Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
458 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
blood
|
composed of plasma and formed elements such as erythrocytes, leuckocytes, and thrombocytes
|
|
|
plasma
|
clear, straw-colored, liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspened; 90% water, and 55% total blood volume
|
|
|
erythrocytes
|
red blood cells that carry oxygen; developed in bone marrow
|
|
|
leukocytes
|
white blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation; 5 types
|
|
|
platelets (thrombocytes)
|
one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in clotting process
|
|
|
serum
|
clear, watery fluid portion of blood that remains after clot has formed
|
|
|
lymph
|
transparent, colorless, tissue flood that, on entering lymphatic system, is called lymph; contains lymphocytes and monocytes and flows in one way direction to heart; similar to blood plasma
|
|
|
lymphatic vessels
|
similar to veins, transport lymp from body tissues to chest, enters cardiovascular system; vessels begin as capillaries spread throughout body ten merge into larger tubes eventually become ducts in chest; provide one way flow for lymph gathered from tissue to ducts in chest, where lymph enters through eins into circulatory system
|
|
|
lymph nodes
|
small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue; may be singular or grouped together alone path of lymph vessels; nodes filter lymp to keep substances such as bacterioa and other foregin agents from entering blood; also produce lymphocytes
|
|
|
spleen
|
located in left side of abdominal cavity betweens tomach and diaphragm; spleen is largest lymphatic organ in body in adulthood; blood (not lymph) flows through spleen; blood is cleansed of microorganisms in spleen; stores blood destroys worn out red blood cells
|
|
|
thymus gland
|
one of primary lymphatic organs; located anterior to ascending aorta and posterior to sternum between lungs; plays an important role in development of boyd's immune system, particularly from infancy to puberty; around puberty thymus gland atrophies so that most of gland is connective tissue
|
|
|
angi/o
|
vessel (blood vessel)
|
|
|
angi/o
|
vessel (blood vessel)
|
|
|
aort/o
|
aorta
|
|
|
arteri/o
|
artery
|
|
|
atri/o
|
atrium
|
|
|
cardi/o
|
heart
|
|
|
lymph/o
|
lymph, lymph tissue
|
|
|
lymphaden/o
|
lymph node
|
|
|
myel/o
|
bone marrow
|
|
|
phleb/o, ven/o
|
vein
|
|
|
plasm/o
|
plasma
|
|
|
splen/o
|
spleen
|
|
|
thym/o
|
thymus gland
|
|
|
valv/o
|
valve
|
|
|
ventricul/o
|
ventricle
|
|
|
ather/o
|
yellowish, fatty plaque
|
|
|
ech/o
|
sound
|
|
|
electr/o
|
electricity, electrical activity
|
|
|
isch/o
|
deficiancy, blockage
|
|
|
therm/o
|
heat
|
|
|
thromb/o
|
clot
|
|
|
brady-
|
slow
|
|
|
-ac
|
pertaining to
|
|
|
-aptheresis
|
removal
|
|
|
-graph
|
instrument used to record; record
|
|
|
-penia
|
abnormal reduction in number
|
|
|
-poiesis
|
formation
|
|
|
-sclerosis
|
hardening
|
|
|
angioma
|
tumor composed of blood vessels
|
|
|
angiostenosis
|
narrowing of a blood vessel
|
|
|
aortic stenosis
|
narrowing, pertaining to aorta
|
|
|
ateriosclerosis
|
hardening of arteries
|
|
|
atheroclerosis
|
hardening of fatty plaque depostied on arterial wall
|
|
|
bradycardia
|
condition of slow heart rate (less than 60 beats per minute)
|
|
|
cardiomegaly
|
englargement of heart
|
|
|
cardiomyopathy
|
disease of heart muscle
|
|
|
endocarditis
|
inflammation of inner lining of heart, particularly valves
|
|
|
ischemia
|
deficiancy of blood flow
|
|
|
myocarditis
|
inflammation of muscle of heart
|
|
|
pericarditis
|
inflammation of sac surrounding heart
|
|
|
phlebitis
|
inflammation of a vein
|
|
|
polyarteritis
|
inflammation of many sites in arteries
|
|
|
tachycardia
|
condition of a rapid heart (rate of over 100 beats per minute)
|
|
|
thrombophlebitis
|
inflammation of a vein associated with a clot
|
|
|
valvulitis
|
inflammation of a valve of heart
|
|
|
hematoma
|
tumor of blood (collectionof blood resulting from broken blood vessel)
|
|
|
multiple myeloma
|
tumors of bone marrow
|
|
|
pancytopenia
|
abnormal reduction of all blood cells
|
|
|
thrombosis
|
abnormal condition of a blood clot
|
|
|
thrombus
|
blood clot attactched to interior wall of an artery or vein
|
|
|
lymphadenitis
|
inflammation of lymph nodes
|
|
|
lymphadenopathy
|
diesease of lymph nodes characterized by abnormal enlargement of lymph nodes associated with infection or malignancy
|
|
|
lymphoma
|
tumor of lymphatic tissue (malignant)
|
|
|
splenomegaly
|
enlargement of spleen
|
|
|
thymoma
|
tumor of the thymus gland
|
|
|
ACS
acute coronary syndrome |
sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction
|
|
|
aneurysm
|
ballooning of a weakend portion of an arterial wall
|
|
|
angina pectoris
|
chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to heart muscle
|
|
|
arrhythmia
|
any disturbance or abnormality in the heart's normal rhythmic pattern
|
|
|
AFib
