Medical Terminology Chapter 8

Front 1

What does the cardiovascular system do?

Back 1

--delivers oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to he various body tissues

--transports waste products to the appropriate waste removal systems

Front 2

Occasionally, the cardiovascular is called the ________ ________.

Back 2

circulatory system

Front 3

The circulatory system is divided into what 2 parts?

Back 3

--systemic circulation

--pulmonary circulation

Front 4

What is systemic circulation?

Back 4

blood flow to all parts of the body except the lungs

Front 5

What is pulmonary circulation?

Back 5

blood flow out of the heart through the lungs and back to the heart

Front 6

Cardiovascular

Back 6

pertaining to the heart and vessels (blood vessels in this context)

Front 7

What are the 3 major parts of the cardiovascular system?

Back 7

--the heart

--the blood vessels

--the blood

Front 8

valve

Back 8

--controls blood flow through the heart

--it is a membranous fold

Front 9

valv/o

valvul/o

Back 9

valve

Front 10

What are the 4 heart valves?

Back 10

--right atrioventricular valve

--pulmonary semilunar valve

--left atrioventricular valve

--aortic semilunar valve

Front 11

right atrioventricular valve (or right AV valve)

Back 11

--controls the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle

--also called the tricuspid valve because it has 3 points or cusps (tri=three, cusps=points)

Front 12

pulmonary semilunar valve (or pulmonary valve)

Back 12

--located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and controls blood entering the lungs

--this valve is shaped like a half-moon (semilunar means half-moon)

Front 13

left atrioventricular valve (or left AV valve)

Back 13

--controls the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle

--also called the mitral valve or bicuspid because it has 2 points (bi=two)

Front 14

aortic semilunar valve (or aortic valve)

Back 14

--located between the left ventricle and the aorta and controls blood entering the arterial system

--it is also half-moon shaped

Front 15

rhythm

Back 15

the recurrence of an action or a function at regular intervals; the heart's contractions are supposed to be rhythmic

Front 16

heartbeat

Back 16

--the rate and regularity of the heart rhythm

--modified by electrical impulses from nerves that stimulate the myocardium

Front 17

What is the heartbeat or cardiac cycle?

Back 17

an alternating sequence of relaxation and contraction of the heart chambers

Front 18

cardiac output

Back 18

volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time

Front 19

stroke volume

Back 19

the volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during each heartbeat

Front 20

To effective pump blood throughout the body, contraction and relaxation of the heart must be synchronized accurately. These electrical impulses (also called the conduction system) are controlled by what?

Back 20

--the sinoatrial node

--atrioventricular node

--bundle of His

--Purkinje fibers

Front 21

sinoatrial node (or SA node)

Back 21

--located in the wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava

--along with the Purkinje fibers, establishes the basic rhythm of the heart

--the pacemaker of the heart

Front 22

Purkinje fibers

Back 22

atypical cardiac muscle cells that work with the SA node

Front 23

Blood flow through the heart (Step 1)

Back 23

--The right atrium receives blood from all tissues, except the lungs, through the cranial and caudal venae cavae

--Blood flows from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

--This is systemic circulation

Front 24

Blood flow through the heart (Step 2)

Back 24

--The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs

--This is pulmonary circulation

Front 25

Blood flow through the heart (Step 3)

Back 25

--The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins

--The blood flows through the mitral valve into the left ventricle

--This is pulmonary circulation

Front 26

Blood flow through the heart (Step 4)

Back 26

--The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium

--From the left ventricle, blood goes out through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and is pumped to all parts of the body except the lungs

--This is systemic circulation

Front 27

Blood flow through the heart (Step 5)

Back 27

Blood is returned by the venae cavae to the right atrium, and the cycle continues

Front 28

atrial systole

Back 28

atrial contraction

Front 29

inotropy

Back 29

force of contraction

Front 30

atrioventricular node (or AV node)

Back 30

--located in the interatrial septum

--electrical impulses from the SA node travel to the AV node

--conducts impulses more slowly than the SA node

--the slower conduction causes pause after atrial contraction to allow the ventricles to fill with blood

--transmits the electrical impulses to the bundle of His

Front 31

bundle of His (or AV bundle)

Back 31

--located in the interventricuar septum

--receives electrical impulses from the AV node

--continues on through the ventricle as ventricular Purkinje fibers, which carry the impulse through the ventricular muscle causing the ventricles to contract.

