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214 Cards in this Set
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aden/o |
gland
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extracellular fluid( how is it used by immune cells?)
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All body fluids found outside cells, including intestinal fluid, plasma, lymph, and cerebral spinal fluid. It provides stable external environment for body cells.
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im. cells use lymph structures to monitor extracellular fluid as it filters through nodes.
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agglutin/o
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clumping, gluing
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host
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Organism that maintains or harbors another organism.
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When immune cells identify disease causing agents passing through nodes, they destroy them before it can cause disease in host.
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bas/o
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base (alkaline)
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Plasma
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liquid medium containing suspended solid components that comprises Blood( a connective tissue)
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plasma is 8% total body weight, allows chemical communication between body cells
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granul/o
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granule
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blast/o
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embryonic cell
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Plasma components
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RBC(erythrocytes), WBC (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes)
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hem/o
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blood
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chrom/o
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color
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hemat/o
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blood
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antibody
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Protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to presence of antigen
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immun/o
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immune, immunity, safe
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eosin/o
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dawn (rose colored)
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kary/o
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nucleus
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antigen
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Foreign substance recognized as harmful to host and stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual
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nucle/o
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nucleus
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erythr/o
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red
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leuk/o
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white
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Bile pigments
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Substances derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin, produced by the liver, and excreted in the form of bile
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Interference with the excretion of bile may lead to jaundice
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lymphaden/o
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lymph gland
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cytokines
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Chemical substances produced by certain cells that initiate, inhibit, or decrease activity in other cells.
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Cytokines are important chemical communicators in the immune response, regulating many activities associated with immunity and inflammation.
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lymph/o
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lymph
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immunocompetent
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Ability to develop an immune response, or the ability to recognize antigens and respond to them.
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lymphangi/o
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lymph vessel
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natural killer cells
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Specialized lymphocytes that kill abnormal cells by releasing chemicals that destroy the cell membrane causing its intercellular fluids to leak out.
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Natural killer (NK) cells destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells. Destroy without specificity
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morph/o
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form, shape, structure
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stem cells
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Blood cells develop from these undifferentiated cells
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myel/o
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bone marrow, spinal cord
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hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis
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the development and maturation of blood cells
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after blood cells mature they leave marrow and enter circulation
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neutr/o
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neutral, neither
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erythropoiesis
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RBC development
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during this time RBC decrease in size and nucleus extrudes right before maturity
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phag/o
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swallowing, eating
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leukopoiesis
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WBC development
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plas/o
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formation, growth
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thrombopoiesis
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platelet development
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poikil/o
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varied, irregular
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reticulocyte
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immature RBC that contain small nuclear material fragments that appears as a lacy net
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most loose nuclear material prior to entering circulation
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reticul/o
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net, mesh
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hemoglobin
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During erythropoesis, RBC develops this specialized iron containing compound
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gives RBC its color and carries O2 to tissues
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ser/o
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serum
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hemosiderin
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iron compound that hemoglobin breaks down into along with bile pigments
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most of hemosiderin returns to bone marrow
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sider/o
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iron
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leukocytes
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WBCs that protect body against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances, remove debris from injured tissue, and aid in healing process.
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divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes
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splen/o
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spleen
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diapedesis
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process by which WBC migrate through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules and enter tissue spaces.
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thromb/o
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blood clot
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Three types of granulocytes
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neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
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thym/o
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thymus gland
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Neutrophils
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most numerous, highly phagocytic, first cell to appear at injury and begin devouring foreign material.
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highly important in body protection, granules stain lilac color with neutral dye
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xen/o
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foreign, strange
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Eosinophils
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protect body by releasing substances that neutralize toxic compounds
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increase in allergic reactions and animal parasite infestations.
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-blast
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embryonic cell
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eison
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red acidic dye that stains granules in eosinophils
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-emia
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blood condition
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Basophils
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release histamines and heparin when tissue is damaged.
