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625 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a-
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without
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an-
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without
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dia-
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around, passing through
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dys-
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bad, abnormal
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end-, endo-
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within
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epi-
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upon
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ortho-
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straight, normal
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para-
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near, alongside
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peri-
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around
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poly-
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many
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quad-
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four
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sym-
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together, joined
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syn-
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together, joined
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ankyl
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crooked, not straight
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arthr, articul
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joint
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burs
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purse or sac, bursa
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carp
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wrist
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cartil
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gristle, cartilage
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cel
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hernia, protrusion
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chir
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hand
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chondr
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gristle, cartilage
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clon
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spasm, twitching
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condyl
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knucled or a joing
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cost
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rib
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cran, crani
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skull, cranium
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duct
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lead, move
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fasci
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fascia
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femor, femur
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thigh, femur
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fibul
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clasp of buckle, fibula
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ili
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flank, groin, ilium
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ischi
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haunch, hip joint, ischium
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kinesi
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motion
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kyph
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hump
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lamin
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thin
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lord
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bent forward
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menisc
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crescent-shaped moon, meniscus
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myel, myelon
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bone marrow
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my, myos
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muscle
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neur
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sinew or cord (usually applied to nerves, but in the muscular system it refers to fascia)
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orth
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straight
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oste
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bone
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pariet
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wall
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patell
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small pan, patella
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ped
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child
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petr
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stone
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phalang, phalanx
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row of soldiers, phalanges
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pod
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foot
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physis
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growth
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pub
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grown up
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rachi
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spine, or vertebral column
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radi
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spoke of a wheel, radius
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sacr
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sacred, sacrum
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scoli
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curved
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skelet
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dries up, skeleton
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spondyl
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vertebra
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stern
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chest, sternum
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synov, synovi
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binding of eggs, synovial
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tars
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flat surface
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taxi
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reaction to a stimulus
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ten, tend, tendin
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to stretch out, tendon
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vers
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turn
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vertbr
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a joint, vertebra
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-algia
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pain
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-asthenia
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weakness
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-cele
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hernia, protrusion
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-centesis
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puncture; a surgical puncture to aspirate fluids
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-clasia, -clasis, -clast
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break apart
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-desis
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surgical fixation, fusion
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-dynia
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pain
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-iatry
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treatment, specialty
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-ist
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one who practices
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-otomy
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cutting into; surgical removal or excision
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-pathy
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disease
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-plasia
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shape, formation
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-plegia
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paralysis
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-practic
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one who practices
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-ptosis
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falling downward
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-physis
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growth
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-schisis
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split, fissure
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-tic
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pertaining to
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-tomy
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cutting into; incision
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-trophy
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development
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-um
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pertaining to
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-y
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process of
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together bones and joints are the organs that fom the ____.
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skeleton
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what are some of the functions a skeleton performs? (5)
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support, protection, aid in movement, blood cell formation, and storage.
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in bones, the hardness is provided by minerals produced by bone cells which also produceds collagen that inter weaves throughout bone to strengthen. Together, the minerals and collagen form the ____.
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bone matrix
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the primary type of bone cell is ____ which can produce new bone matrix.
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ostecyte
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bone cells that move throughout a bone to secrete ne bone matrix
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osteblasts
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_____ dissolve the bone matrix.
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osteclasts
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joints stabilize themselves by tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect one bone to another called _____.
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ligaments
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what are the three types of joints in the body?
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synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous
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what is the varity of bones? (4)
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Long and slender
Short and wide Flat Irregular |
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Many of the body’s joints, such as the knee, shoulder, and elbow, are what?
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synovial joints
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_____ consist of a sac of connective tissue surrounding the joint space that contains synovial fluid
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Synovial joints
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This fluid provides lubrication and a shock-absorbing liquid cushion
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synovial fluid
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Synovial joints are usually strengthened by ligaments, and may include stabilizing plates of cartilage called _____ and shock-absorbing sacs of fluid called _____.
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menisci; bursae
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More rigid than synovial joints, material is a slightly flexible connective tissue
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cartilaginous joint
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Include the costal cartilages between ribs and sternum, the intervertebral discs between vertebrae, and the symphysis pubis where the pubic bones fuse together
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cartilaginous joint
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A temporary cartilaginous joint occurs on most growing bones, and is called the ______ .
It is the site of lengthwise bone growth during childhood |
epiphyseal plate
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Consist of a tough, fibrous connective tissue between opposing bones with little or no movement between joints.
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fibrous joints
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The tight, immoveable sutures of the cranium are _____.
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fibrous joints
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Primary function is to produce movement and generate heat
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muscular system
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Almost every muscle in the body attaches to one or more bones by way of a _____.