atrial fibrillation |
cardiac arrhythmia characterized by chaotic, rapid electrical impulses in atria; atria quiver instead of contracting causing irregulat ventricular response and the ejection of reduced amount of blood; blood that remains in atria becomes static, increasing risk of clot formation, wich may lead to stroke; paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (intermittent) and chronic atrial fibrillation (sustained)
|
|
|
PAF
|
paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
|
|
|
cardiac arrest
|
sudden cessetation of cardiac output and effective circulation, which requires CPR
|
|
|
cardiac tamponade
|
acute compression of heart caused by fluid accumulation in pericardial cavity
|
|
|
coarctation of aorta
|
congeintal cardiac condition characterized by a narrowing of aorta
|
|
|
congenital heart disease
|
heart abnormality present at birth
|
|
|
CHF
congestive heart failure |
inability of heart to pump enough blood through body to supply tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen (HF - heart failure)
|
|
|
CAD
coronary artery disease |
condtion that reduces flow of blood through coronary arteries to myocardium, denying myocardial tissue of sufficient oxygen and nutrients to fully function; most often caused by coronary atherosclerosis
|
|
|
coronary occlusion
|
obstruction of an artery of heart, usually from atherosclerosis; can lead to acute to myocardial infarction
|
|
|
DVT
deep vein thrombosis |
condition of thrombus in a deep vein of body; most often occurs in lower extremities; clot can break off and travel to lungs, causing pulmonary embolism
|
|
|
HHD
hypertensive heart disease |
disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure
|
|
|
intermittent claudication
|
pain and discomfort in calf muscles while walking; condition seen in peripheral arterial disease
|
|
|
mitral valve stenosis
|
narrowing of mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever
|
|
|
PAD
peripheral arterial disease |
disease of arteries in arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete obsturction of artery; caused by atherosclerosis, but occasionally by inflammatory diseases, emboli, or thrombus formation; most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease is intermittent claudication
|
|
|
rheumatic heart disease
|
damage to heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever
|
|
|
varicose veins
|
distended or tortuous veins usually found in lower extremities
|
|
|
anemia
|
reduction of number of red blood cells; may be caued by blood loss or decrease in prodcution of increase in destructionof RBCs
|
|
|
embolus
|
blood clot or foreign material, such as air or fat, that enters bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another point in circulation
|
|
|
hemophilia
|
inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of coagulation factor VIII
|
|
|
leukemia
|
malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal WBCs formed in bone marrow
|
|
|
sepsis
|
condition in which pathogenic microorganisms, usually bacteria, enter the bloodstream, causing a systemic inflammatory response to infection (septicema)
|
|
|
Hodgkin disease
|
malignant disorder of lymphatic tissue characterized by progressive enlargement of lymph nodes, usually beginning in cervical nodes
|
|
|
infectious mononucleosis
|
acute infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus characterized by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue, and fecer; disease affects mostly young people and is usually transmitted by saliva
|
|
|
angioplasty
|
surgical repair of a blood vessel
|
|
|
atherectomy
|
excision of fatty plaque from blocked artery using a specialized catheter and a rotary cutter
|
|
|
endarterectomy
|
excision within the artery (excision of plaque from arterial wall); procedure is usually needed for artery to be cleaned out, such as carotid endarterectomy, which means removal of plaque from wall of carotid artery
|
|
|
pericardiocentesis
|
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from sac surrounding heart; used to remove fluid or air and to relieve cardiac tamponade
|
|
|
phlebectomy
|
excision of a vein
|
|
|
phlebotomy
|
incision into vein to remove blood or to give blood or IV fluids (venipuncture)
|
|
|
valvuloplasty
|
surgical repair of a valve, cardiac of venous
|
|
|
splenectomy
|
excision of spleen
|
|
|
splenopexy
|
surgical fixation of spleen
|
|
|
thymectomy
|
excision of thymus gland
|
|
|
aneurysmectomy
|
surgical excision of an aneurysm
|
|
|
atrial fibrillation ablation
|
procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger atrial fibrillation are destroyed by using radiofrequency energy
|
|
|
cardiac pacemaker
|
battery-powered apparatus implanted under skin with leands placed on heart or in chamber of heart; used to treat abnormal heart rhythm, usually one that is too slow
|
|
|
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft |