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granules with stain purple alkaline dye
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Histamines
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initiate inflammatory process by increasing blood flow
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Heparin
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anticoagulant that acts to prevent blood from clotting at injury site
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polymorphonuclear
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neutrophils sometimes have up to six lobes
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all three granulocytes have nucleus with at least two lobes
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Agranulocytes
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arise from stem cells, nuclei do not have lobes,
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commonly called mononuclear leukocytes
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Types of Agranulocytes
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Monocytes and lymphocytes
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Monocytes
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mildly phagotcytic in blood vessels, change to marcrophages when they exit
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Macrophages
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avid phagocytes that ingest pathogens, dead cells and inflammation site debris
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chief role in specific immunity associated activities
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Lymphocytes
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B cells, T cells and NK cells
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provide specific immune response
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Specific immune response
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custom made protection mode aimed at specific antigen
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includes humoral and cellular immunity
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Platelets (thrombocytes)
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smallest formed element in blood, initiate hemostasis after injury
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hemostasis
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blood clotting that consists of a series of reactions each requiring specific factor
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thromboplastin
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released by platelet clotting factors and injured tissues and initiates clot formation
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fibrinogen
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a soluble blood protein that becomes insoluble by forming fibrin strands that act as blood cell trapping net
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thrombus
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blood clot; jelly like mass of blood cells and fibrin
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plasma proteins
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albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
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serum
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resulting fluid in blood if fibrinogen and clotting elements are removed
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blood group determination
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based on antigen on RBC surface; plasma contains opposite antibodies
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hemolytic disease of the newborn
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caused by incompatibility btwn maternal and fetal blood due to antigen group containing Rh factor.
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lymph system
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maintains fluid balance by draining ext.cell fluid from tissue spaces to blood, transports lipids away from digestive organs for body use, filtering unwanted products from lymph nodes
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consists of lymph and lymph vessels
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Blood capillaries and extracellular fluid
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small amount of plasma seeps from these and beomes extracelluar fluid that picks up waste
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lymph capillaries
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extracelluar fluid returns to blood capillaries OR enters lymph capillaries.
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lymph enters vessels increasing in size on its way back to blood stream
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lymph nodes
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location for deposition of debris and macrophage phagocytisis, B and T cells active
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right lymphatic duct
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lymph vessels from right chest and arm join this duct and drains into right subclavian vein
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thoracic duct
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lymph from all body areas besides right chest drain here
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then drains into left subclavian vein
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Spleen
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resembles lymph nodes but also destroys old RBCs and is a repository for heathy blood cells
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thymus
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located in mediastinum, transforms certain lymphocytes to T cells
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mediastinum
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upper part of chest
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tonsils
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masses of lymphatic tissue that act filter for upper respiratory system
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located in pharynx
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cytokines
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chemical messengers used by helper T cells to activate, direct, and regulate the activity of most other components of the immune system especially B cells.
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cellular immunity
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component of specific immune system that protects against intracellular agents such as viruses and cancer cells.
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T cells, originates in bone marrow, maturation in thymus and immune system
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cytotoxic T cells
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destruction of infected cells and cancer cells
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helper T cell
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assistance for B cells, cytotoxic T cells and other components of the immune system.
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suppressor T cell
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suppression of humoral and cellular response when infection resolves
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memory T cell
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active immunity
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humoral immunity
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component of specific immune system that protects primarily against extracellular agents such as bacteria and viruses that have not yet entered the cell.
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mediated by B cells which originate and mature in marrow
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plasma cells
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antibody formation for destruction of extracellular antigens
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memory cells
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provide active immunity
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antigen - antibody complex
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antibody encouters it's specific antigen and attaches to it forming complex.