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tendon
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In a muscle that ______, its long, rod-like cells, known as skeletal muscle fibers are bundled together to form the body of the muscle
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moves a bone
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is a tough, fibrous material known as fascia which surrounds individual muscle cells, groups of cells, and the whole muscle and this arrangement establishes an extremely strong connection between the tendon and muscle
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The connective tissue
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occurs when all of the muscle fibers in a muscle shorten at the same time, causing the muscle to shorten in its overall length
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Muscle contraction
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The ____ of a muscle is continuous with a tendon; contraction of the muscle causes the muscle to pull on the tendon and the tendon then pulls on the bone to which it is attached
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fascia
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The most common descriptors for naming muscles are ____. (3)
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muscle location,
attachments, and muscle shape |
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pain in a joint
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arthralgia
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an inability to corrdinate mscles whils executing a voluntary movement
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ataxia
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lacking development, or wasting
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atrophy
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abnormally slow movement
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bradykinesia
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difficulty in movement
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dyskinesia
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deformities arising during development
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dystrophy
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excessive development
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hypertrophy
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muscle tenderness or pain
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myalgia
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pain in tendon
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tenodynia
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abnormal, slow growth of long bones resulting in unusually short, stocky limbs
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achondroplasia
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abnormal condition of joints stiffness
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ankylosis
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inflammation anddegeneration of a joint
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arthritis
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inflammation of cartilages within joints
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arthrochondritis
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abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toes
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bunion
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inflammation of a bursa
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bursitis
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a calcium deposit (or stone) within a bursa
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bursolith
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repetitive stress injury in which the nerves of the wrist generate pain impuses due to inflammation of synovial sheaths
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carpal tunnel syndrome
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CTS
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carpal tunnel syndrome
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drooping of the wrist; also called wrist drop
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carpoptosis
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deterioration of softening of cartilage
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chondromalacia
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prolonged, involuntary muscular contractions
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cramps
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a congenital fissure of the skull
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cranioschisis
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inflammation of an intevertebral disk
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diskitis
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a congenital condition resulting in progessive muscular weakness and deterioration
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duchenne's muscular dystrophy
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DMD
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ducheen's muscular dystrophy
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inflammation of the cartilages of the elbow
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epicondylitis
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a break in the bone
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fracture
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abnormal deposition of uric acid cyrstals in the joints (usually the big toe joints), casuing localized pain; also called gouty arthritis
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gout
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a ruture of an intervertebral disk, resulting in the potusion of tissue against spinal nerves, which generates pain
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herniated disk
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a defornity of the spine characterized by the presence of a hmp; also called hunchback
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hyphosis
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inflammation of the lateral tendon of the elbow; also called tennis elbow
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lateral epicondlitis
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a deformity of the spine characterized by an anterior curve of the lumbar area
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lordosis
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ingerited condition resulting in excessing cartilage formation at the epiphyseal plates, frming long arms and legs
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marfan's syndrome
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inflammation of the maxilla
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maxillitis
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inflammation of a meniscus
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meniscitis
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weakness in the muscles
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myasthenia gravis
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a malignant tumor of bone marrow
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myeloma
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a spasm or twitching of a muscle of muscle group
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myoclonus
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protrusion of a muscle throught its fascia
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myocele
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inflammation of muscle tissue
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myositis
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inflammation of bone
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osteitis
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viral infection of vone that causes deformities of the skelton resulting from the acceleration of bone loss; also called Paget's disease
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osteitis deformans
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a form of arthitis characterized by an age-related deterioration of joints that is accompanied by erosion of cartilage and painful inflammation
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osteoarthritis
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inflammation of bone and associated cartilage
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osteochondritis
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a benign tumor of bone, in which the tumor contains fibrous connective tissue that surrounds bone
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ostesfibroma
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an inherited condition resulting in impaired growth and fragil bones, leading to progressive skeletal deformation and freguent fractures
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osteogenesis inperfecta
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a gradual and painful softening of bones
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osteomalacia
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a painful bone infection cause by bacteria, characterized by inflammation of the red bone marrow
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osteomyelitis
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death of bone tissue
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osteonecrosis
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excessive formation od dense bone, which crowds out marrow cavities and leads to cutting off bloos supply to cone; also known as marble bone
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osteopetrosis
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abnormal loss of bone density
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osteoporosis
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cancer of bone
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osteosacroma
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paralysis (loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movement) of both legs and the lower part of the body
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paraplegia
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inflammation of many muscle simultaneously
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polymyositis
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paralysis of all four appendages
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quadriplegia
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a form of athritis characterized by progressive gradual joint deteioriation that is caused by an autoimmune response.
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rheumatiod arthritis
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RA
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rheumatiod arthritis
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abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
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scoliosis
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trauma to the spinal cord often resulting in paralysis
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spinal cord injury
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SCI
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Spinal Cord Injury
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inflammation of the intervertebral joints
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spondylarthritis
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what are the two primary categories of fractures
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closed and open
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____ also called simple, fractures are completely internal to the body
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closed fractures
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____ also called compund, fractures project throught the skin, outside the body
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open fractures
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a break in the dital part of the radius
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colles
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a break resulting in fragmentation of the bone
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commuinuted
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a crushed break, often due to weight or pressure applied to a bond during fall
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compression
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a break causing an abnormal alignment of bone pieces
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displaced
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a break at the location of the growth plate, which can affect growth of the bone
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epiphyseal
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a slight break in a vone that appears as a slight fissure in a x-ray
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greenstick
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a break in which the broken bone retain their alignment
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nondisplaced
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a break at the ankle that affects both bones of the leg
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Pott's
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a spiral-shaped break often caused by twisting stresses along a long bone
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spiral
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surgical puncture of a joint to aspirate (suction) fluids from the synovial cavity
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arthrocentesis
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breaking of an abnormally stiff joint during surgery to increase range of motion
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arthroclasia
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surgical fixation (stabilization) of a joint
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arthrodesis
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x-ray film of a joint after injection of air, contrast media, or both
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arthrogram
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surgical repair of a joint or total joint replacement
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arthroplasty
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surgery of a joint using the arthroscope
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arthroscopic surgery
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endoscopic visual examination of a joint cavity using a fiber optic instrument, called the arthroscope
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arthroscopy
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surgical incision into a joint
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athrotomy
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excision (surgical removal) of a bursa
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bursecotmy
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surgical incision into a bursa
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bursotomy
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a field of therapy that mainly involves manipulation of the vertebral column
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chiropractic
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a specialist in chiropractic
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chiropractor
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excision of a joint cartilage
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chondrectomy
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surgical repair of a joint cartilage
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chondroplasty
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excision of a rib
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costectomy
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surgical repair of a defect in the cranium
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cranioplasy
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surgical entry into the cranium
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craniotomy
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excision of an intervertebral diisk
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diskectomy
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a diagnostic procedure that records the strength of muscle contractions
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electromygraphy
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EMG
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electromygraphy
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surgical incision into fascia
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fasciotomy
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excision of part of a vertebra known and the lamina, often a part of a treatment for a herniated disk
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laminectomy
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surgical removal of a meniscus
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meniscectomy
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surgical repair of muscle tissue
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myoplasty
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closing a muscle with sutures
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myorrhaphy
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construction and fitting of orthopedic appliances to assist in patient movement, such ast lifts, prosthetic devies, etc.