Front 32

ventricular systole

Back 32

--ventricular contraction

--forces blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries

Front 33

sinus rhythm

Back 33

--normal heart rhythm

--starts in the sinoatrial node

Front 34

arrhythmia

dysrhythmia

Back 34

--abnormal rhythm caused when the SA node does not function properly and is unable to send the impulse to the rest of the heart

--other areas of the conduction system can take over and initiate the heartbeat, causing the abnormal rhythm

Front 35

Antiarrhythmic drugs

Back 35

substances that control heartbeat irregularities

Front 36

palpitation

Back 36

heartbeat sensations that feel like pounding with or without irregularity in rhythm

Front 37

fibrillation

Back 37

rapid, random, and ineffective heart contractions

Front 38

flutter

Back 38

cardiac arrhythmia in which atrial contractions are rapid but regular

Front 39

bradycardia

Back 39

abnormally slow heartbeat

Front 40

tachycardia

Back 40

abnormally fast heartbeat

Front 41

paroxysm

Back 41

sudden convulsion or spasm

Front 42

normal sinus arrhythmia

Back 42

irregular heart rhythm resulting from variation in vagal nerve tone as a result of respiration (a nonpathologic arrhythmia)

Front 43

asystole

Back 43

without contraction or lack of heart activity; flat line on an ECG

Front 44

syncope

Back 44

temporary suspension of respiration and circulation

Front 45

gallop

Back 45

low-frequency vibrations occurring during early diastole and late diastole

Front 46

systole

Back 46

--contraction

--denotes ventricular contraction

Front 47

diastole

Back 47

--expansion

--denotes relaxation, or the time when the chambers are expanded

--the atria fill with blood

--then the atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles and the ventricles contract

Front 48

The workload of the heart is divided in what 2 categories?

Back 48

--preload

--afterload

Front 49

preload

Back 49

--the ventricular end-diastolic volume, or the volume of blood entering the right side of the heart

--preloaded problems are usually associated with right-sided heart disease

Front 50

afterload

Back 50

--the impedance to ventricular emptying presented by aortic pressure

--afterloaded problems are usually associated with left-sided heart disease

Front 51

The electrical events in the conduction system can be visualized by wave movement on an...

Back 51

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Front 52

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Back 52

--record of the electrical activity of the myocardium

--tracing that shows the changes in voltage and polarity (positive and negative) over time

Front 53

electrocardiography

Back 53

--the process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium

--produces a tracing that represents the variations in electric potential caused by excitation of heart muscle and is detected at the body surface

Front 54

leads

Back 54

conductors that detect variations in electric potential

Front 55

auscultation

Back 55

the act of listening to body sounds and usually involves the use of a stethoscope

Front 56

stethoscope

Back 56

an instrument used to listen

Front 57

stetho-

Back 57

chest

Front 58

-scope

Back 58

instrument to visually examine or monitor

Front 59

When auscultating the heart, you hear a lub-dub sound. What is the lub?

Back 59

--first sound heard

--caused by the closure of the AV valves

Front 60

When auscultating the heart, you hear a lub-dub sound. What is the dub?

Back 60

--second sound heard

--caused by the closure of the semilunar valves

Front 61

What occurs between the first and second heart sounds?

Back 61

systole (ventricular contraction)

Front 62

What occurs between the second and first heart sounds?

Back 62

diastole (ventricular relaxation)

Front 63

heart murmur

Back 63

--an abnormal sound associated with the turbulent flow of blood

--may be caused by a leak in a valve

Front 64

insufficiency

Back 64

the inability to perform at the proper level

Front 65

systolic murmur

Back 65

the swooshing noise occurring between the first and second heart sounds

Front 66

diastolic murmur

Back 66

the swooshing noise occurring between the second and first heart sounds

Front 67

holosystolic or pansystolic murmur

Back 67

the swooshing noise occurs during the entire ventricular contraction phase

Front 68

holo-

pan-

Back 68

all

Front 69

stenosis

Back 69

narrowing

Front 70

crescendo murmur

Back 70

abnormal swooshing cardiac sounds that progressively increase in loudness

Front 71

decrescendo murmur

Back 71

abnormal swooshing cardiac sounds that progressively decrease in loudness

Front 72

point of maximal intensity (PMI)

Back 72

the point where the murmur is heard the loudest

Front 73

thrill

Back 73

the vibration felt on palpitation caused by a murmur

Front 74

clicks

Back 74

sound heard during an exam that may be a sign of mitral insufficiency or may be of unknown origin

Front 75

split heart sounds

Back 75

heartbeat sounds that are divided

Front 76

craackles

Back 76

sounds that may be associated with movement or respiratory sounds

Front 77

rumbles

Back 77

sounds usually caused by shivering

Front 78

What are the 3 major types of blood vessels?

