Medical Terminology Chp 2

Front 1

ventral

Back 1

refers to the belly or underside of a body or body part

Front 2

dorsal

Back 2

refers to the back and the the cranial surface of the manus and pes

Front 3

cranial

Back 3

toward the head

Front 4

caudal

Back 4

towards the tail

Front 5

anterior

Back 5

front of the body

Front 6

posterior

Back 6

rear of the body

Front 7

rostral

Back 7

nose end of the head

Front 8

cephalic

Back 8

pertaining to the head

Front 9

medial

Back 9

toward midline

Front 10

lateral

Back 10

away from midline

Front 11

superior

Back 11

uppermost, above or toward the head

Front 12

inferior

Back 12

lowermost, below or toward the tail

Front 13

proximal

Back 13

nearest midline or nearest the beginning of a structure

Front 14

distal

Back 14

farthest from midline or farthest from the beginning of a structure

Front 15

superficial

Back 15

near the surface, also called external

Front 16

deep

Back 16

away from the surface, also called internal

Front 17

palmar

Back 17

caudal surface of the manus (front paw) including the carpus (from the antebrachial joint distally)

Front 18

plantar

Back 18

caudal surface of the pes (rear paw) including the tarsus (from the tibiotarsal joint distally)

Front 19

midsagittal plane
aka median, midline

Back 19

divides the body into equal right and left halves.

Front 20

sagittal plane

Back 20

divides the body into unequal right and left parts

Front 21

dorsal plane
aka frontal plane or coronal plane

Back 21

plane that divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts.

Front 22

transverse plane
aka horizontal plane or cross-sectional plane

Back 22

plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts and to describe a perpendicular transection to the long axis of an appendage

Front 23

-logy

Back 23

the study of

Front 24

anatomy

Back 24

the study of body structure

Front 25

physiology

Back 25

study of body functions

Front 26

pathology

Back 26

study of the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions

Front 27

pathophysiology

Back 27

study of changes in function caused by disease

Front 28

etiology

Back 28

study of disease causes

Front 29

dental arcade

Back 29

describe how teeth are arranged in the mouth, a series of arches

Front 30

lingual

Back 30

the aspect of the tooth that faces the tongue of the mandible.

Front 31

maxilla

Back 31

upper jaw

Front 32

mandible

Back 32

lower jaw

Front 33

palatal

Back 33

the tooth surface of the maxilla that faces the tongue

Front 34

buccal surface

Back 34

the tooth surface that faces the cheek. sometimes called the vestibular surface

Front 35

occlusal surfaces

Back 35

aspects of the teeth that meet when you chew

Front 36

labial surface

Back 36

the tooth surface facing the lips

Front 37

contact surface

Back 37

aspects of the tooth that touch other teeth

Front 38

mesial

Back 38

contact surface closest to the midline of the dental arcade

Front 39

distal

Back 39

contact surface farthest from the midline of the dental arcade

Front 40

cavity

Back 40

hole or hollow space in the body that contains and protects internal organs

Front 41

cranial cavity

Back 41

contains the brain in the skull

Front 42

spinal cavity

Back 42

contains the spinal cord within the spinal column

Front 43

thoracic cavity or chest cavity

Back 43

hollow space that contains the heart and lungs within the ribs between the nect and diaphragm

Front 44

abdominal cavity

Back 44

hollow space that contains the major organs of digestion between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity

Front 45

peritoneal cavity

Back 45

the hollow space within the abdominal cavity between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum

Front 46

pelvic cavity

Back 46

hollow space that contains the reproductive some excretory system organs formed by the pelvic bones

Front 47

abdomen

Back 47

the portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis containing the abdominal cavity

Front 48

thorax

Back 48

chest region located between the neck and diaphragm

Front 49

groin or inguinal area

Back 49

the lower region of the abdomen adjacent to the thigh

Front 50

membranes

Back 50

thin layers of tissue that cover a surface, line a cavity, or divide a space or organ

Front 51

peritoneum

Back 51

the membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and covers some organs in this area

Front 52

parietal peritoneum

Back 52

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Front 53

visceral peritoneum

Back 53

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs

Front 54

peritonitis

Back 54

inflammation of the peritoneum

Front 55

umbilicus

Back 55

the pit in the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered the fetus, also called the navel

Front 56

mesentery

Back 56

the layer of the peritoneum that suspends parts of the intestine in the abdominal cavity

Front 57

retroperitoneal

Back 57

superficial to the peritoneum

Front 58

recumbent

Back 58

lying down

Front 59

prone

Back 59

lying in ventral or sternal recumbency

Front 60

supine

Back 60

lying in dorsal recumbency

Front 61

adduction

Back 61

movement toward the midline

Front 62

abduction

Back 62

movement away from midline

Front 63

flextion

Back 63

closure of ajoint angle or reduction of the angle between two bones

Front 64

extension

Back 64

straightening of a joint or an increase in the angle between two bones

Front 65

supination

Back 65

rotating the limb so that the palmer surface is turned up

Front 66

pronation

Back 66

the act of rotating the limb or body part so that the the palmer surface is turned downward.

Front 67

rotation

Back 67

circular movement around an axis

Front 68

cyt/o

Back 68

cell

Front 69

cytology

Back 69

the study of cells

Front 70

protoplasm

Back 70

cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

Front 71

-plasm

Back 71

formative material of cells

Front 72

prot/o

Back 72

first

Front 73

cytoplasm

Back 73

material located within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

Front 74

nucleus

Back 74

the structure in a cell that contains nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and the surrounding membrane

Front 75

nucleoplasm chromosomes

Back 75

the structures in the nucleus composed of DNA

Front 76

genetic disorder

Back 76

any disease or condition caused by defective genes and is inherited.

