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visual examination of the chest via small incisions & use of an endoscope
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tracheostomy
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creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
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tube thoracostomy
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chest tube is passed through an opening in the skin of the chest to continuously drain a pleural effusion
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ARDS
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adult (or acute) respiratory distress syndrome
(group of sym, tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, hypoxemia, cyanosis-resulting in acute respiratory failure) |
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Bronch
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bronchoscopy
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COPD
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (airway obstruction associated w/ emphysema & chronic bronchitis0
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CPR
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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CXR
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chest x-ray
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DOE
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dyspnea on exertion
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DPT
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diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (injection in an infant to provide immunity to these diseases)
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ICU
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intensive care unit
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LLL
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left lower lobe (of lung)
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LUL
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left upper lobe (of lung)
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A&P
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auscultation & percussion
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PE
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pulmonary embolism
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RDS
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respiratory distress syndrome
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RLL
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right lower lobe (of lung)
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RSV
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respiratory syncytial virus; in tissue culture forms syncytia or giant cells (cytoplasm flows together); it's a common cause of bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, & the common cold
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RUL
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right upper lobe (of lung)
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SOB
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shortness of breath
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TB
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tuberculosis
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URI
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upper respiratory infection
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respiration
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mechanical process of breathing
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external respiration
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the exchange of air b/n the lungs and external environment
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internal respiration
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involves an exchange of gases at the cells w/n all organs of the body
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erythrocytes
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in the blood carry oxygen to all parts of the body & carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation
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Upper Resp. Disorders
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croup
diphtheria epistaxis pertussis |
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Bronchial Tube Disorders
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asthma
bronchiectasis bronchogenic carcinoma chronic bronchitis cystic fibrosis |
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Lung Disorders
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atelectasis,emphysema, pneumoconiosis, pneumonia, pulmonary abscess, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism (PE), pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis (TB)
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Pleural Disorders
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pleural effusion
pleurisy (pleuritis) pneumothorax |
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nosocomial
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hospital acquired
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bones
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provide the framework for our bodies
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joints
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the places at which bones come together
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orthopedists
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physician that treats bones and bone and joint diseases
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rheumatologists
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physicians who primarily treat joint diseases
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osteopathic physicians (DO)
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practice osteopathy, which is a seperate school of medicine using diagnostic & therapeutic measures based on belief that the body is capable of healing itself when bones are in proper position & adequate nutrition is provided
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chiropractors
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neither physicians nor osteopaths; they manipulate the spinal column, believing that disease is caused by pressure on nerves
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bone processes
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enlarged areas that extend out from bones to serve as attachments for muscles
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bone head
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rounded end of a bone separated from the body of the bone by a neck; usu. covered by articular cartilage
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trochanter
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lg. process on the femur for attachment of tendons and muscle
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tubercle
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rounded process on many bones for attachment of tendons and muscles
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tuberosity
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small rounded elevation on a bone; attachment site for bone and muscle
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condyle
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rounded knuckle-like process at the joint; usu. covered by articular cartilage
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Bone Depressions
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fossa
fissure foramen sinus |
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frontal bone
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forms the forehead and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes
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parietal bone
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two of these bones (one on each side of the skull) that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium
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temporal bone
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two of these bones form the lower sides and base of the cranium; ea. bone encloses an ear & contains a fossa for joining w/ the mandible (lower jaw bone)
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temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
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the area of connection b/n the temporal & mandibular bones