surgical technique to bring new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries
|
|
|
coronary stent
|
supportive scaffold device placed in coronary arter; used to prevent closure of artery after angioplasty or atherectomy; used to treat an artery occluded by plaque
|
|
|
embolectomy
|
surgical removal of embolus or clot, usually with balloon catheter, inflating balloon beyone clot, then pulling balloon back to incision and bringing clot with it
|
|
|
femoropopliteal bypass
|
surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal atery to bypass obstruction
|
|
|
ICD
implantable cardiac defibrillator |
device implanted in body that continuously monitors heart rhythm; device delivers electric shock to convert arrhthmia back to normal rythm in life threatening situations
|
|
|
inracoronary thrombolytic therapy
|
injection of medication either intravenously or intraarterially to dissolve blood clots in coronary arteries
|
|
|
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
procedure in which balloon is passed through blood vessel into a coronary artery to area where plaque is formed; inflation of balloon compresses plaque against vessel wall, expanding inner diameter of blood vessel, which allows blood to circulate more freely (balloon angioplasty)
|
|
|
bone marrow aspiration
|
syringe is used to aspirate a sample of liquid portion of bone marrow, usually from ilium, for study; used to diagnose, stage, and monitor disease and condition of blood cells
|
|
|
bone marrow biopsy
|
needle puncture to obtain sample of bone marrow, usually form ilium, for study; used to diagnose,s tage, and monitor disease and condition of blood cells
|
|
|
bone marrow transplant
|
infusion of healthy bone marrow cells from donor with matching cells and tissue to recipient
|
|
|
angiography
|
radiographic imaging of blood vessels (femoral angiography OR coronary angiography)
|
|
|
angioscope
|
instrument used for visual examination of lumen of blood vessel
|
|
|
angioscopy
|
visual examination of lumen of blood vessel
|
|
|
aortogram
|
radiographic image of aorta after an injection of contrast media
|
|
|
arteriogram
|
radiographic image of an artery after an injection of contrast media
|
|
|
venogram
|
radiographic image of a vein after an injection of contrast media
|
|
|
venography
|
radiographic imaging of a vein after an injection of contrast media
|
|
|
ECHO
echocardiogram |
record of heart (structure and motion) using sound (used to detect vavlular disease and evalue heart function
|
|
|
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram |
record of electrical activity of heart
|
|
|
electrocardiograph
|
instrument used to record electrial activity of heart
|
|
|
electrocardiography
|
process of recording electrical activity of heart
|
|
|
DSA
digital subtraction angiography |
process of digital radiographic imaging of blood vessels that subtracts or removes structures not being studied
|
|
|
Doppler ultrasound
|
study that uses sound for detection of blood flow within the vessels; used to assess intermitten claudication, deep vein thrombosis, and other blood flow abnormalities
|
|
|
exercise stress test
|
study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking a treadmill (electrocardiography, echocardiography, and nuclear medicing scanning are three types of tests performed to measrue cardioac function while exercising
|
|
|
SPECT
single-photon emission computed tomography |
nuclear medicine scan that visualizes heart from several different angles; scanner creates images from tracer absorbed by body tissues; used to asses damage to cardiac tissue
|
|
|
thallium test
|
nuclear medicine test to diagnose coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery; radioactiave isotope is injected into body IV; radiation detector is placed over heart and images are recorded; can be performed when patient is at rest or it can be part of stress test
|
|
|
TEE
transesophageal echocardiogram |
ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in esophagus, which provides views of heart structures
|
|
|
cardiac catheterization
|
examination to determine condtion of heart and surronding blood vessels; catheter is passed into heart through blood vessel and used to record pressures and inject a contrast medium, enabling visualization of coronary arteries, great vessels, and heart chambers; used to evaluate chest pain and coronary artery disease (coronary angiography)
|
|
|
IPG
impedance plethysmography |
measures venous flow of extremities with plethysmograph to detect clots by measuring changes in blood volume and resistance in vein; detects deep vein thrombosis
|
|
|
BP
blood pressure |
pressure exerted by blood agaisnt blood vessel walls; systolic pressure over diastolic pressure
|
|
|
pulse
|
rythmic expansion of artery that can be felt with finger; most commonly felt over radial artery
|
|
|
sphygomomanomter
|
device used to measuring blood pressure
|
|
|
CRP
C-reactive protein |