Back 78

--arteries

--veins

--capillaries

Front 79

angi/o

vas/o

Back 79

vessel

Front 80

lumen

Back 80

the opening in a vessel through which fluid flows

Front 81

constriction

Back 81

narrowing of the vessel diameter

Front 82

dilation

Back 82

widening of the vessel diameter

Front 83

vasoconstrictors

Back 83

things that narrow a vessel's diameter

Front 84

vasodilators

Back 84

things that widen a vessel's diameter

Front 85

hilus

Back 85

the depression where vessels and nerves enter an organ

Front 86

arteries

Back 86

--blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

--blood is usually oxygenated (except for pulmonary artery)

--blood is bright red

--have muscular walls to allow contraction and expansion to move blood throughout the body

Front 87

arteri/o

Back 87

artery

Front 88

aorta

Back 88

--the main trunk of the arterial system that begins from the left ventricle of the heart

--located ventral to the vertebrae

--branches into other arteries that supply many muscles and organs of the body

Front 89

aort/o

Back 89

aorta

Front 90

celiac artery

Back 90

supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen

Front 91

celi/o

Back 91

belly

Front 92

renal arteries

Back 92

supply the kidneys

Front 93

ovarian arteries

Back 93

supply the ovaries

Front 94

testicular arteries

Back 94

supply the testicles

Front 95

subclavian artery

Back 95

artery located under the collarbone

Front 96

arterioles

Back 96

--smaller branches of arteries

--carry blood to the capillaries

Front 97

arter/i

Back 97

vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Front 98

-ole

Back 98

suffix meaning small

Front 99

capillaries

Back 99

--single cell thick vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems

--blood is slower through the capillaries due to their smaller diameter

--allows time for diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products

Front 100

alveolar capillaries

Back 100

blood here picks up oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide

Front 101

perfusion

Back 101

blood flow through tissues

Front 102

capillary refill time (CRT)

Back 102

--indicator of perfusion

--obtained by applying pressure to mucous membranes and timing how long it takes for the pink color to return

Front 103

venules

Back 103

--tiny blood vessels that carry blood to the veins

--capillaries connect to venules

Front 104

veins

Back 104

--form a low-pressure collecting system that returns blood to the heart

--have thinner walls and are less elastic than arteries

--contractions of the skeletal muscles cause the blood to flow through the veins toward the heart

--have valves that permit blood flow toward the heart and prevent blood from flowing away from the heart

Front 105

ven/o

phleb/o

Back 105

vein

Front 106

jugular vein

Back 106

drains the head and neck area

Front 107

femoral veins

Back 107

drain the legs

Front 108

renal veins

Back 108

drain the kidneys

Front 109

azygous vein

Back 109

a single vein that drains the chest wall and adjacent structures

Front 110

a-

Back 110

prefix meaning without

Front 111

zygon

Back 111

yoke or pair

Front 112

blood pressure

Back 112

--the tension exerted by blood on the arterial walls

--determined by the energy produced by the heart, the elasticity of the arterial walls, and the volume and viscosity of the blood

Front 113

viscosity

Back 113

resistance to flow

Front 114

pulse

Back 114

the rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure

Front 115

sphygmomanometer

Back 115

--measures blood pressure

--measures the amount of pressure exerted again the was of the vessels

Front 116

sphygm/o

Back 116

pulse

Front 117

man/o

Back 117

pressure

Front 118

-meter

Back 118

suffix meaning device

Front 119

systolic pressure

Back 119

occurs when the ventricles contract and is highest toward the end of the stroke output of the left ventricle

Front 120

diastolic pressure

Back 120

occurs when the ventricles relax and is lowest late in ventricular dilation

Front 121

tensi/o

Back 121

pressure or tension

Front 122

hypertension

Back 122

high blood pressure

Front 123

hyper-

Back 123

excessive or above normal

Front 124

hypotension

Back 124

low blood pressure

Front 125

hypo-

Back 125

deficient or less than normal

Front 126

antihypertensives

Back 126

drugs used to lower blood pressure

Front 127

intravenous

Back 127

within a vein

Front 128

perivascular

Back 128

--around the vessels

--undesired route of administration and usually is an error of intravenous injection