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occipital bone
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forms the back and base of the skull & joins the parietal & temporal bones, forming a suture
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sphenoid bone
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bat-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes & forms part of the base of the skull
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ethmoid bone
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thin delicate bone that is composed primarily of spongy, cancellous bone (supports nasal cavity & forms part of the orbits of the eye)
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Facial Bones
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nasal bones
lacrimal bones maxillary bones mandibular bone zygomatic bones vomer |
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nasal bones
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2 slender nasal bones support the bridge of the nose; they join w/ the frontal bone superiorly & form part of the nasal septum
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lacrimal bones
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2 paired bones are located at the corner of ea. eye
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maxillary bones
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2 lg. bones compose the massive upper jawbones
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mandibular bone
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the lower jawbone
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zygomatic bones
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2 bones, 1 on ea. side of the face, form the high portion of the cheek
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vomer
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thin, single, flat bone forms the lower portion of the nasal septum
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Cranial bones
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frontal bones, parietal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone
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vertebral, spinal column
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composed of 26 bone segments, called vertebrae, arranged in 5 divisions from the base of the skull to the tailbone
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intervertebral disks (discs)
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bones (vertebrae) separated by pads of cartilage
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temporal bone
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two of these bones form the lower sides and base of the cranium; ea. bone encloses an ear & contains a fossa for joining w/ the mandible (lower jaw bone)
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temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
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the area of connection b/n the temporal & mandibular bones
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occipital bone
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forms the back and base of the skull & joins the parietal & temporal bones, forming a suture
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sphenoid bone
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bat-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes & forms part of the base of the skull
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ethmoid bone
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thin delicate bone that is composed primarily of spongy, cancellous bone (supports nasal cavity & forms part of the orbits of the eye)
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Facial Bones
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nasal bones
lacrimal bones maxillary bones mandibular bone zygomatic bones vomer |
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nasal bones
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2 slender nasal bones support the bridge of the nose; they join w/ the frontal bone superiorly & form part of the nasal septum
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lacrimal bones
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2 paired bones are located at the corner of ea. eye
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maxillary bones
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2 lg. bones compose the massive upper jawbones
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mandibular bone
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the lower jawbone
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zygomatic bones
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2 bones, 1 on ea. side of the face, form the high portion of the cheek
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vomer
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thin, single, flat bone forms the lower portion of the nasal septum
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Cranial bones
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frontal bones, parietal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone
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vertebral, spinal column
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composed of 26 bone segments, called vertebrae, arranged in 5 divisions from the base of the skull to the tailbone
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intervertebral disks (discs)
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bones (vertebrae) separated by pads of cartilage
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cervical vertebrae
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the first 7 bones of the vertebral column
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thoraic vertebrae
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the second set of 12 vertebrae
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lumbar vertebrae
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the third set of 5 vertebrae
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sacrum
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slightly curved, triangularly shaped bone
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coccyx
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tailbone
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Bones of the Thorax
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clavicle
scapula sternum ribs |
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clavicle
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collar bone
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scapula
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shoulder bladee
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sternum
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breastbone
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ribs
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there are 12 pairs of ribs
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true ribs
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ribs 1-7
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false ribs
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ribs 8-10
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floating ribs
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ribs 11 & 12
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Bones of the Arm & Hand
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humerus
ulna radius carpals metacarpals phalanges |
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humerus
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upper arm bone
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ulna
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medial lower arm bone
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olecranon (elbow bone)
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the bony pt. of the elbow when the elbow is bent
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radius
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lateral lower arm bone
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carpals
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wrist bones
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metacarpals
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5 radiating bones in the fingers; these are the bones of the palm of hand
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phalanges