|
orthotics
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a physician specializing in orthotics
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orthotist
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excision of bone
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ostectomy
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surgical breaking of a bone to correct a defect
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osteoclasis
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a physician trained in osteopathy; also called osteopathic surgeon
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osteopath
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OD
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osteopath
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a medical feild that emphasizes that relationship between the musculoskeletal system and overall health with an emphasis on preventative medicine
|
osteopathy
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surgical repair of bone
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osteoplasty
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a phsician trained in podiatry; also called a chiropodist
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podiatrist
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medical field specializing in treating the foot
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podiatry
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an artifical substitute for a missing body part such as a leg or hand
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prosthesis
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surgical incision into the vertebral column
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rachiotomy
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surgical connection of adjactent vertebrae, usually as a treatment for a herniated disk; also called spondylosyndesis
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spinal fusion
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surgically connecting adjacent vertebrae, commonly called spinal fusion
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spondylosyndesis
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excision of a joint's synovial membrane
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synovectomy
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sugical repair of a muscle and its tendon
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tenomyoplasty
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closing a tendon with sutures
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tenorrhaphy
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incision into a tendon
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tenotomy
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ACL
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anterior cruciate ligament
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a ligament that stabliszes the knee joint
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ACL
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HNP
|
herniated nucleus pulposus
|
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a herniated intervertebral disk
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HNP
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MG
|
myasthenia gravis
|
|
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OA
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osteoathritis
|
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OD
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physician specializing in osteopathy
|
|
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ortho
|
orthopedics
|
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ROM
|
range of motion
|
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THR
|
total hip replacement
|
|
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TKA
|
total knee arthroplasty
|
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TKR
|
total knee replacement
|
|
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C1 through C7
|
the seven cerviacal vertebrae
|
|
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T1 through T12
|
the twelve thoracic vertebrae
|
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L1 through L5
|
the five lumbar vertebrae
|
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di-
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two
|
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hemi-
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one-half
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hyper-
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excessive
|
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mono-
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single
|
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pan-
|
all, entire
|
|
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hydro-
|
water
|
|
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pre-
|
before
|
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tetra-
|
four
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alges
|
pain
|
|
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astheni
|
weakness
|
|
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cephal
|
head
|
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cerebell
|
little brain, cerebellum
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cerebr
|
brain, cerebrum
|
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dur
|
hard
|
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embol
|
a throwing in
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encephal
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brain
|
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esthes
|
sensation. perception
|
|
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gangli/ ganglion
|
knot, swelling
|
|
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gli
|
glue, neuroglia
|
|
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gnos
|
knowlege
|
|
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lys
|
break apart, dissolution
|
|
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mening
|
membrane, meninges
|
|
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ment
|
the mind
|
|
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phas
|
speech
|
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pleg
|
paralysis
|
|
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psych
|
the mind
|
|
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radic, radicul
|
nerve root
|
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somat
|
the body
|
|
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thalam
|
inner chamber, thalamus
|
|
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-gram
|
recording
|
|
|
-lepsy
|
seizure
|
|
|
-iod
|
resemblance to
|
|
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-paresis
|
slight paralysis
|
|
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-phagia
|
eating or swallowing
|
|
|
what is the nervous system composed of?
|
the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
|
|
|
provides a system of communication between the brain and distant parts of the body and monitors changes in the environment inside and outside of the body
It conducts all of this by electrochemical messages called ______. |
the nervous system; nerve impulses
|
|
|
The nervous system is divided into two main groups
|
Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
|
|
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nervous system that includes the nerves and sensory receptor
|
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
|
|
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nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
|
Central nervous system (CNS)
|
|
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PNS
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Peripheral nervous system
|
|
|
CNS
|
Central nervous system
|
|
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The nervous system contains specialized tissue that conducts nerve impulses. The functional cells of nervous tissue are called ___.
|
neurons
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Each neuron consists of a cell body and numerous branches. The branches include many _____ , which carry impulses toward the cell body, and a ______ , which carries impulses away
|
dendrites; single axon
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the axon is covered with numerous neuroglial cells known as _____.
|
Schwann cells
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Schwann cells provide a white-colored protective sheath, known as the ____ , that is mostly fat, and enable an axon to extend great distances through the body by offering it protection and insulation
|
myelin sheath
|
|
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Neurons communicate by releasing chemicals across tiny gaps, called ____ , that separate them
|
synapses
|
|
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chemicals that are released by a neuron when a nerve impulse reaches its distal end are called ____.