Front 77

congenital

Back 77

something that is present at birth

Front 78

anomaly

Back 78

a deviation from what is regarded as normal

Front 79

tissue

Back 79

a group of specialized cells that are similar in structure and function

Front 80

hist/o

Back 80

tissue

Front 81

histology

Back 81

the study of the structure, compostion, and function of tissue

Front 82

name the four tissue types

Back 82

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Front 83

epi-

Back 83

above

Front 84

thel/o

Back 84

nipple or any thin membrane

Front 85

-um

Back 85

structure

Front 86

endothelium

Back 86

the cellular covering that forms the lining of the internal organs including the blood vessels.

Front 87

endo-

Back 87

within

Front 88

mesothelium

Back 88

the cellular covering that forms the lining of serous membranes such as the peritoneum.

Front 89

meso-

Back 89

middle

Front 90

adip/o

Back 90

fat

Front 91

-plasia

Back 91

describe formation, development, and growth of tissue and cell numbers

Front 92

-trophy

Back 92

formation, development, and increase in the size of tissue and cells.

Front 93

aplasia

Back 93

lack of development of a organ or tissue or cell

Front 94

hypoplasia

Back 94

incomplete or less than normal development of an organ or tissue or cell

Front 95

hyperplasia

Back 95

an abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or tissue or cell.

Front 96

dysplasia

Back 96

abnormal growth or development of an organ or tissue or cell

Front 97

anaplasia

Back 97

a change in the structure of cells ad their orientation to each other

Front 98

neoplasia

Back 98

any abnormal new growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal, and progressive.

Front 99

benign

Back 99

not recurring

Front 100

malignant

Back 100

tending to spread and life threatening.

Front 101

-oma

Back 101

tumor or neoplasm

Front 102

exocrine glands

Back 102

secreate their chemical substances into ducts that lead out of the body or to another organ (sweat glands and portion of pancreas that secretes digestive enzymes

Front 103

endocrine glands

Back 103

secrete into bloodstream

Front 104

bicornuate uterus

Back 104

uterus with two horns

Front 105

unilateral

Back 105

pertaining to one side

Front 106

bilateral

Back 106

pertaining to two sides

Front 107

oste/o
oss/e
oss/i

Back 107

bones

Front 108

arthr/o

Back 108

joints

Front 109

chondr/o

Back 109

cartilage

Front 110

my/o

Back 110

muscles

Front 111

fasc/i
fasci/o

Back 111

fascia

Front 112

ten/o
tend/o
tendin/o

Back 112

tendons

Front 113

cardi/o

Back 113

heart

Front 114

arteri/o

Back 114

arteries

Front 115

ven/o
phleb/o

Back 115

veins

Front 116

hem/o
hemato/o

Back 116

blood

Front 117

lymph/o

Back 117

lymph vessels, fluid and nodes

Front 118

tonsill/o

Back 118

tonsils

Front 119

splen/o

Back 119

spleen

Front 120

thym/o

Back 120

thymus

Front 121

nas/o
rhin/o

Back 121

nose or nares

Front 122

pharyng/o

Back 122

pharynx

Front 123

trache/o

Back 123

trachea

Front 124

laryng/o

Back 124

larynx

Front 125

pneum/o
pneumon/o

Back 125

lungs

Front 126

or/o
stomat/o

Back 126

mouth

Front 127

esophag/o

Back 127

esophagus

Front 128

gastr/o

Back 128

stomach

Front 129

enter/o

Back 129

small intestine

Front 130

col/o
colon/o

Back 130

large intestine

Front 131

hepat/o

Back 131

liver

Front 132

pancreat/o

Back 132

pancreas

Front 133

ren/o
nephr/o

Back 133

kidneys

Front 134

ureter/o

Back 134

ureters

Front 135

cyst/o

Back 135

bladder

Front 136

urethr/o

Back 136

urethra

Front 137

neur/o
neur/i

Back 137

nerves

Front 138

encephal/o

Back 138

brain

Front 139

myel/o

Back 139

spinal cord

Front 140

ophthalm/o
ocul/o
opt/o
opt/i

Back 140

eyes

Front 141

optic/o

Back 141

sight

Front 142

ot/o
aur/i
aur/o

Back 142

ears

Front 143

dermat/o
derm/o
cutane/o

Back 143

skin

Front 144

adren/o

Back 144

adrenals

Front 145

gonad/o

Back 145

gonads

Front 146

pineal/o

Back 146

pineal

Front 147

pituit/o

Back 147

pituitary

Front 148

throid/o
thyr/o

Back 148

thyroid

Front 149

orch/o
orchi/o
orchid/o
testicul/o

Back 149

testes

Front 150

ovari/o
oophor/o

Back 150

ovaries

Front 151

hyster/o
metr/o
metr/i
metri/o
uter/o

Back 151

uterus

Front 152

5

Back 152

quinqu-
quint-
pent-
penta-

Front 153

6

Back 153

sex-, hex-, hexa-

Front 154

7

Back 154

sept-
septi-
hept-
hepta-

Front 155

8

Back 155

octo-
oct-
octa-
octo-

Front 156

9

Back 156

novem-
nonus-
ennea-

Front 157

10

Back 157

deca-
decem-
dek-
deka-

Front 158

2

Back 158

duo-
bi-
dyo-

Front 159

4

Back 159

quadri-
quadro-
tetr-
tetra-

Front 160

1

Back 160

uni-
mono-