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finger bones singular- phalanx
ea. finger (except thumb has 3 phalanges: a proximal, middle, & distal phalanx; the thumb: a proximal & distal) |
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Bones of the Pelvis
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pelvic girdle
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pelvic girdle
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pelvis
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The adult pelvis is composed of 3 pairs of fused bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis
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ilium- the uppermost & largest portion
ischium- posterior part of pelvis pubis- anterior part & 2 pubic bones join by way of a cartilaginous disk |
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Bone of the Leg & Foot
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femur
patella tibia fibula tarsals metatarsals phalanges of the toes |
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femur
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thigh bone
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acetabulum
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rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvis, which joins the femur, forming the hip joint
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patella
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kneecap
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tibia
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largest of 2 bones of the lower leg
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fibula
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smaller of 2 lower leg bones
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acromion
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outward extension of the shoulder bone forming the pt. of the shoulder; it overlies the shoulder joint & articulates w/ the clavicle
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cranial bones
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skull bones
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diaphysis
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shaft, or midportion, of a long bone
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disk (disc)
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flat, round, plate-like structure
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epiphysis
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ea. end of a long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate
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facial bones
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bones of the face
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fissure
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narrow, slit-like opening in or between bones
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foramen
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opening or passage in bones where blood vessels, nerves, or both enter and leave
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fossa
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shallow cavity in a bone
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foramen magnum
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opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes
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malleolus
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round process on both sides of the ankle joint (lateral malleolus-fibula, medial malleolus-tibia)
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manubrium
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upper portion of the sternum; articulates w/ the medial aspect of the clavicle
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olecranon
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lg process on the proximal end of the ulna; the pt. of the flexed elbow
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sinus
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hollow cavity w/n a bone
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xiphoid process
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lower, narrow portion of the sternum
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calc/o, calci/o
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calcium
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kyph/o
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humpback (posterior curvature in the thoraic region)
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lamin/o
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lamina (part of the vertebral arch)
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lord/o
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curve, swayback (anterior curvature in the lumbar region)
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lumb/o
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loins, lower back
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myel/o
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bone marrow
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orth/o
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straight
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oste/o
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bone
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scoli/o
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crooked, bent (lateral curvature)
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spondyl/o
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vertebrae (used to make words about the conditions of the structure)
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vertebr/o
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vertebrae (used to describe the structure)
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-blast
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embryonic or immature cell
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-clast
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to break
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-listhesis
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slipping
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kyphosis
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hump on the back
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lordosis
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the normal anterior curvature of the spinal column in the lumbar region (sway back)
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scoliosis
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the spinal column is bent abnormally to the side
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-malacia
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softening
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-physis
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to grow
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-porosis
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pore, passage
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-tome
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instrument to cut
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acetabul/o
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acetabulum (hip socket)
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calcane/o
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calcaneus (heel bone)
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carp/o
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carpals (wrist bones)
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clavicul/o
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clavicle (collar bone)
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cost/o
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ribs
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crani/o
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cranium (skull bones)
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femor/o
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femur (thigh bone)
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fibul/o
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fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
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humer/o
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humerus (upper arm bone)
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ili/o
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ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)