|
neurotransmitters
|
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____ is the central station for incoming and outgoing nerve impulses, which includes the brain and spinal cord which are protected by membranes called the
|
central nervous system; meninges
|
|
|
the layers of the meninges:
Outer tough layer |
the dura mater
|
|
|
the layers of the meninges:
Middle layer |
the arachnoid
|
|
|
the layers of the meninges:
Inner thin layer |
the pia mater
|
|
|
Receives sensory information, interprets and integrates this information, and controls muscle and glandular responses
|
the brain
|
|
|
Its nerve impulse activity also provides memory, thoughts, dreams, and personality
|
the brain
|
|
|
in the brain the ____ consists mainly of neuron cell bodies and dendrites and serves as integrative centers
|
gray matter
|
|
|
in the brain the _____ consists of axons that are covered with an insulative myelin sheath and carries nerve impulses
|
white matter
|
|
|
The largest part of the brain, it is the center of thought, personality, emotions, memory and sensory perception, and it initiates muscle contractions
|
cerebrum
|
|
|
A large fissure separates the two hemispheres in the cerebrum, and is bridged by a band of nervous tissue called the ____.
|
corpus callosum
|
|
|
The most important functional part of the cerebrum is the _____ which is divided into functional zones known as lobes
|
cerebral cortex
|
|
|
what are the brain's four main parts?
|
cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon and Brain stem
|
|
|
part of the brain that means double brain and contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
|
Diencephalon
|
|
|
part of the brain that means little brain and coordinates muscle responses and manages equilibrium
|
cerebellum
|
|
|
a relay station, redirecting nerve impulses to and from the cerebrum
|
Thalamus
|
|
|
the center for involuntary activities
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
part of the brain that includes the medulla and pons
|
Brain stem
|
|
|
transmits nerve impulses between the spinal cord and brain, and regulates breathing
|
medulla
|
|
|
provides a connection between the medulla and cerebellum.
|
pons
|
|
|
Within the brain’s center are several small spaces known as ____.
|
ventricles
|
|
|
Each ventricle is filled with a slightly yellowish fluid known as ____ which is continuously produced from the blood supply and circulates through the ventricles and around the brain and spinal cord by way of interconnecting channels
|
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
|
|
|
CSF
|
cerebrospinal fluid
|
|
|
Extends from its union with the medulla of the brain down the back
|
spinal cord
|
|
|
The gray matter is in the center of the cord
The white matter is in the outer portions of the cord, and consists of long nerves that carry impulses up and down the spinal cord |
spinal cord
|
|
|
Consists of nerves that course throughout the body carrying nerve impulses to and from the CNS and also contains the ganglia and sensory receptors
|
Peripheral Nervous System
|
|
|
Each nerve is composed of a combination of ___. (3)
|
nervous tissue, blood vessels, and supportive connective tissue
|
|
|
Carry nerve impulses from the sensory receptors to the brain or spinal cord
|
sensory nerves or afferent nerves
|
|
|
Carry impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands
|
motor nerves or efferent nerves
|
|
|
Are clusters of neuron cell bodies that lie outside the brain and spinal cord and are centers where nerve impulses are passed from one neuron to another across synapses
|
glangia
|
|
|
Are nervous structures that respond to changes in the environment. Once the change occurs, it stimulates a sensory neuron to initiate a nerve impulse. The nerve impulse then travels along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord or brain
|
sensory receptors
|
|
|
The most common affliction of the nervous system is a stroke, also known as ____.
|
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
|
|
|
CVA
|
cerebrovascular accident
|
|
|
the third most common cause of death in the United States
|
cerebrovascular accident
|
|
|
Two types of fluids circulate throughout the cranial cavity
|
Blood in blood vessels and
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in ventricles |
|
|
Blood may escape from blood vessels coursing through the brain as a result of a severe head injury, or congenital weakness in the wall of an artery; this is known as an ___.
|
aneurysm
|
|
|
the space within the arachnoid which is filled with CSF
|
subarcchnoid space
|
|
|
the dome-shaped part of the skull, which houses the cranial cavity
|
cranium
|
|
|
supportive cells of nervous tissue
|
neruoglia
|
|
|
inability to speah
|
aphasia
|
|
|
a headache, or general pain to the head
|
cephalalgia
|
|
|
difficulty speaking
|
dysphasia
|
|
|
increased sensitibity to a stimulation such as touch or pan
|
hyperesthesia
|
|
|
pain in a nerve
|
nerualgia
|
|
|
a vague condition of body fatgue often associated with depression
|
neurasthenia
|
|
|
abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without an objective cause
|
paresthesia
|
|
|
a loss of the ability to interpret sensory iinformation
|
agnosia
|
|
|
deterioration of brain function characterized by confusion, short term memory loss, and restlessmess
|
alzheimer's disease
|
|
|
AD
|
alzheimer's disease
|
|
|
progressive atrophy muscle casued by harening of nervous tissue on the lateral columns of the spinal cord.