blood test to measure amount of C-reactive protein in blood; when elevated, indicates inflammation of body
|
|
|
CPK
creatine phosphokinase |
blood test used to measusre level of creatine phosphkinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscles released into blood after muscle injury or necrosis; useful in evalutating patients with acute myocaridal infarction
|
|
|
homocysteine
|
blood test used to measusre amount of homocystein in blood; amino acid that may indicate risk of cardiovascular disease if elevated
|
|
|
lipid profile
|
blood test used to measure the amount of lipids in sample of blood; test is used to evalute risk of developing cardiovascualr disease and to monitor therapy of existing disese
|
|
|
troponin
|
blood test that measures troponin, heart muscle enzyme; realeased into blood about 3 hours after necrosis of heart muscle andmay remain elevated from 7 to 10 days
|
|
|
coagulation time
|
blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot
|
|
|
complete blood count (CBC) and differential count (Diff)
|
basic blood screening that measures hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell number and morphology (size and shape), leukocyte count, and white blood cell differential (types of WBC) and platelet count; test is automated
|
|
|
hematocrit (HCT)
|
blood test to measure the volume of red blood cells; used in diagnosis and evaluation of anemic patients
|
|
|
hemoglobin (Hgb)
|
blood test used to determine the concentration of oxygen-carrying components in RBC
|
|
|
prothrombin time (PT)
|
blood test used to determine certain coagulation activity defects and to monitor anitcoagulation therapy for patients taking Coumadin, an oral anticaogulant medication
|
|
|
atrioventricular (AV)
|
pertaining to atrium and ventricle
|
|
|
cardiac
|
pertaining to the heart
|
|
|
cardiogenic
|
originating in heart
|
|
|
cardiologist
|
one who studies and treats diseases of heart
|
|
|
cardiology
|
study of heart
|
|
|
hypothermia
|
condition of body temperature that is below normal, sometimes induced for various surgical procedures such as bypass surgery
|
|
|
intravenous (IV)
|
pertaining to within the vein
|
|
|
phlebologiest
|
physician who studies and treats diseases of veins
|
|
|
phlebology
|
study of veins (diseases of veins)
|
|
|
hematologist
|
physician who studies and treats diseases of blood
|
|
|
hematology
|
study of blood
|
|
|
hemtopoiesis
|
formation of blood cells
|
|
|
hemolysis
|
dissolution of RBC
|
|
|
hemostasis
|
stoppage of bleeding
|
|
|
myelopoieses
|
formation of bone marrow
|
|
|
plasmapheresis
|
removal of plasma from blood
|
|
|
thrombolysis
|
dissolutiono of clot
|
|
|
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
|
emergency procedure consisting of artificial ventilation and external cardiac massage
|
|
|
defibrillation
|
application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal caridac rhythm
|
|
|
diastole
|
phase in the cardiac cycle in which they ventricles relax between contractions; lower number of blood pressure reading
|
|
|
extracorporeal
|
occuring outside the body; happens in open heart surgery when blood is diverted outside the body to a heart-lung machine
|
|
|
extravasation
|
escape of blood from the blood vessel into tissue
|
|
|
fibrillation
|
rapd, quivering, noncoordinated contractions of atria or ventricles
|
|
|
heart murmur
|
short-duration humming sound of cardiac or vascular origin
|
|
|
hypercholesterolemia
|
excessive amount of cholesterol in blod; associated w/ heightened risk of cardiovascular disease
|
|
|
hyerlipidemia
|
excessive amounts of fats (triglycerides and cholesterol) in blood
|
|
|
hypertension
|
blood pressure that is above normal (greater than 140/90)
|
|
|
hypertriglyceridiemia
|
excessive amounts of triglycerides in blood; associated w/ increased risk of cardiovascular disease
|
|
|
hypotension
|
blood pressure below normal (less than 90/60)
|
|
|
lipids
|
fats and fatlike substances that serve as a source of fuel in body and are important constituent in cell structure
|
|
|
lumen
|
space iwthin a tubular part or organ; space within blood vessel
|
|
|
occlude
|
to clost tightly, to block
|
|
|
systole
|
phase in cardiac cycle in which ventricles contract; upper number in BP reading
|
|
|
vasoconstrictor
|
agent or nerve that narrows the blood vessels
|
|
|
vasodilater
|
agent or nerve that enlarges blood vessels
|
|
|
venipuncture
|
puntcure of vein to remove blood, instill medication, start IV infusion
|
|
|
anticoagulant
|
agent that slows blood clotting process
|
|
|
blood dyscrasia
|
abnormal or pathologic condition of blood
|
|
|
hemorrhage
|
rapid loss of blood, bleeding
|
|
|
allergen
|
an environmental substance capable of producing an immediate hypersensitivity in body, allergy; dust, pollen, animal dander, foods
|
|
|
allergist
|
one who studies and treats allergic conditions
|
|
|
allergy
|
hypersensitivity to substance, resulting in inflammatory immune response