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isch/o
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ischium (posterior part of pelvic bone0
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malleol/o
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malleolus (process on ea. side of the ankle)
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mandibul/o
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mandible (lower jaw bone)
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maxill/o
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maxilla (upper jaw bone)
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metacarp/o
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metacarpals (hand bones)
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metatars/o
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metatarsals (foot bones)
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|
|
olecran/o
|
olecranon (elbow)
|
|
|
patell/o
|
patella (kneecap)
|
|
|
pelv/i
|
pelvis (hipbone)
|
|
|
perone/o
|
fibula
|
|
|
phalang/o
|
phalanges (finger/toe bones)
|
|
|
pub/o
|
pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)
|
|
|
radi/o
|
radius (lower arm bone- thumb side)
|
|
|
scapul/o
|
scapula (shoulder bone)
|
|
|
stern/o
|
sternum (breastbone)
|
|
|
tars/o
|
tarsals (bones of the hindfoot)
|
|
|
tibi/o
|
tibia (shin bone)
|
|
|
uln/o
|
ulna (lower arm bone-little finger side)
|
|
|
Ewing sarcoma
|
malignant bone tumor
|
|
|
exostosis
|
bony growth arising from the surface of bne
|
|
|
fracture
|
traumatic breaking of a bone
|
|
|
closed fracture
|
a bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin
|
|
|
open fracture
|
a bone broken and a fragment of bone protrudes through a open wound in the skin
|
|
|
pathological fracture
|
is caused by disease of the bone such as tumor or infection making it weak
|
|
|
crepitus
|
the crackling sound produced when ends of bones rub ea. other or rub against roughened cartilage
|
|
|
Colles fracture
|
occurs near the wrist joint at the lower end of the radius
|
|
|
comminuted fracture
|
bone is splintered or crushed
|
|
|
compression fracture
|
bone is compressed; often occurs in vertebrae
|
|
|
greenstick fracture
|
bone is partially broken; it breaks on one surface & only bends on the other
|
|
|
impacted fracture
|
fracture in which one fragment is driven firmly into the other
|
|
|
reduction
|
treatment of fractures
|
|
|
closed reduction
|
manipulative reduction w/out a surgical incision
|
|
|
open reduction
|
an incision is made into the fracture site
|
|
|
osteogenic sarcoma
|
malignant tumor arising from bone (osteosarcoma)
|
|
|
osteomalacia
|
softening of bone, w/ inadequate amts. of mineral (calcium) in the bone
|
|
|
osteomyelitis
|
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection
|
|
|
osteoporosis
|
decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone
|
|
|
talipes
|
congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus); club foot
|
|
|
joint (articulation)
|
a coming together of two or more bones
|
|
|
articulation
|
joint
|
|
|
bursa
|
sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another
plural-bursae |
|
|
ligament
|
connective tissue binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint
|
|
|
synovial fluid
|
viscous (sticky) fluid w/n the synovial cavity; similar to the viscosity to egg white
|
|
|
synovial joint
|
a freely movable joint
|
|
|
tendon
|
connective tissue that binds muscles to bones
|
|
|
ankyl/o
|
stiff
|
|
|
arthr/o
|
joint
|
|
|
articul/o
|
joint
|
|
|
burs/o
|
bursa
|
|
|
chondr/o
|
cartilage
|
|
|
ligament/o
|
ligament
|
|
|
rheumat/o
|
watery flow
|
|
|
synov/o
|
synovial membrane
|
|
|
ten/o
|
tendon
|
|
|
tendin/o
|
tendon
|
|
|
-desis
|
to bind, tie together
|
|
|
-stenosis
|
narrowing
|
|
|
chondromalacia
|
softening of the cartilage
|
|
|
rheumatologist
|
specialist in the study of the various forms of arthritis which are marked by collection of fluid in joint spaces
|
|
|
arthrodesis
|
bones are fused by the joint space by surgery
|
|
|
arthritis
|
inflammation of joints
|
|
|
ankylosing spondylitis
|
chronic progressive arthritis w/ stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine
|
|
|
gouty arthritis
|
inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body
|
|
|
osteoarthritis (OA), degenerative joint disease
|
progressive, degenerative joint disease char. by loss of articular cartilage & hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces
|
|
|
rheumatiod arthritis (RA)
|
chronic disease in which joints b/m inflamed & painful; it's believed to be caused by an immune (autoimmune) rct against joint tissues, particularly against the synovial membrane
|
|
|
bunion
|
abnormal swelling of the medial aspect of the joint b/n the big toe & the first metatarsal bone
|
|
|
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
|
compression (by a wrist ligament) of the median nerve as it passes b/n the ligament & the bones & tendons of the wrist (the carpal tunnel)
|
|
|
dislocation
|
displacement of a bone from its joint
|
|
|
ganglion
|
a fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist
|
|
|
herniation of an intervertebral disk, slipped disk
|
abnormal protrusion of a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disk into the neural canal or spinal nerves
|
|
|
lyme disease, lyme arthritis
|
a recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia, malaise, and neurologic and cardiac symptoms
|
|
|
sprain
|
trauma to a joint w/ pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments; may also involve damage to blood vessels, muscles, tendons, & nerves
|
|
|
strain
|
less serious injury involving the overstretching of muscle
|
|
|
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
|
chronic inflammatory disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart, and lungs
|
|
|
striated muscles
|
voluntary, skeletal muscles
|
|
|
smooth muscles
|
involuntary, visceral muscles
|
|
|
cardiac muscle
|
striated in appearance but is smooth like muscle in it action
|
|
|
flexion
|
decreasing the angle b/n 2 bones; bending a limb
|
|
|
extension
|
increasing the angle b/n 2 bones; straightening out a limb
|
|
|
abduction
|
movement away from the midline of the body
|
|
|
adduction
|
movement toward the midline of the body
|
|
|
rotation
|
circular movement around an axis; internal rotation is toward the midline and external rotation is away from the midline
|
|
|
dorisflexion
|
decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot bends backward (upward)- opposite of stepping on the gas pedal
|
|
|
plantar flexion
|
the motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes or stepping on the gas pedal
|
|
|
supination
|
as applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm forward, or up
|
|
|
pronation
|
as applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm backward, or down
|
|
|
skeletal muscle
|
muscle connected to bones; striated
|
|
|
smooth muscle
|
muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or visceral muscle
|
|
|
fasci/o
|
fascia (forms sheaths enveloping muscles)
|
|
|
fibr/o
|
fibrous connective tissue
|
|
|
leiomy/o
|
smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs
|
|
|
my/o
|
muscle
|
|
|
myocardi/o
|
heart muscle
|
|
|
myos/o
|
muscle
|
|
|
plant/o
|
sole of the foot
|
|
|
rhabdomy/o
|
skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones
|
|
|
-asthenia
|
lack of strength
|
|
|
-trophy
|
development, nourishment
|
|
|
fibromyalgia
|
chronic pain and stiffness in muscles, joints, and fibrous tissue, especially of the back, shoulders, neck, hips, and knees; fatigue is a common complaint
|
|
|
atrophy
|
decrease in size of an organ or tissue
|
|
|
hypertrophy
|
increase in size of an organ or tissue
|
|
|
ab-
|
away from
|
|
|
ad-
|
toward
|
|
|
dorsi-
|
back
|
|
|
poly-
|
many, much
|
|
|
muscular dystrophy
|
a group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness & degeneration of muscle fibers w/out involvement of the nervous system
|
|
|
arthrocentesis
|
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space
|
|
|
arthroplasty
|
surgical repair of a joint
|
|
|
arthoscopy
|
visual examination of the inside of a joint w/ an endoscope
|
|
|
bone scan
|
uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone
|
|
|
electromyography (EMG)
|
process of recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation
|
|
|
C1-C7
|
cervical vertebrae
|
|
|
Ca
|
calcium
|
|
|
CTS
|
carpal tunnel syndrome
|
|
|
DTR
|
deep tendon reflexes
|
|
|
EMG
|
electromyography
|
|
|
IM
|
intramuscular
|
|
|
L1-L5
|
lumbar vertebrae
|
|
|
Ortho.