Front 129

intra-arterial

Back 129

within an artery

Front 130

angiocardiography

Back 130

radiographic study of the blood vessels and heart using contrast materials

Front 131

angiocardiogram

Back 131

film resulting from angiocardiography

Front 132

angiography

Back 132

radiographic study of the blood vessels flowing injection of radiopaque material

Front 133

angiogram

Back 133

the film produced from an angiography

Front 134

cardiac catheterization

Back 134

radiographic study in which a catheter is passed into a blood vessel and is guided into the heart to detect pressures and patterns of blood flow

Front 135

echocardiography

Back 135

process of evaluating the heart structures using sound waves

Front 136

ech/o

Back 136

sound

Front 137

Doppler echocardiography

Back 137

uses the differences in frequency between sound waves and their echoes to measure the velocity of a moving object

Front 138

electrocardiography

Back 138

process of recording the electrical activity of the heart

Front 139

electrocardiogram

Back 139

the record of the electrical activity of the heart and is abbreviated ECG or EKG

Front 140

electrocardiograph

Back 140

the machine that records the electrical activity of the heart

Front 141

Holter monitor

Back 141

24-hour ECG that records the heart rates and rhythms onto a specialized tape recorder

Front 142

radiography

Back 142

procedure of imaging objects by exposing sensitized film to X-rays

Front 143

radiograph

Back 143

film resulting from radiography

Front 144

tourniquet

Back 144

constricting band applied to a limb to control bleeding or to assist in drawing blood

Front 145

aneurysm

Back 145

localized balloon-like enlargement of an artery

Front 146

angiopathy

Back 146

disease of vessels

Front 147

aortic insufficiency

Back 147

inability of the aortic valve to perform at the proper levels, which results in blood flowing back into the left ventricle from the aorta

Front 148

atherosclerosis

Back 148

hardening and narrowing of the arteries; may be caused by plaque

Front 149

plaque

Back 149

a patch or raised area

Front 150

ather/o

Back 150

plaque or fatty substance

Front 151

atrial septal defect

Back 151

opening in the wall dividing the right and left atria that may allow blood to move from the high-pressure right atrium to the low-pressure left atrium

Front 152

cardiac tamponade

Back 152

compression of the heart due to fluid or blood collection in the pericardial sac

Front 153

cardiomegaly

Back 153

heart enlargement

Front 154

cardiomyopathy

Back 154

disease of heart muscle

Front 155

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Back 155

excessive growth of the left ventricle

Front 156

dilated cardiomyopathy

Back 156

characterized by a thin-walled left ventricle (also known as congestive)

Front 157

carditis

Back 157

inflammation of the heart

Front 158

congestive heart failure

Back 158

syndrome that reflects insufficient cardiac output to meet the body's needs; abbreviated CHF

Front 159

congestion

Back 159

accumulation of fluid

Front 160

edema

Back 160

accumulation of fluid in the intercellular spaces; may be seen with CHF

Front 161

ascites

Back 161

fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity seen in dogs secondary to CHF and other diseases

Front 162

pleural effusion

Back 162

abnormal fluid accumulation between the layers of the membrane encasing the lungs and is seen in cats secondary to CHF. Fluid accumulation can be relieved with the use of diuretics.

Front 163

diuretics

Back 163

substances that increase urine excretion

Front 164

cor pulmonale

Back 164

alterations in the structure or function of the right ventricle caused by pulmonary hypertension; also called pulmonary heart disease

Front 165

cor

Back 165

heart

Front 166

pulmon/o

Back 166

lung

Front 167

dirofilariosis

Back 167

--heartworm infection; formerly called dirofilariasis

--found in dogs, cats, and ferrets

Front 168

Dirofilaria immitis

Back 168

--scientific name of heartworm

--causes dirofilariosis

--heartworms mature and breed in the larger blood vessels

--mature heartworms ay obstruct blood flow through the heart and blood vessels

--a dead heartworm can cause pulmonary embolism

Front 169

microfilariae

Back 169

--tiny larvae produced by mature heartworms

Front 170

caval syndrom

Back 170

obstruction of blood flow from the vena cava caused by heavy heartworm infestation

Front 171

How can heartworm disease be prevented?