|
|
|
anaphylaxis
|
exxagerated, life-threatening reacting to previously encountered antigen such as bee venom, peanuts, or latex; symptoms range from hives or sneezing, to severe drops in blood pressure or blockage of airway; anaphylactic shock
|
|
|
antibody
|
substance produced by lymphocytes that inactivates or destorys antigens
|
|
|
antigen
|
substance that triggers an immune response when introduced into body; transplant tissue, toxins, infectious organisms
|
|
|
autoimmune disease
|
disease caused by body's inability to distinguish its own cells from foreign antibodies; attack own tissue; rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus
|
|
|
immune
|
being resistant to specific invading pathogens
|
|
|
immunodeficiency
|
deficient immune response caused by immune system dysfunction brought on by disease, HIV, or immunosuppresive drugs, predinisone
|
|
|
immunologist
|
physician who studies and treats immune system disorders
|
|
|
immunology
|
branch of medicine dealing with immune system disorders
|
|
|
phagocytosis
|
process in which some of WBCs destroy invading microorganism and old cells
|
|
|
vaccine
|
suspension of inactivated microorganisms administered by injection, mouth, or nasal spray to prevent infectious diseases by inducing immunity
|
|
|
ACS
|
acute coronary syndrome
|
|
|
AFib
|
atrial fibrillation
|
|
|
AV
|
atrioventricular
|
|
|
BP
|
blood pressure
|
|
|
CABG
|
coronary artery bypass graft
|
|
|
CAD
|
coronary artery disease
|
|
|
CBC and Diff
|
complete blood count and differential
|
|
|
CCU
|
coronary care unity
|
|
|
CHF
|
congestive heart failure
|
|
|
CPK
|
creatine phosphokinase
|
|
|
CPR
|
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
|
|
|
CRP
|
C-reactive protein
|
|
|
DSA
|
digital subtraction angiography
|
|
|
DVT
|
deep vein thrombosis
|
|
|
ECG, EKG
|
electrocardiogram
|
|
|
ECHO
|
echocardiogram
|
|
|
HCT
|
hematocrit
|
|
|
Hgb
|
hemoglobin
|
|
|
HHD
|
hypertensive heart disease
|
|
|
ICD
|
ipmlantable ccardiac defibrillator
|
|
|
IPG
|
impedance plethysomgraphy
|
|
|
IV
|
intravenous
|
|
|
MI
|
myocardial infarction
|
|
|
PAD
|
peripheral arterial disease
|
|
|
PT
|
prothrombin time
|
|
|
PTCA
|
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
|
|
|
RBC
|
red blood cell (erythrocte)
|
|
|
SPECT
|
single-phton emission computed tomography
|
|
|
TEE
|
transesophageal echocardiogram
|
|
|
WBC
|
white blood cell (leukocyte)
|
|
|
mouth
|
opening throughwhich food passes into the body; breaks food into small particles by mastication and mixin with saliva
|
|
|
tongue
|
consists mostly of skeletal muscles; attaced in posterior region of mouth; provides movement of food for mastication, directs food to pharynx for swallowing, and is major organ for taste and speech
|
|
|
palate
|
sepearates nasal cavity from oral cavity
|
|
|
soft palate
|
posterior portion, not supported by bone
|
|
|
hard palate
|
anterior portion, supported by bone
|
|
|
uvula
|
soft V-shaped structure that extends from the soft palate; directs food into throat
|
|
|
pharynx, throat
|
performs swallwing action that passes food from mouth into esophagus
|
|
|
esophagus
|
10 inch tube that is a passageway for food extending from pharynx to stomach
|
|
|
peristalsis
|
involuntary wavelike movements that propel food along digestive tract, begins in esophagus
|
|
|
stomach
|
J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food; secreates chemicals for digstion and hormones for local communication control
|
|
|
cardia
|
area around opening of esophagus
|
|
|
fundus
|
uppermost domed portion of stomach
|
|
|
body
|
central portion of stomach
|
|
|
antrum
|
lower portion of stomach
|
|
|
pylorus
|
portion of stomach that connects to small intestine
|
|
|
pyloric sphincter
|
ring of muscle that guards the opening between stomach and duodenum
|
|
|
small intestine
|
20 ft cnal extending from pyloric shpciter to large intestine; digestion completed here; absorbtion takes place through villi, fingerlike projections that line walls of small intestine
|
|
|
absorption
|
passage of nutrients (end products of digestion) from small intestine to bloodstream
|
|
|
dueodenum
|
first 10 to 20 inches of small intestine
|
|
|
jejunum
|
second portion of small intestion, approx. 8 ft
|
|
|
ileum
|
third portion of small intestine, apporx, 11 ft, connects with large intestine
|
|
|
large intestine
|
canal that is approx. 5 ft long and extends from ileum to anus; absorption of water and elemination of solid waste products take place here
|
|
|
cecum
|
blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of large intestine
|
|
|
colon
|
next portion of the large intestine; divided into four parts: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
|
|
|
rectum
|
remaining poriton of large intestine ,approx. 8 to 10 in; extends from sigmoid colon to anus
|
|
|
anus
|
sphincter muscle at end of digestive tract
|
|
|
salivary glands
|
produce saliva, which flows into mouth