|
orthopedics, orthopaedics
|
|
|
RA
|
rheumatoid arthritis
|
|
|
ROM
|
range of motion
|
|
|
SLE
|
systemic lupus erythematosus
|
|
|
T1-T12
|
thoraic vertebrae
|
|
|
TMJ
|
temporomandibular joint
|
|
|
GJD
|
degenerative joint disease
|
|
|
OA
|
osteoarthritis
|
|
|
endocrine glands
|
secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream
|
|
|
exocrine glands
|
secrete their substances into ducts & out of the body
|
|
|
thyroid
|
increases metabolism in body cells & lowers blood calcium
|
|
|
parathyroid
|
increases blood calcium
|
|
|
adrenal cortex
|
increases blood sugar; increases reabsorption of sodium; maintains secondary sex char.;
|
|
|
adrenal medulla
|
sympathomimetic
|
|
|
prancreas
Islet cells |
decrease/increase blood sugar
|
|
|
pituitary anterior lobe
|
increases bone & tissue growth; stimulates prod. of thyroxine & growth of the thyroid gland; stim. secretion of horm. from the adrenal cortex, esp. cortisol; oogenesis & spermatogenesis; promotes ovulation & spermatogenesis; promotes growth of breast tissue & milk secretion
|
|
|
pituitary posterior lobe
|
stimulates reabsorption of H2O by kidney tubules; stimulates contraction of uterus during labor & birth
|
|
|
ovaries
|
developes & maintains 2ndary sex char. in the female; prepares & maintains the uterus in pregnancy
|
|
|
testes
|
promotes growth and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics in the male
|
|
|
pineal
|
increases maturity of the glands
|
|
|
thymus
|
immune response of newborns
|
|
|
adrenal cortex
|
outer section of each adrenal gland
|
|
|
adrenal medulla
|
inner section of each adrenal gland
|
|
|
ovaries
|
two endocrine glands in a female's lower abdomen; resp. for egg production & estrogen & progesterone secretion
|
|
|
pancreas
|
endocrine gland behind the stomach; islet cells secrete hormones from the pancreas
|
|
|
parathyroid glands
|
4 sm. endocrine glands on the posterior side of the thyroid gland
|
|
|
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
|
endocrine gland at the base of the brain; composed of an anterior and posterior lobe
|
|
|
adenohypophysis
|
anterior lobe of pituitary gland
|
|
|
neurohypophysis
|
posterior lobe of pituitary gland
|
|
|
testes
|
2 endocrine glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production & testosterone
|
|
|
thyroid gland
|
endocrine gland in the neck
|
|
|
aden/o
|
gland
|
|
|
adren/o
|
adrenal glands
|
|
|
adrenal/o
|
adrenal glands
|
|
|
gonad/o
|
sex glands (ovaries and testes)
|
|
|
pancreat/o
|
pancreas
|
|
|
parathyroid/o
|
parathyroid gland
|
|
|
pituitar/o
|
pituitary gland, hypophysis
|
|
|
thyr/o
|
thyroid gland
|
|
|
thyroid/o
|
thyroid gland
|
|
|
andr/o
|
male
|
|
|
calc/o
|
calcium
|
|
|
cortic/o
|
cortex, outer region
|
|
|
crin/o
|
secrete
|
|
|
dips/o
|
thirst
|
|
|
estr/o
|
female
|
|
|
gluc/o
|
sugar
|
|
|
glyc/o
|
sugar
|
|
|
home/o
|
sameness
|
|
|
hormon/o
|
hormone
|
|
|
insulin/o
|
insulin
|
|
|
kal/i
|
potassium (an electrolyte)
|
|
|
lact/o
|
milk
|
|
|
myx/o
|
mucus
|
|
|
natr/o
|
sodium (an electrolyte)
|
|
|
phys/o
|
growing
|
|
|
somat/o
|
body
|
|
|
ster/o
|
solid structure
|
|
|
toc/o
|
childbirth
|
|
|
toxic/o
|
poison
|
|
|
ur/o
|
urine
|
|
|
-agon
|
assemble, gather, together
|
|
|
-in, -ine
|
a substance
|
|
|
-tropin
|
stimulating the function of ( to turn or act upon)
|
|
|
-uria
|
urine condition
|
|
|
eu-
|
good, normal
|
|
|
oxy-
|
rapid, sharp, acid
|
|
|
pan-
|
all
|
|
|
tetra-
|
four
|
|
|
tri-
|
three
|
|
|
goiter
|
enlargment of the thyroid gland
|
|
|
hyperthyroidism, Graves disease
|
overactivy of the thyroid gland
|
|
|
exophthalmos
|
protrusion of the eyeballs
|
|
|
hypothyroidism
|
underactivity of the thyroid gland
|
|
|
myxedema
|
hypothyroidism in adulthood
|
|
|
Cretinism
|
hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood
|
|
|
thyroid carcinoma
|
cancer of the thyroid gland
|
|
|
hyperparathyroidism
|
excessive production of parathormone
|
|
|
hypoparathyroidism
|
deficient production of parathyroid hormone
|
|
|
adrenal virilism
|
excessive output of adrenal androgens
|
|
|
hirsutism
|
excessive hair on the face and body
|
|
|
Cushing syndrome
|
a group of symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex
|
|
|
Addison disease
|
hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex
|
|
|
pheochromocytoma
|
benign tumor of the adrenal medulla (tumor cells stain a dark or dusky color)
|
|
|
hyperinsulinism
|
excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia
|
|
|
diabetes mellitus
|
lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells
|
|
|
type 1 diabetes
|
insulin dependent mellitus; juvenile onset
|
|
|
type 2 diabetes
|
non-insulin dependent
|
|
|
acromegaly
|
enlargement of the extremities caused by hyper secretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty
|
|
|
gigantism
|
hyperfunctioning of the pituitary gland before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of the body
|
|
|
dwarfism
|
congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism
|
|
|
panhypopituitarism
|
all pituitary hormones are deficient
|
|
|
syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
|
excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
|
|
|
diabetes insipidus
|
insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
|
|
|
DI
|
diabetes insipidus
|
|
|
DM
|
diabetes mellitus
|
|
|
FBG
|
fasting blood glucose
|
|
|
FBS
|
fasting blood sugar
|
|
|
IDDM
|
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; type 1 diabetes
|
|
|
K
|
potassium
|
|
|
Na
|
sodium
|
|
|
NIDDUM
|
non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; type 2 diabetes
|
|
|
SIADH
|
syndrome of inappropriate ADH
|
|
|
Modern surgery
|
combined of artistic and scientific endeavor
|
|
|
Pre-operative evaluation
|
history
physical examination laboratory tests |
|
|
70% useful information comes from _____
|
history
|
|
|
20% useful information comes from _____
|
physical examination
|
|
|
10% useful information comes from _____
|
special laboratory tests (any diagnositic test)
|
|
|
General Cond. that affect course of surgery (negatively)
|
extremes of age; hypovolemia; debilitation and malnutrition; dehydration; diminished cardiac reserve; diminished pulmonary reserve; renal insufficiency; hepatic insufficiency; endocrine dysfunction; infection; coagulation defects
|
|
|
immediate pre-operative management
|
after evaluation and optimal physical cond. has been confirmed; what happens before actual surgery
|
|
|
immediate per-operative management
|
preparation of the incision site; pre-operative nutrition; preparation of the bowel; nasogastric & nasoenteric intubation (not routine); cross-matching of blood; urinary drainage; pre-operative meds; pre-operative check list
|
|
|
atropine
|
pre-operative med; used to reduce bronchial secretions
|
|
|
sedation
|
pre-operative; used in very anxious patients
|
|
|
pre-operative check list
|
used in many hosp.; done b/4 surgery; dictation by Dr. transcribed by transcriptionist, sometimes using VRT
|
|
|
VRT
|
Voice Recognition Technology
|
|
|
Surgery
|
takes place after the immediate pre-operative management
|
|
|
surgery
|
positioning the patient; anesthesia; prepping & drapping; incisions; instruments; suture materials; postoperative state
|
|
|
anesthesia
|
the partial or complete loss of sensation w/ or w/out loss of consciousness as a result of injury, or administration of an agent
|
|
|
anesthesiologist
|
a physician specializing in anesthesiology
|
|
|
anesthetist
|
a nurse w/ additional education in anesthesia
|
|
|
2 types of anesthetics
|
general (affects entire body, loss of consciousness) & regional
|
|
|
prepping and drapping
|
essential procedure for the clean operative field and prevention of cross-infection; usu done w/ a combination of phisohex & Betadine
|
|
|
hemostats
|
(instrument) a forcep for checking hemorrhage
|
|
|
forceps
|