|
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
|
|
|
also known as Lou Gehrig's disease
|
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
|
|
|
ALS
|
anyotrophic lateral sclerosis
|
|
|
inflammation of the cerebellum
|
cerebellitis
|
|
|
a type of cerebral ascular disease where a blood vessel spplying the brain becomes diltaed
|
cerebral aneurysm
|
|
|
a type of cerebral vascular disease characterized by hardening of the arteries of the brain
|
cerebral arteriosclerosis
|
|
|
presence of an embolism (floating blood clot) in a blood vessel spplying the brain
|
cerebral embolism
|
|
|
a condition revealed by partial muscle paralysis that is caused by a brain defect or leson present at irth or shortly after
|
cerebral palsy
|
|
|
CP
|
cerebral palsy
|
|
|
a thrombosis ( lodged blood clot) within vessels supplying the brain
|
cerebral thrombosis
|
|
|
caused by a thrombosis, embolism, or hemorrage, this diruption of the blood supply to the brain results in functional losses or death
|
stroke or cerbrovascular accident
|
|
|
a general disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood cessels supplying the brain
|
cerebrovascular disease
|
|
|
a general term describing several levels of decreased consciousness
|
coma; also known as deep sleep
|
|
|
literally not in the mind, impairment of mental function that is characterized by memory loss, disorientaton , and confusion
|
dementia
|
|
|
inflammation of the dura mater
|
duritis
|
|
|
inflammation of the brain, ususally caused by bacterial or viral infection
|
encephalitis
|
|
|
softening of the brain tissue, usually casued by deficient blood flow
|
encephalomalacia
|
|
|
a brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures
|
epilepsy
|
|
|
inflammation of a ganglion
|
gangliitis
|
|
|
a tumor of neuriglial cells
|
glioma
|
|
|
paralysis on one side of the body
|
hemiplegia
|
|
|
increased volume of CSF in the brain ventricles of a child before the canial sutures hve seales, causing enlargement of the cranium
|
hydrocephalus
|
|
|
benign tumor of the meninges
|
meningioma
|
|
|
inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by bacterial or viral infection
|
meningitis
|
|
|
protrusion of the meninges through an opening caused by a defect in the skullor spinal column
|
meningocele
|
|
|
protrusion of hte meninges and spinal cord throught the spinal column
|
meningomyelocele
|
|
|
paralysis of one limg
|
monoplegia
|
|
|
the deterioration of the myelin sheath covering axons within the brain, exhibited by spisodes of localized functional losses
|
multiple sclerosis
|
|
|
MS
|
multiple sclerosis
|
|
|
inflammation of the spinal cord
|
myelitis
|
|
|
a sleep disorder characterized by sudden uncontrollavle attacks of sleep, attacks of paralysis, and hypnagogic hallcinations (dreams intruding wakfulness)
|
narcolepsy
|
|
|
inflammation of a nerve
|
neuritis
|
|
|
a disease of the nervous system resulting in pain within one or more joints
|
neuroarthropathy
|
|
|
a general term for any tumor origination from nervous tissue
|
neuroma
|
|
|
an emotional disorder involving a counterproductive way of dealing with stress
|
neurosis
|
|
|
paralysis of localized areas
|
palsy
|
|
|
paralysis from the waist down
|
paraplegia
|
|
|
chronic degeneratve disease of the brain indicated by hand tremores, rigidity, xpressionless face, and shuffling gait
|
Parkinson's disease; ; also called Parkinsonism
|
|
|
inflammation of gray matter of the spinal cord caused by one of several polioviruses that often leased to paralysis
|
poliomyelitis; also called Polio
|
|
|
inflammation of many nerves at one time
|
polyneuritis
|
|
|
a disease of the mind
|
psychopathy
|
|
|
an incapacitating mental disorder indicated by a gross distortion of emotions, incapacity to recognize reality and relate to others, and cope with ordinary demands of daily life
|
psychosis
|
|
|
pertaining to both the mind and body
|
psychosomatic
|
|
|
inflammation of the spinal nerve roots
|
radiculitis
|
|
|
a disease of spinal nerve roots
|
radiculopathy
|
|
|
inflammation of the sciatic nerve, producing pain that extends from the thigh to the toes
|
sciatica
|
|
|
a sudden attack of spasms or convulsions; are classified as grand mal which involves all muscle groups, petit mal wich invloves breif losses of consciousness without motor involvement or partial which involves onlylimited areas of the brain with local symptoms
|
seizure
|
|
|
viral infection of the peripheral nerves that erupts as painful skin blisters along nerve tracts
|
shingles; also called herpes zoster
|
|
|
fainting, usually caused by sudden loss of blood flow to the brain
|
syncope
|
|
|
a brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain that results in a temporary neurologic impairment, and often prcedes a CVA
|
transient ischemic attack
|
|
|
TIA
|
transient ischemic attack
|
|
|
an agent that relieves pain
|
analgesic
|
|
|
without feeling or sensation
|
anesthesia
|
|
|
x-ray photograph of the blood vesssels in the brain following injection of a contrast medium
|
cerbral angiography
|
|
|
this procedure involves the use of a computer to interpret a series of images and construct from them a 3-D veiw of the brain; particularly useful in diagnosing tumors
|
computed tomography
|
|
|
CT scan
|