|
|
|
liver
|
produces bie, which is necessary for digestion of fats;
|
|
|
bile ducts
|
passageways that carry bile
|
|
|
hepatic duct
|
passageway for bile from liver
|
|
|
cystic duct
|
caries bile from gallbladder
|
|
|
common bile duct
|
joining of hepatic and cystic; conveys bile to duodenum
|
|
|
gallbladder
|
small, sac-like structure that stores bile
|
|
|
pancreas
|
porduces pancratic juice, which helps digest all types of food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism
|
|
|
peritoneum
|
serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavaties
|
|
|
appendix
|
small pouch, which has no known function on digestion, attatched to cecum
|
|
|
abdomen
|
portionof body between thorax and pelvis
|
|
|
an/o
|
anus
|
|
|
antro/o
|
antrum
|
|
|
cec/o
|
cecum
|
|
|
col/o, colon/o
|
colon,, usually denoting large intestine
|
|
|
duoden/o
|
duodenum
|
|
|
enter/o
|
intestine, usually denoting small intestine
|
|
|
esophag/o
|
esophagus
|
|
|
gastr/o
|
stomach
|
|
|
ile/o
|
ileum
|
|
|
jejun/o
|
jejunum
|
|
|
or/o, stomat/o
|
mouth
|
|
|
proct/o, rect/o
|
rectum
|
|
|
sigmoid/o
|
sigmoid colon
|
|
|
abodmin/o, celi/o, lapar/o
|
abdominal cavity, abdomen
|
|
|
append/o, appendic/o
|
appendix
|
|
|
cheil/o
|
lip
|
|
|
cholangi/o
|
bile duct
|
|
|
chol/e
|
gall, bile
|
|
|
choledoch/o
|
common bile duct
|
|
|
diverticul/o
|
diverticulum, or blind pouch, extendin from hollow organ
|
|
|
gingiv/o
|
gum
|
|
|
gloss/o, lingu/o
|
tongue
|
|
|
hepat/o
|
liver
|
|
|
herni/o
|
hernia, or protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall
|
|
|
palat/o
|
palate
|
|
|
pancreat/o
|
pancreas
|
|
|
peritone/o
|
peritoneum
|
|
|
polyp/o
|
polyp, small growth
|
|
|
pylor/o
|
pylorus, pyloric sphincter
|
|
|
sial/o
|
saliva, salivary gland
|
|
|
steat/o
|
fat
|
|
|
uvul/o
|
uvula
|
|
|
hemi-
|
half
|
|
|
-pepsia
|
digestion
|
|
|
appendicitis
|
inflammation of appendix
|
|
|
cholangioma
|
tumor of bile duct
|
|
|
cholecystitis
|
inflammation of gallbladder
|
|
|
choledocholithiasis
|
condition of stones in common bile duct
|
|
|
cholelithiasis
|
condition of gallstones
|
|
|
diverticulitis
|
infammation of a diverticulum
|
|
|
diverticulosis
|
abnormal condition of having diverticula
|
|
|
esophagitis
|
inflammation of esophagus
|
|
|
gastritis
|
inflammation of stomach
|
|
|
gastroenteritis
|
infammation of stomach and intestines
|
|
|
gastroenterocolitis
|
inflammation of stomach, intestines, and colon
|
|
|
gingivitis
|
inflammation of gums
|
|
|
hepatitis
|
inflammation of liver
|
|
|
hepatoma
|
tumor of liver
|
|
|
palatitis
|
inflammation of palate
|
|
|
pancreatitis
|
inflammation of pancreas
|
|
|
peritonitis
|
inflammation of peritoneum
|
|
|
polyposis
|
abnormal condition of mutliple polyps in muchous membrane of intestine, especially colon; high potential for malignancy
|
|
|
proctoptosis
|
prolapse of rectum
|
|
|
rectocele
|
protrusion of rectum
|
|
|
sialolith
|
stone in salivary gland
|
|
|
steatohepatitis
|
inflammation of liver associated w/ excess fat, often caused by alcohol abuse and obesity
|
|
|
uvulitis
|
inflammation of uvula
|
|
|
adhesion
|
abnormal growing together of two surfaces that normally are separated; may occur after abdominal surgery; treatment = adhesiolysis OR adehesiotomy
|
|
|
anorexia nervosa
|
eating disorder characterized by prolonged refusal to eat, resulitn in emaciation, amenorreah in females, and abnormal fear of becoming obese
|
|
|
bulimia nervosa
|
eating disorder involving gorging with food followed by inducted vomiting or laxative abuse; binging and purging
|
|
|
celiac disease
|
malabsorption sysndrome caused by immune reaction to gluten which may damage lining of small intestine; considered mulitsystem disorder with varying symptoms: abdominal bloating, pan, chronic diarrhea, constipation, steatorrhea, vomiting, weight loss, fatigue, iron deficiency anemia, pruritic skin rash (dermatitis herpetiformis); also called gluten enteropathy
|
|
|
cirrhosis
|
chronic disease of liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue; caused by alcoholism and certain types of viral hepatits
|
|
|
Crohn disease
|
chronic inflammation of intestnal tract usually affecting ileum and colon; characterized by cobblestone ulcerations and formation of scar tissue that may lead to intestinal obstruction; also called regional ileitis OR regional enteritis
|
|
|
gastroesopageal reflux disease GERD
|
abnormal backflow of gastrointestinal contents into esophagus causing heartburn and gradual breakdown of mucous barrier of esophagus
|
|
|
hemochromatosis
|
iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from food, resulting in excessive deposits of iron in tissue; can cause congestive heart failure, diabetes, cirrhosis, or cancer of liver
|
|
|
hemorrhoids
|
swollen or distended veins in rectal area, which may be interal or external, and can be source of rectal bleeding
|
|
|
ileus
|
obstruction of intestin, often caused by failure of peristalsis