an instrument w/ 2 blades and handles for pulling, grasping, or compressing
|
|
|
retractors
|
instruments for drawing back the edge of a wound
|
|
|
scissors
|
(instrument)cutting
|
|
|
suture materials
|
absorbable or non-absorbable, diff. gauges & colors except red
|
|
|
absorbable sutures
|
sutures that are absorbed/digested by the body cells & fluids during & after the healing process; don't have to be removed
|
|
|
non-absorbable sutures
|
must be removed after the wound heals when used on the skin
|
|
|
gauge of suture
|
thickness
|
|
|
Factors that influence the choice of suture material
|
biologic char. of the material in tissue; healing char. of tissue; location & length of incision; presence/absence of infection, contamination, and/or drainage; patient problems ie obesity, debility, age, disease, etc. (influence rate of healing & tme desired for wound support)
|
|
|
Postoperative state
|
(poss. complications of surgery) P.O. wound dehiscence; P.O. evisceration/eventration; P.O. hemorrhage; P.O. fistula; P.O. hematoma; P.O. wound infections
|
|
|
incision
|
cutting into; opening
|
|
|
-otomy
|
cutting, incision into
|
|
|
-ostomy
|
creation of an artificial opening; "a mouth"
|
|
|
-centesis
|
puncture
|
|
|
excision
|
cutting out
|
|
|
-ectomy
|
to cut out or excise
2 types partial/subtotal; complete/total |
|
|
-exeresis
|
to strip out
|
|
|
amputation
|
cutting off
|
|
|
disarticulation
|
amputation of a leg at a joint
|
|
|
dismemberment
|
amputation of leg through a bone
|
|
|
introduction
|
injections, transfusions, implantations, and insertions
|
|
|
endoscopy
|
to look w/n
|
|
|
-scopy
|
view
|
|
|
-plasty
|
surgical repair or plastic surgery
|
|
|
-desis
|
a binding
|
|
|
-pexy
|
fixing or suspension
|
|
|
destruction
|
breaking down
|
|
|
-clasis, -tripsy, -lysis
|
breaking down; destruction
|
|
|
suturing
|
sewing or suturing
|
|
|
-(r)rhaphy
|
a seam
|
|
|
manipulation
|
handling
|
|
|
-tasis
|
to stretch
|
|
|
-ectasia
|
to dilate
|
|
|
analgesia
|
loss of normal sense of pain
|
|
|
anesthesia
|
inability to feel
|
|
|
general anesthesia
|
unconciousness accompanied by varying degrees of muscular relaxation & freedom from physical pain
|
|
|
local anesthesia
|
abscence of sensation & consequently of pain in a part of the body; consciousness retained
|
|
|
anesthesiology
|
science & study of anesthesia
|
|
|
anesthetic
|
agent producing insensibility to pain
|
|
|
Terms related to Methods of General Anesthesia
|
endotracheal anesthesia; inhalation anesthesia; intravenous anesthesia; rectal anesthesia
|
|
|
Terms related to Methods of Local/ Regional Anesthesia
|
block anesthesia; caudal/sacral anesthesia; epidural block; infiltration anesthesia; intravenous regional anesthesia; nerve & field block; spinal anesthesia; surface/topical anesthesia
|
|
|
block anesthesia
|
seeks to interrupt conduction in the autonomic & somatic nervous systems by using local anesthetics
|
|
|
caudal/sacral anesthesia
|
method of epidural anesthesia in which the anesthetic solution is injected into the sacral canal
|
|
|
epidural block
|
spinal nerves blocked as they pass through the epidural space
|
|
|
infiltration anesthesia
|
injection of a dilute anesthetic agent under the skin to anesthetize the nerve endings and nerve fibers
|
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intravenous regional anesthesia
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method of producing analgesia in the extremities using lidocaine (or other drug) as regional anesthetic to act at the main nerve trunks
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nerve & field block
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insensibility of a local are acheived by direct nerve block or field block
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direct nerve block
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injection of anesthetic solution into accessible nerves, as those of the extremities
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field block
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anesthetic solution deposited around the nerve at the pt. of its terminal branches
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spinal anesthesia
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anesthesia produced by the injection of a local anesthetic solution into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to block the roots of the spinal nerves
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surface/topical anesthesia
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direct application of drug to a mucous membrane to produce insensibility to the nerve endings
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drainage
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the systematic w/drawl of fluid & discharges from a wound, sore, or cavity
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ligation
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the application of a ligature
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ligature
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any substance, such as catgut, cotton, silk, or wire, used to tie a vessel or strangulate a part
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suture
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material used in closing a surgical/accidental wound w/ stitches; the act or process of uniting a wound by stitches
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shunts
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to turn to one side; to divert; to bypass; a passage or anastomosis b/n 2 natural channels, esp. b/n blood vessels
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anastomosis
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a cmcn b/n 2 vessels by collateral channels; an opening created by surgical, traumatic, or pathological means b/n 2 normally distinct spaces or organs
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grafts
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any tissue or organ for implantation or transplantation
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debridement
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the removal of foreign material & devitalized or contaminated tissue from or adjacent to a traumatic or infected lesion until surrounding healthy tissue is exposed
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dilation
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cond. as of an orifice or tubular structure, of being dilated or stretched beyond the normal dimensions
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resection
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excisions of a portion of an organ or other structure
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recession
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the act of drawing away of back
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implantation
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the insertion of an organ or tissue, such as skin, nerve, or tendon, in a new site in the body
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transplantation
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the grafting of tissues taken from the same body or from another
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insertion
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the act of implanting, or the condition of being implanted
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dissection
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the act of cutting apart or separating; applied esp. to the exposure of structures of a cadaver, for anatomical study
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fusion
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the operative formation of an ankylosis or arthrodesis