Computed tomography scan
|
|
|
excision (surgical removal) of part of the skull to approach the brain
|
craniectomy
|
|
|
incision (surgical entry) into the skull to approach the brain
|
craniotomy
|
|
|
use of ultrasonography of ultrasound to record brain structures
|
echoencephalography
|
|
|
EchoEG
|
echoencephalography
|
|
|
a procedure recording the electrial impulses of brain
|
electroencephalography
|
|
|
EEG
|
electroencephalography
|
|
|
a group of diagnostis test measure changes in brain waves during particular stimuli to determine brain function, providing a test for sight, hearing, and other senses
|
evoked potential studies
|
|
|
EP studies
|
evoked potential studies
|
|
|
excision of a ganglion
|
ganglionectomy; also called gangliectomy
|
|
|
aspiration of CSF from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spinal cord
|
lumbar puncture
|
|
|
LP
|
lumbar puncture
|
|
|
use of magnets to identify structural details of soft tissue within the body, coupled with computer imaging, to produce 3-D images that are useful in targeting brain tumors, brain trauma, MS, and other conditions
|
magnetic resonance imaging
|
|
|
MRI
|
magnetic resonance imaging
|
|
|
x-ray photograph of the spinal cord following injection of a contrast dye
|
myelogram
|
|
|
excision of a nerve
|
neurectomy
|
|
|
the study and medical practice of the nervous system
|
neurology
|
|
|
separating a nerve by removing adhesions
|
neurolysis
|
|
|
surgical repair of a nerve
|
neruoplasty
|
|
|
suture of a nerve
|
neurorrrhaphy
|
|
|
one who studies in the field of neuroscience
|
neuroscientist
|
|
|
incision into a nerve
|
neurotomy
|
|
|
a physician specializing in general disorders of the nervous system
|
neurologist
|
|
|
brain scan providing a map of blood flow within the brain that can be correlated to brain acitivity
|
positron emission tomography
|
|
|
PET scan
|
positron emission tomography
|
|
|
the branch of medicine that addresses disorders of the brain
|
psychiatry
|
|
|
the field of study of human behavior
|
psychology
|
|
|
incision into a nerve root
|
radicotomy; also called rhizotomy
|
|
|
diagnostic tests performed to observe the body's response to a touch stimulus, which are useful when assessing stroke, head truama, and other neurological challenges; this includes deep tendon reflexes involving percussion at the patellar tendon or elsewhere, and Babinski relfex involving stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot
|
reflex testing
|
|
|
an agent that quiets tension and anxiety
|
sedative
|
|
|
pertaining to below the dura mater
|
subdural
|
|
|
DTR
|
deep tendon reflexes
|
|
|
bi-, bin-
|
two
|
|
|
e-
|
to remove
|
|
|
intra-
|
within
|
|
|
blephar
|
eyelid
|
|
|
conjuctiv
|
to bind together, conjuctctive
|
|
|
cor,core
|
pupil
|
|
|
corne
|
horny,cornea
|
|
|
dacry
|
tear
|
|
|
dipl
|
double
|
|
|
fovea
|
small pit
|
|
|
humor
|
fluid
|
|
|
ir,irid
|
ranbor, iris
|
|
|
kerat
|
har,cornea
|
|
|
lacrim
|
tear
|
|
|
nyct,nyctal
|
night,nocturnal
|
|
|
ocul
|
eye
|
|
|
opt,ophthalm
|
eye
|
|
|
phac,phak
|
lens
|
|
|
phot
|
light
|
|
|
presby
|
old age
|
|
|
retin
|
net,retina
|
|
|
scler
|
thick,hard,sclera
|
|
|
stigmat
|
point
|
|
|
ton
|
tone,tension,pressure
|
|
|
vitr,vitre
|
glassy
|
|
|
-opia
|
vision
|
|
|
-phobia
|
fear
|
|
|
-rrhagia
|
bleeding,hemorrhage
|
|
|
-rrhea
|
excessive discharge (of fluid)
|
|
|
_____ are the parts of the body that provide the brain with information about the outside environment
|
The special senses
|
|
|
What are the four special senses
|
1. Vision-the eyes
2. Audation-the ears 3. Gustation-taste organs on the tongue 4. Smell-sensory patches within the nose |
|
|
Each eye is set within a recession in the skull known as the ____, and covered by the protective fold of the eyelid
|
orbit
|
|
|
The eye receives additional protection from a thin layer of cells known as the ___ that covers the anterior surface of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid
|
conjunctiva
|
|
|
The walls of the internal portion of the eye have three layers:
|
1. a fibrous layer,
2. a vascular layer, and 3. a nervous layer |
|
|
The outermost layer of the eye
|
fibrous layer
|
|
|
the fibrous layer Contains the white part of the eye, called the _____.
|
sclera
|
|
|
the fibrous layer Contains the transparent window of the eye, called the ____.
|
cornea
|
|
|
Behind the cornea is a narrow chamber, called the
|
anterior chamber
|
|
|
The middle layer of the eye
Includes the iris, pupil, lens, and choroid |
vascular layer
|
|
|
the colored ring of the eye
|
Iris
|
|
|
the black opening in the center of the eye
|
Pupil
|
|
|
a transparent disk that changes shape to allow light to focus on the retina
|
lens
|
|
|
Behind the lens is a large cavity, the posterior cavity, which is filled with a gelatinous material known as ____.
|
vitreous humor
|
|
|
The third, innermost layer of the eye
|
nervous layer
|
|
|
Consists of a thin film at the back of the eye known as _____ which is composed of photoreceptors
|
the retina
|
|
|
_____are very sensitive to small amounts of light, but are limited to black and white shades
|
rods
|
|
|
____require more light as a stimulus, but enable you to perceive color
|
Cones
|
|
|
The area of the retina that has the sharpest vision is called the _____.