|
|
|
intussusception
|
telescoping of segment of intestine
|
|
|
irritable bowel syndrome IBS
|
periodic disturbances of bowel function, such as diarrhea and/or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain
|
|
|
obesity
|
excess of body fat, not weight
|
|
|
peptic ulcer
|
eroded area of mucous membrane of stomach or duodenum associated with increased secreation of acid from stomach, bacterial infection, or nonsteroidal anti-inflamatory drugs
|
|
|
polyp
|
tumorlike growth extending outward from a mucous membrane; usually benign; common sites are in nose, throat, and intestines
|
|
|
ulcerative colitis
|
inflammation of colon with the formation of ulcers; main symptom is bloody diarrhea; ileostomy may be performed to treat condition
|
|
|
volvulus
|
twisting or kinking of intestine, causing intestinal obstruction
|
|
|
abdominocentesis
|
surgical puncture to remoe fluid from abdominal cavity
|
|
|
abdominoplasty
|
surgical repair of abdomen
|
|
|
anoplasty
|
surgical repair of anus
|
|
|
antrectomy
|
excision of antrum
|
|
|
appendectomy
|
excision of appendix
|
|
|
celiotomy
|
incision into abdominal cavity
|
|
|
cheilorrhaphy
|
suture of lip
|
|
|
cholecystectomy
|
excision of gallbladder
|
|
|
choledocholithotomy
|
incision into common bile duct to remove stone
|
|
|
colectomy
|
excision of colon
|
|
|
colostomy
|
creation of artificial opening into colon through abdominal wall; used for passage of stool; creates mouthlike opening on abdominal wall called a stoma, may be permanent or temporary; performed as treatment for bowel obstruction, cancer, or diverticulitis
|
|
|
diverticulectomy
|
excision of diverticulum
|
|
|
enterorrhaphy
|
suture of intestine
|
|
|
esophagogastroplasty
|
surgical repair of esophagus and stomach
|
|
|
gastrectomy
|
excision of stomach, or part of stomach
|
|
|
gastrojejunostomy
|
creation of artifical opening between stomach and jejunum
|
|
|
gastroplasty
|
surgical repair of stomach
|
|
|
gastrostomy
|
creation of artifical opening into stomach, through abdominal wall; tube is inserted through opening for administration of food when swallowing is impossible
|
|
|
gingivectomy
|
surgical removal of gum tissue
|
|
|
glossorrhaphy
|
suture of tongue
|
|
|
hemicolectomy
|
excision of half of colon
|
|
|
herniorrhaphy
|
suturing of hernia for repair
|
|
|
ileostomy
|
creation of artificial opening into ileum through abdominal wall, creating stoma; used for passage of stool; perforamed following total protcocolectomy for ulcterative colitis, Crohn disease, or cancer
|
|
|
laparatomy
|
incision into abdominal cavity
|
|
|
palatoplasty
|
surgical repair of palate
|
|
|
polypectomy
|
excision of polyp
|
|
|
pyloromyotomy
|
incision into pyloric muscle
|
|
|
pylorplasty
|
surgical repair of pylorus
|
|
|
uvulectomy
|
excision of uvula
|
|
|
uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)
|
surgical reapir of uvula, palata, and pharynx; performed to correct obstructive sleep apnea
|
|
|
abdominoperineal resection (A&P resection)
|
removal of distal colon and rectum throgh both abdominal and perineal approaches; performed to treat colorectal cancer and inflammatory diseases of lower large intestine; patient will have a colostomy
|
|
|
anastomois
|
opening created by surgically joining two structures, such as blood vessels or bowel segments
|
|
|
bariatric surgery
|
surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity causing serious illness
|
|
|
hemorrhoidectomy
|
excision of hemorrhoids, swollen or distended veins in rectal region
|
|
|
vagotomy
|
cutting of certain branches of vagus nerve performed with gastric surgery to reduce amount of gastric acid produced and reduce reccurance of ulcers
|
|
|
cholangiogram
|
radiographic image of bile ducts
|
|
|
cholangiography
|
radiographic imaging of bile ducts after administration of contrast media to outline ducts
|
|
|
CT colonography
|
radiographic imaging of colon using CT scanner and software
|
|
|
esophagogram
|
radiographic image of esophagus; barium used as contrast media; also called esophogram OR barium swallow
|
|
|
colonoscope
|
instrument used for visual examination of colon
|
|
|
colonoscopy
|
visual examination of colon
|
|
|
endoscope
|
instrument used for visual examination within hollow organ
|
|
|
endoscopy
|
visual examination within hollow organ
|
|
|
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
|
visual examination of esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
|
|
|
esophagoscopy
|
visual examination of esophagus
|
|
|
gastroscope
|
instrument used for visual examination of stomach
|
|
|
gastroscopy
|
visual examination of stomach
|
|
|
laparscope
|
instrument used for visual examination of abdominal cavity; also used to perform laparascopic surgery
|
|
|
laparoscopy
|
visual examination of abdominal cavity
|
|
|
proctoscope
|
instrument used for visual examination of rectum
|
|
|
proctoscopy
|
visual examination of rectum