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avulsion
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the tearing away of a part or structure
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installation
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administration of a liquid drop by drop
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evacuation
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an emptying, as of the bowels
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desiccation
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the act of drying up
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irrigation
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washing by a stream of water or other fluid
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lysis
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destruction, as of cells by a specific lysin
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reduction
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the correction of a fracture, luxation, or hernia
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drill
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a rotating cutting instrument for making holes in hard substances, ie bones & teeth
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burr
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a form of drill used for creating openings in bone or similar hard substances
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repair
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the physical or mechanical restoration of damaged or diseased tissues by the growth of healthy new cells or by surgical apposition
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manipulation
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skillful or dextrous treatment by the hand
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endoscopy
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visual inspection of any cavity of the body by means of an endoscope
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decompression
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the removal of pressure
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enucleation
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the removal of an organ, or a tumor, or of another body in such a way that it comes out clean and whole
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evisceration
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extrusion of the viscera, or internal organs; disembowelment
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electrocoagulation
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coagulation to tissue usu. accomplished by means of a biterminal high frequency electric current
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intubation
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the insertion of a tube, esp. the introduction of a tube into the larynx through the glottis
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approximation
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to bring together, or into apposition
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wound dehiscence
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separation of the layers of a surgical wound; it may be partial and superficial only, or complete w/ total disruption
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catheter
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a tubular, flexible, surgical instrument for w/drawing fluids from (or introducing fluids into) a cavity of the body, esp. one for introduction into the bladder through the urethra for the w/drawl of urine
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snare
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a wire loop or noose for removing polyps and tumors by encircling them at the base and closing the loop
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hemostat
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small surgical clamp for constricting a blood vessel
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prostheses
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artificial substitute for a missing body part, such as an arm of leg, eye or tooth, used for functional or cosmetic reasons, or both
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Anes
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anesthesiology
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CO2
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carbon dioxide
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N2O
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nitrous oxide
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NT
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nasotracheal
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O2
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oxygen
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OT
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orotracheal
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Bx
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biopsy
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CR
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cardiorespiratory
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CRNA
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Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
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EXP LAP
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exploratory laparotomy
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I&D
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incision and drainage
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IM
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intramuscular
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I&O
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intake and output
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IV
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intravenous
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LLL
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left lower lobe
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LLQ
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left lower quadrant
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LUL
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left lower lobe
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LUQ
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left upper quadrant
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NG
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nasogastric
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OR
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operating room
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PACU
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Post Anesthesia Care Unit (newer name for Recovery Room)
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path
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pathology
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postop
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postoperative
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RLE
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right lower extremity
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RLL
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right lower lobe
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RLQ
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right lower quadrant
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RML
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right middle lobe