Back 171

using prophylactic medication

Front 172

prophylaxis

Back 172

prevention

Front 173

adulticide

Back 173

--used in heartworm treatment

--substance that kills mature or adult heartworms

Front 174

microfilaricide

Back 174

--used in heartworm treatment

--substance that kills larva or juvenile heartworms

Front 175

embolus

Back 175

foreign object (like a clot, air, or tissue) that is circulating in blood

Front 176

embolism

Back 176

blockage of a vessel by a foreign object

Front 177

endocarditis

Back 177

inflammation of the endocardium and sometimes the heart valves

Front 178

heart block

Back 178

--interference with the electrical conduction of the heart

--may be partial or complete

--is graded in degrees based on the characteristics of the block

Front 179

hemangioma

Back 179

benign tumor comprised of newly formed blood vessels

Front 180

hematoma

Back 180

collection of blood

Front 181

hypercapnia

Back 181

above-normal levels of carbon dioxide; results in hypoxia (reduced levels of oxygen) and may cause a bluish tinge to the skin and mucous membranes.

Front 182

cyanosis

Back 182

bluish tinge

Front 183

cyan/o

Back 183

blue

Front 184

hypocapnia

Back 184

below-normal levels of carbon dioxide

Front 185

hypoxia

Back 185

below-normal levels of oxygen

Front 186

infarct

Back 186

localized area of necrosis caused by an interrupted blood supply

Front 187

ischemia

Back 187

deficiency in blood supply

Front 188

isch/o

Back 188

hol back

Front 189

mitral stenosis

Back 189

narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve (which affects the opening and closing of the mitral valve); abbreviated MS

Front 190

mitral valve insufficiency

Back 190

inability of the left atrioventricular valve to perform at the proper level; may be caused by fibrosis, endocarditis, or other conditions that occur in the mitral valve area

Front 191

mitral valve prolapse

Back 191

abnormal protrusion of the left atrioventricular valve that results in incomplete closure of the valve

Front 192

myocarditis

Back 192

inflammation of the mycardium

Front 193

occlusion

Back 193

blockage in a vessel or passageway in the body

Front 194

patent ductus arteriosus

Back 194

--persistence of the fetal communication (ductus arteriosus) between the left pulmonary artery and aorta that should close shortly after birth; abbreviated PDA

--may cause overloading of the left ventricle which may lead to left ventricular failure

--signs are a continuous heart murmur and enlarged heart

Front 195

pericarditis

Back 195

inflammation of the pericardium

Front 196

pulmonic stenosis

Back 196

narrowing of the opening and valvular area between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle

Front 197

regurgitation

Back 197

backflow; used to describe backflow of blood caused by imperfect closure of heart valves

Front 198

shock

Back 198

--inadequate tissue perfusion

--different types but one type occurs after cardiac arrest or cessation of heartbeat

Front 199

resuscitation

Back 199

--used for the treatment of shock

--restoration of life

measures include fluid administration, cardiac massage, and artificial respiration

Front 200

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Back 200

CPR; addresses only the cardiac and respiratory systems

Front 201

tetralogy of Fallot

Back 201

congenital cyanotic cardiac condition that classically has 4 anatomical defects in the heart: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy

Front 202

thromboembolism

Back 202

the blocking of a blood vessel by a part that has broken away from a blood clot at its site of formation

Front 203

thrombus

Back 203

blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery

Front 204

thrombosis

Back 204

an abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a blood vessel

Front 205

anticoagulants

Back 205

substances that prevent blood clotting

Front 206

vasculitis

Back 206

inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel

Front 207

ventricular septal defect

Back 207

--opening in the wall dividing the right and left ventricles that may allow blood to shunt from the right ventricle to the left ventricle without becoming oxygenated; abbreviated VSD

--shunt from VSD bypasses the lungs

Front 208

shunt

Back 208

to bypass or divert

Front 209

angioplasty

Back 209

surgical repair of blood or lymph vessels

Front 210

transluminal angioplasty

Back 210

the procedure is done through the opening of a vessel

Front 211

percutaneous angioplasty

Back 211

the procedure is done through the skin

Front 212

angiorrhaphy

Back 212

suture of a vessel

Front 213

arteriectomy

Back 213

surgical removal of part of a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Front 214

arteriotomy

Back 214

incision of a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Front 215

central venous pressure

Back 215

--tension exerted by blood in the cranial vena cava; abbreviated CVP

--monitored by catheterization of the cranial vena cava via the jugular vein

--the catheter is connected to a fluid-filled column and a syringe or bad that serves as a fluid source