|
fovea centralis
|
|
|
a thin layer of connective tissue that is rich in blood vessels located behind the retina
|
choroid
|
|
|
small oil glands in the edges of the eyelids that help lubricate the eyes
|
meibomian glands
|
|
|
the large cavity of the eye posterior to the lens
|
posterior cavity
|
|
|
quality or shapness of vision
|
visual acuity
|
|
|
VA
|
visual acuity
|
|
|
A professional trained to examine eyes to correct vision problems and eye disorders
|
optometrist
|
|
|
eyestrain
|
asthenopia
|
|
|
drooping of an eyelid
|
blepharoptosis
|
|
|
normal condition of the eye
|
emmetropia (Em)
|
|
|
Em
|
emmetropia
|
|
|
condition of white in the pupil
|
leukocoria
|
|
|
pain associated with the eye
|
ophthalmalgia
|
|
|
hemmorrhage of the eye
|
ophthalmorrhagia
|
|
|
defective curvature of the refractive surface of the eye
|
astigmatism
|
|
|
Ast
|
astigmatism
|
|
|
inflammation of the eyelid
|
blepharitis
|
|
|
a reduction of transparency of the lens
|
cataract
|
|
|
a localized swelling at the edge of an eyelis caused by obstruction of a meibomian gland
|
chalazion
|
|
|
inflammation of the conjunctiva (pinkeye)
|
conjuctivitis
|
|
|
inflammation of the cornea and iris
|
corneoiritis
|
|
|
inflammation of the lacrimal sac
|
dacryocystitis
|
|
|
separation of the retina from the choroid at the back of the eye
|
detached retina
|
|
|
double vision
|
diplopia
|
|
|
inflammation of internal tissues of the eye
|
endophthalmitis
|
|
|
a loss of vision resulting from increased intraocular pressure, which damages the optic nerve
|
glaucoma
|
|
|
an infection of a meibomian gland causing a local swelling of the eyelid
|
hordeolum
|
|
|
sty
|
hordeolum
|
|
|
reduced vision with nearby objects (farsightedness)
|
hyperopia
|
|
|
paralysis of the eye
|
iridoplegia
|
|
|
inflammation of the iris
|
iritis
|
|
|
inflammation of the cornea
|
keratitis
|
|
|
proressive deterioration of an area of the retina known as the macula lutea, leading to a loss of central vision
|
macular degeneration
|
|
|
most common cause of macular degeneration is age which is called _____.
|
age-related macular degeneration
|
|
|
ARMD
|
age-related macular degeneration
|
|
|
reduced vision with distant objects (nearsightedness)
|
myopia
|
|
|
poor vision at night or in dim light
|
myctalopia
|
|
|
fungal infection of the eye
|
oculomycosis
|
|
|
a general term for a disease of the eye
|
opthalmopathy
|
|
|
paralysis of the eye affecting the muscles that move the eyeball
|
ophthalmoplegia
|
|
|
abnornal fear of light
|
photophobia
|
|
|
inflammation of the retina caused by extreme light intensity
|
photoretinitis
|
|
|
impaired vision due to aging
|
presbyopia
|
|
|
abnormal fold of fibrousu tissue estending between the conjuctiva and cornea
|
pterygium
|
|
|
an inherited disease characterized by night blindness, progressive atrophy, and retinal pigment changes
|
retinitis pigmentosa
|
|
|
a malignant tumor that originates from a developing retinal cell
|
retinoblastoma
|
|
|
a general tem for any disease of the retina
|
retinopathy
|
|
|
inflammation of the sclera and cornea
|
sclerokeratitis
|
|
|
softening of the sclera
|
scleromalacia
|
|
|
an abnormal blind spot in vision
|
scotoma
|
|
|
a condition of crossed eyes that is caused by the visual axes failing to meet at the same point
|
strabismus
|
|
|
blepharoplasty
|
surgical repair of an eyelid
|
|
|
ecision of a lens that has lost its clarity
|
cataract extraction
|
|
|
a test of the ability to see the details and shape of objects from recorded distances
|
distance visual acutiy
|
|
|
excision of an eyeball from the socket
|
enucleation
|
|
|
visual recording of blood vessels in the retina and choroid using fluorescein dye, which is injected into a vein and circulates through the eye
|
fluorescein angiography
|
|
|
surgical implantation of an artificail lens to replace a defective natural lens
|
intraocular lens transplant
|
|
|
excision of a portion of the iris
|
iridectomy
|
|
|
incision into the iris to allow the aqueous humor to drain from the anterior chamber
|
iridotomy
|
|
|
a procedure using a hand-held device called a keratoete which measures the curvature of the cornea usually ffor fitting contact lenses
|
keratometry
|
|
|
corneal transplant
|
keratoplasty
|
|
|
acronym for laser-assisted in sity keratomileusis; it is the used of a laser to reshape the corneal tissue beneath the surface of the cornea to corect vision abnormalities
|
LASIK
|
|
|
a chemical agent that dilamtes the pupils
|
mydriatic
|
|
|
a variety of procedures using specialixed instruments to assit in the diagnosis of eye disorders
|
ophthalmic evaluation
|
|
|
the field of medicine focusing on the study of disease related to the eyes
|
ophthalmology
|
|
|
use of a hang-held instrument with a light, called and ophthalmoscope to veiw the eye's interior
|
ophthalmoscopy
|
|
|
a technician trained in filling prescription for corrective lenses
|
optician
|
|
|
measurement of vision, usually to test acuity for prescribing corrective lenses
|
optmetry
|
|
|
use of ultrasound frequencies to break up a cataract, which is then aspirated and removed
|
phacoemulsification
|
|
|
use of a laser to flatten the corneal surface in an effort to correct myopia
|
photorefractive keratectomy
|
|
|
PRK
|
photorefractive keratectomy
|
|
|
incisions into the cornea to produce a spoke-like effect, which serves to flatten then cornea and correct for myopia
|
radial keratotomy
|
|
|
RK
|
radial keratotomy
|
|
|
repair of a detached retina, in which a portion of the sclera is resected and an implant inerted
|
scleral buckling
|
|
|
high-frequency sound waves used to detect problems associated with the eye
|
sonography
|
|
|
incision into the tendon of an eye's extrincic muscle to correct strabismus
|
strabotomy
|
|
|
measurement of intraocular pressure, primarily used to test for glaucoma
|
tonometry
|
|
|
surgical removal of the vitreous humor
|
vitrectomy
|
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EENT
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eye, ear, nose, and throat
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OD
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oculus dexter, or right eye
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OS
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oculus sinister, or left eye
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OU
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oculus uterque, or each eye
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acou, acoust
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hearing
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aud,audi
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hearing
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aur
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ear
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labyrinth
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maze or inner ear
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mast
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breast
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myring
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membrane or eardurm
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ot
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ear
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salping
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tube
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staped
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stirrup, or stapes
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tympan
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eardrum
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-acusis,-cusis
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hearing condition
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-itis
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inflammation
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Provide the brain with information about the outside environment
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ears
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Contain sensory receptors that respond to mechanical vibrations and body movement
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ears
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The perception of sound is called ____.