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RR
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recovery room
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RUL
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right upper lobe
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RUQ
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right upper quadrant
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STSG
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split thickness skin graft
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surg
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surgery
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pathology
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specialized branch of medicine that is concerned w/ deviations from normal in anatomy or physiology
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clinical pathology
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the study of body secretions & fragments ie blood, urine, feces, and sputum
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anatomical pathology
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surgical pathology and autopsies (study of tissues)
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frozen section
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sm section of tissue is placed on an instrument which quick-freezes the tissue & permits easy sectioning for analysis
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macroscopically (gross)
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description by the naked eye
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microscopically
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microscope used for detailed analysis
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achromia
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absence of normal color; specifically, a cond. of the red cells of the blood in which the centers of the cells are paler than normal
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anaplasia
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reversion of cells to a more primitive form
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anoxic
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char. by abscence or lack of oxygen
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autolysis
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the spontaneous disintegration of tissues or of cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes, such as occurs after death & in some pathological cond.
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calcification
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inclusion of calcium in a tissue or substance, thereby causing it to harden
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carneous
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fleshy or meatlike
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cicatrix
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new tissue that is formed as a wound heals; a scar
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contiguous
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in contact or nearly so
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denude
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to remove a natural surface
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desiccated
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thoroughly dried out
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encapsulate
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surround w/ a capsule
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fovea
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a gen. term for a small pit in the surface of a structure of an organ
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fusiform
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spindle shaped
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grumous
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clotted or lumpy
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infiltrate
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to invade an area
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keratinized
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b/m hard or horny
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lacuna
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sm. pit or hollow cavity
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myxoid
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resembling mucus
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necropsy
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examination of a body after death; autopsy
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peau d' orange
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skin that is thickened and dimpled like an orange skin
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phagocyte
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any cell that ingests mircrooraganisms or other cells and foreign particles
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piriform
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pear-shaped
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sanguinieous
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containing blood
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septicemia
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presence of bacterial poisons in the blood
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serosanguineous
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pertaining to or containing both serum & blood
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serrated
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having sawtoothlike borders
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stellate
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shaped like a star or rosette
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stippling
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speckled condition
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tenacious
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clinging or adhering to
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translucent
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permitting the passage of light
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variegated
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marked by patches of differing color
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exfoliation
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scaling off of dead tissue
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autopsy/necropsy
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the examination of the body after death
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scaphoid
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boat-shaped
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striations
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series of steaks
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exudes
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passes off slowly through the tissues
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metamorphosis
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change in form or structure; a degenerative change
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canaliculi
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small channels or canals
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decompensation
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failure of the heart to maintain adequate circulation
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