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once formed antigen is inactivated, neutralized or tagged for destruction
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Immune resistance
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physical (skin, mucous membranes) and chemical innate barriers (tears, saliva, gastric juices)
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aquired immune response
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develops after birth
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monocytes
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leave vascular system and become macrophages
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macrophages
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phagocytic cells that consume pathogens, including bacteria and viruses
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antigen presenting cell(APC)
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what macrophage becomes after it digests and displays antigen of digested pathogen
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APC awaits encounter with lymphocytes
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-globin
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protein
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-graft
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transplantation
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-osis
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abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
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-penia
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decrease, deficiancy
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-phil
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attraction for
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-phoresis
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carrying transmission
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-phylaxis
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protection
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-poiesis
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formation, production
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-stasis
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standing still
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a-
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without, not
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allo-
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other, differing from the normal
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aniso-
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unequal, dissimilar
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iso-
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same, equal
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marcro-
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large
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micro-
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small
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mono-
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one
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poly-
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many, much
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hematology
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branch of medicine that studies blood cells, blood clotting mechanisms, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.
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anemia
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any condition where O2 carrying capcity of blood is deficient
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causes include excessive blood loss, excessive blood cell destruction, dec. blood formaiton, faulty hemoglobin.
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erythropenia
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decrease in # of circulating RBCs; causes anemia
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hypochromasia
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decrease in amount of hemoglobin on RBC; causes anemia
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hematocrit
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volume of packed erythrocytes; decrease can cause anemia
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normocytic
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normal size range of RBC
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normochromic
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normal range of hemoglobin
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macrocytic
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excessively large RBC
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microcytic
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excessively small RBC
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hypochromatic
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decreased amount of hemoglobin
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dyspnea
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difficulty breathing
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tachycardia
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weakness, rapid heart rate
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palor
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paleness
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AIDS
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infectious disease caused by HIV virus causing immune system to be immunocompromised
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opportunistic infections
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immunocompromised patient falls victim to disease health patient would not usually be affected by
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lymphandenopathy
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swollen lymph glands found in AIDS patients
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allergy
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acquired abnormal immune response that requires initial sensitization to allergen(antigen)
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sensitization
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iniatial exposure to allegen
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urticaria
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hives
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indurated
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hardened
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densensitization
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reduces patient sensitivity to allegen
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autoimmunity
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failure of body to distinguish accurately btwn "self" and "non-self"
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ex.: myasthenia gravis affects neuromuscular junction
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exacerbations
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flare ups seen in autoimmune diseases
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remission
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latency
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hyporoteinemia
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decrease in blood level protein,especially albumin, which controls amount of plasma leaving the vascular channels; causes edema
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diuretics
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meds that promote urination and can be used to treat edema
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ascites
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condition related to edema where fluid collects in peritoneal or pleural cavity
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hemophilia
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hereditary disorder where blood clotting mechanism is impaired
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hemophilia A
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deficiancy in clotting factor VIII
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hemophilia B
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deficiancy in clotting factor IX
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hematomas
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blood seepage
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hemarthrosis
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blood in joints
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infectious mononucleosis
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one of the accute infections caused by Epstein-Barr virus, causes sore throat, fever, enlarged lymph nodes
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anorexia
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loss of appetite
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splenomegaly
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enlarged spleen
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hepatomegaly
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enlarged liver
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leukemia
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oncological disease of blood forming organs characterized by proliferation of RBCs
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types: granulocytic(myelogenous) or lymphocytic
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Hodgkin lymphoma
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malignant disease of the lymph system, primarily the lymph nodes
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pruitus
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severe itching
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dysphagia
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difficulty swallowing
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Kaposi sarcoma
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malignancy of CT tissue including bone, fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue
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closely related to AIDS
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anisocytosis
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condition of marked variation in size of erythrocytes observed in blood smear.
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bacteremia
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presence of viable bacteria in blood stream usually transient in nature
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graft rejection
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destruction of transplanted organ or tissue by recipient's immune system
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graft vs. host disease
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condition that occurs following bone marrow transplant in which the immune cells in the transplanted marrow produce antibodies against host's tissues
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hemoglobinopathy
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any disorder caused by abnormalities in hemoglobin molecule.