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audation
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There are three portions of the ear:
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Outer
Middle Inner |
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Is partially external
Consists of the flap-like appendages on the side of the head that are commonly referred to as the ears, and a skin-lined canal |
outer ear
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flap-like appendages on the side of the head that are commonly referred to as the ears, and a skin-lined canal called ____.
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auricles
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The canal extends from its external opening to the eardrum and is called the ____.
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external auditory canal
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Along the canal in the outer ear are specialized glands that secrete earwax or ____.
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cerumen
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Is located within a cavity that is surrounded by the mastoid process
Consists of the eardrum, or tympanic membrane, and a series of small bones called ossicles |
middle ear
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series of small bones in middle ear
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ossicles
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The cavity, which is known as ____ , receives the distal opening of the Eustachian tube which is the beginning of the throat
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the tympanic cavity
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The three ossicles are the:
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malleus, incus, and stapes
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Is embedded within the mastoid process
and also called the labyrinth, which consists of a series of winding, twisting channels within the temporal bone |
inner ear
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channels in the inner ear that are lined with a membrane, and form three structures. what are the three structures?
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Cochlea
Vestibule Semicircular canals |
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a spiral snail-shaped series of fluid-filled channels of the inner ear that contains the organ of Corti
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cochlea
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three lopp-shaped, fluid filled cannals that detect changes in body position
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senicircular canals
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a chamber joining the senicircular canals with the cochleaand containing sensory receptors that respond to changes in body position for the sense of equilibrium
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vestibule
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Deep within the cochlea is an area known as the____that contains sensory neurons
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organ of Corti
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tube that connects the throat with the tympanic cavity of the middle ear
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eustachian tube
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a small, air-filled cavity between the inside wall of the eardrum and the inner ear
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tympanic cavity
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total hearing loss
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anacusis
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overly sensitive hearing
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hyperacusis
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pain in the ear, or earache
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otalgia
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bleeding, orhemorrhage, from the ear
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otorrhagia
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abnormal drainage from the ear
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otorrhea
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partial loss or impaired hearing
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paracusis
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a ringing or buzzing sensation in the ears
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tinnitus
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a sensation of dizziness
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vertigo
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a benign tumor that arises from the auditory nerve, which may cause hearing impairment
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acoustic neuroma
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excessive buildup of ear wax in the external auditory canal
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cerumen impaction
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inflammation of the labyrinth (inner ear)
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labyrinthitis
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inflammation of the mastoid process and associated tissues
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mastoiditis
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a chronic disease of the inner ear that includes symptons of dizziness and ringing in the ear
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Meniere's disease
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inflammation of the eardrum
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myringitis
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inflammation of the external auditory canal
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otitis externa
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inflammation of the middle ear
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otitis media
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OM
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otitis media
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any disease of the ear
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otopathy
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hearing impairment that is associated with old age
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presbyacusis
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abnormal formation of bone between the stapes and the oval window, causing a progressive loss of hearing
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otosclerosis
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a procedure that measures hearing using an instrument called an acoumeter
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acoumetry
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one who specializes in hearing disorders and treatment
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audiologist
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the study of hearing disorders
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audiology
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a procedure that measures hearing using an audiometer
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audiomerty
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excision of the labyrinth from the temporal bone
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labyrinthectomy
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excision of the mastiod process, which involves removing the air cells from within the mastoid process by cutting or drilling away the bony interconnections
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mastoidectomy
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incision into the mastoid process
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mastoidotomy
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surgical repair of the tympanic membrane
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myringoplasty
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incision into the tympanic membrane, usually to release pus and releive pressure in the middle ear
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myringotomy
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the medical feild of ear disorders and treatment
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otology
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a physician specializing in the treatment of ear, nose, and throat disorders
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otorhinolaryngologist
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ENT
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otorhynolayngologist
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the field of medicine that manages disorders of the ear, nose, and throat
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otorhinolaryngolgy
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a visual examination of the ear using a hand-held device called an otoscope
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otoscopy
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excision of the stapes
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stapedectomy
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a procedure that evaluates typanic membrane elasticity b measuring its movements.
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tympanometry
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surgical repair of the tympanic membrane
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tympanoplasty
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AD
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right ear
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AS
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left ear
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AU
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both ears
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TM
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tympanic membrane
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Oto
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otology
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