|
|
|
sigmoidoscopy
|
visual examination of sigmoid colon
|
|
|
abdominal ultrasonography
|
process of recording images of internal organs using high frequency sound waves produced by a stransducer placed directly on skin covering abdominal cavity; images may be viewed on a monitor; size and structure of organs can be visualized;
|
|
|
barium enema (BE)
|
series of radiographic images taken of large intestine after contrast agent barium has been administered rectally; also called lower GI series
|
|
|
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
|
radiographic examination oof biliary ducts and pancreatic ducts with contrast media, fluoroscopy, and endoscopy; used to evaluate and diagnose obstructions, structures, stone diseases, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer
|
|
|
upper GI series
|
series of radiographic images taken of stomach and duodenum after contrast agent barium has been swallowed
|
|
|
endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
|
procudure using endoscope fitted with ultrasound probe that provides images of layer os intstinal wall; used to detect tumors and cystic growths and for staging of malignant tumors
|
|
|
fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
|
a test to detect occult blood in feces; used to screen for colon cancer or polyps; occult means blood present but only detected by chemical testing; also called guaiac test
|
|
|
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibodies test
|
blood test to determine presence of H. pylori bacteria; can be found in lining of stomach, cause peptic ulcers
|
|
|
abdominal
|
pertaining to abdomen
|
|
|
anal
|
pertaining to anus
|
|
|
aphagia
|
without swallowing (inability)
|
|
|
celiac
|
pertianing to abdomen
|
|
|
colorectal
|
pertaining to colon and rectum
|
|
|
duodenal
|
pertaining to duodenum
|
|
|
dyspepsia
|
difficult digestion, often used to describe GI symptoms
|
|
|
dysphagia
|
difficult swallowing
|
|
|
enteropaty
|
disease of intestine
|
|
|
esophageal
|
pertaining to esophagus
|
|
|
gastric
|
pertaining to stomach
|
|
|
gastroenterologist
|
one who studies and treats diseases of stomach and intestines
|
|
|
gastroenterology
|
study of stomach and intestines
|
|
|
gastromalacia
|
softening of stomach
|
|
|
glossopathy
|
disease of tongue
|
|
|
ileocecal
|
pertaining to ileum and cecum
|
|
|
nasogastric
|
pertaining to nose and stomach
|
|
|
oral
|
pertaining to mouth
|
|
|
pancreatic
|
pertaining to pancreas
|
|
|
pertioneal
|
pertaining to peritoneum
|
|
|
proctologist
|
one who studies and treats diseases of rectum
|
|
|
proctology
|
sutdy of rectum
|
|
|
rectal
|
pertaining to rectum
|
|
|
steatorrhea
|
discharge of fat; excessive amount of fat in stool, causing frothy, foul smelling fecal matter
|
|
|
steatosis
|
abnormal condition of fat
|
|
|
stomatitis
|
inflammation of mouth, mucous membrane
|
|
|
stomatogastric
|
pertaining to mouth and stomach
|
|
|
sublingual
|
pertaining to under tongue
|
|
|
ascites
|
abnormal colection of fluid in peritoneal cavity
|
|
|
diarrhea
|
freuent discharge of liquid stool
|
|
|
dysentary
|
disorder that involves inflammation of intestine associated with diarrhea and abdominal pain
|
|
|
emesis
|
expelling matter from stoamch through mouth, called vomitting
|
|
|
feces
|
waste from digestive tract expelled through rectum; also called stool OR fecal matter
|
|
|
flatus
|
gas in digestive tract or expelled through anus
|
|
|
gastric lavage
|
washing out of stomach
|
|
|
gavage
|
process of feedng a person through a nasogastric tube
|
|
|
hematemesis
|
vomiting of blood
|
|
|
hematochezia
|
passage of bloody feces
|
|
|
malabsorption
|
imparied digestion or intestinal absorption of nutrients
|
|
|
melena
|
black, tarry stool that contains digested blood; usually result of bleeding in upper GI tract
|
|
|
nausea
|
urge to vomit
|
|
|
peristalsis
|
involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along digestive tract
|
|
|
refulx
|
abnormal backward flow; in esophageal reflux stomach contents flow back into esophagus
|
|
|
stoma
|
surgical opening between an organ and surface of body, such as the opening established in te abdominal wally by colostomy, ileostomy, or similar operation; may also referto opening created between body structures or between portions of intestines
|
|
|
vomiting
|
expelling matter from stomach through mouth; also called emesis
|
|
|
A&P resection
|
abdominoperineal resection
|
|
|
BE
|
barium enema
|
|
|
EGD
|
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
|
|
|
ERCP
|
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
|
|
|
EUS
|
endoscopic ultrasound
|
|
|
FOBT
|
fecal occult blood test
|
|
|
GERD
|
gastroesophageal reflux disease
|
|
|
GI
|
gastrointestinal
|
|
|
H. pylori
|
Helicobacter pylori
|
|
|
IBS
|
irritable bowel syndrome
|
|
|
N&V
|
nausea and vomiting
|
|
|
PEG
|
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
|
|
|
UGI
|
upper gastrointestinal
|