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hemolysis
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destruction of RBCs with a release of hemoglobin that diffuses into surrounding fluid
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hemostasis
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arrest of bleeding or circulation
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lymphandenopathy
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any disease of the lymph nodes
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lymphosarcoma
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malignent neoplastic disorder of the lymphatic tissue (not related to hodgkin disease)
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septicemia
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serious, life threatening bloodstream infection that may arise from other infections througout body such as pneumonia, UTIs menegitis, bone or GI infections
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blood poisening
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serology
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lab tests to detect presence of antibodies, antigens, immune substances
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titer
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blood test that measures amount of antibodies in blood; commonly used as an indicator of immune status
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blood culture
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test to determine presence of pathogens in blood stream.
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differential count (diff)
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test that enumerates distribution of WBC in stained blood smear by counting different kinds of WBC and reporting as a percentage of total examined
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complete blood count (CBC)
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series of tests that includes hemoglobin; hematocrit; RBC, WBC, and platelet counts; differential WBC count; RBC indices; and RBC and WBC morphology
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
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measurement of distance RBCs settle to bottom of test tube under standardized conditon; also called sed rate
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hemoglobin (Hgb) value
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measurement of the amount of hemoglobin found in a whole blood sample.
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Monospot
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non specific rapid serological test for infections mononucleosis; also called heterophile antibody test
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partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
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test of time that measures length of time it takes blood to clot by screening for deficiancies of some clotting factors and effectiveness of heparin therapy
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prothrombin time (PT)
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test that measures time it takes plasma portion of blood to clot; also called pro time
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RBC indices
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mathematical calculation of size, volume, and concentration of hemoglobin for a RBC.
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Schilling test
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test used to assess absorption of radioactive vitamin B12 by digestive system
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lymphadenography
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radiographic examination of lymph nodes after injection of a contrast medium
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lymphangiography
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radiographic examination of lymph vessels after injection of a contrast medium
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aspiration
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drawing in or out by suction
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lymphangiectomy
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removal of lymph vessel
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transfusion
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infusion of blood or blood components into blood stream
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autologous transfusion
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transfusion prepared with recipient's own blood
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homologous transfusion
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transfusion prepared from another individual whose blood is compatible with that of the recipient
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transplantation
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grafting of living tissue from its normal position to another site or from one person to another
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autologous bone marrow transplant
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harvesting, freezing, and reinfusing the patient's own bone marrow to treat bone marrow hypoplasisa following cancer therapy
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homologous bone marrow transplant
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transplanation of bone marrow from one individual to another to treat aplastic anemia, leukemia, and immunodeficiency disorders
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anticoagulants
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prevent blood clot formation by inhibiting synthesis or inactivating one or more clotting factors
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heparin and warfarin
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antifibrinolytics
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neutralize fibrinolytic chemicals in mucous membranes of mouth, nose, and urinary tract to prevent breakdown of blood clots
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aminocaproic acid
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antimicrobials
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destroy bacteria, fungi, protozoa, depending on the drug, by interfering with functions of cell membrane or their reproductive cycle
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trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, pentamindine
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antivirals
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prevent replication of viruses within host cells
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nelfinavir, lamivudine/zidovudine
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fat soluable vitamins
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prevent and treat bleeding disorders resulting from a lack of prothrombin, which is commonly caused by vitamin K deficiancy
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phytonadione
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thrombolytics
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dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands
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alteplase, streptokinase
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AB,Ab, ab
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antibody , abortion
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ALL
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acute lymphocytic, leukemia
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AML
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acute myelogenous leukemia
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APC
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antigen presenting cell
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APTT
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activated partial thromboplastin time
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baso
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basophil
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CLL
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chronic lymphocytic leukemia
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CML
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chronic myelogenous leukemia
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diff
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differential count (WBC)
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ESR
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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Hb, Hbg
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hemoglobin
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HCT, Hct
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hematocrit
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ITP
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idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
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IV
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intravenous
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MCH
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mean cell hemoglobin( averge amt. hemoglobin per cell)
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MCHC
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mean cell hemoglobin conentration (av. concentration of hemoglobin in single red cell)
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MCV
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mean red cell volume(av. size)
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PA
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posteroanterior; pernicious anemia; pulmonary artery
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