Front 216

defibrillation

Back 216

use of electrical shock to restore the normal heart rhythm

Front 217

hemostasis

Back 217

control or stoppage of bleeding

Front 218

stent

Back 218

small expander implanted in a blood vessel to prevent it from collapsing (also a device to hold tissue in place or to provide support for a graft)

Front 219

transfusion

Back 219

introduction of whole blood or blood components into the bloodstream of the recipient

Front 220

valvotomy

Back 220

surgical incision into a valve or membranous flap

Front 221

congenital

Back 221

present at birth

Front 222

hereditary

Back 222

genetically transmitted from parent to offspring

Front 223

anomaly

Back 223

deviation from normal

Front 224

idiopathic

Back 224

of unknown cause

Front 225

iatrogenic

Back 225

produced by treatment

Front 226

AF

Back 226

atrial fibrillation

Front 227

ASD

Back 227

atrial septal defect

Front 228

AV

Back 228

atrioventricular

Front 229

BP

Back 229

blood pressure

Front 230

CHF

Back 230

congestive heart failure

Front 231

CPR

Back 231

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Front 232

CRT

Back 232

capillary refill time

Front 233

CVP

Back 233

central venous pressure

Front 234

ECG or EKG

Back 234

electrocardiogram or electrocardiograph

Front 235

HR

Back 235

heart rate

Front 236

LV

Back 236

left ventricle

Front 237

MM

Back 237

mucous membrane

Front 238

MS

Back 238

mitral stenosis

Front 239

PDA

Back 239

patent ductus arteriosis

Front 240

PMI

Back 240

point of maximal intensity

Front 241

PVC

Back 241

premature ventricular complex

Front 242

RV

Back 242

right ventricle

Front 243

SA

Back 243

sinoatrial

Front 244

VSD

Back 244

ventricular septal defect

Front 245

VT

Back 245

ventricular tachycardia

Front 246

What is the heart?

Back 246

a hollow muscular organ that provides the power to move blood through the body

Front 247

cardi/o

Back 247

heart

Front 248

thoracic cavity (or chest cavity)

Back 248

where the heart is located

Front 249

mediastinum

Back 249

--the heart lies between the lungs in this cavity

--it also contains the large blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, and other structures

Front 250

pericardium

Back 250

double-walled membrane surrounding the heart

Front 251

What are the 2 layers of the pericardium?

Back 251

--fibrous

--serous

Front 252

fibrous pericardium

Back 252

tough external layer

Front 253

serous layer of pericardium

Back 253

inner layer divided into parietal and visceral layers

Front 254

parietal layer

Back 254

the serous layer that lines the fibrous pericardium

Front 255

visceral layer (aka epicardium)

Back 255

serous layer that lines the heart

Front 256

pericardial space

Back 256

space between the two serous layers

Front 257

pericardial fluid

Back 257

a liquid in the pericardial space that prevents friction between the heart and the pericardium when the heart beats

Front 258

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

Back 258

--epicardium

--myocardium

--endocardium

Front 259

epicardium (aka visceral layer)

Back 259

external layer of the heart

Front 260

epi-

Back 260

upper

Front 261

myocardium

Back 261

middle and thickest layer of the heart; the actual heart muscle

Front 262

my/o

Back 262

muscle

Front 263

endocardium

Back 263

inner layer of the heart lines the heart chambers and valves

Front 264

endo-

Back 264

within

Front 265

coronary arteries

Back 265

arteries that serve the heart; supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart tissue

Front 266

coron/o

Back 266

crown

Front 267

coronary veins

Back 267

remove waste products form the myocardium

Front 268

coronary occlusion

Back 268

causes disruption of blood to the myocardium

Front 269

occlusion

Back 269

blockage

Front 270

ischemia

Back 270

deficiency in the blood supply to an area

Front 271

necrosis

Back 271

tissue death

Front 272

infart

infarction

Back 272

area of necrosis due to ischemia; localized area of necrosis caused by an interrupted blood supply

Front 273

atria (singular is atrium)

Back 273

craniodorsal chambers of the heart; all vessels coming into the heart enter here

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atri/o

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atria

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interatrial septum

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separates the left and right atria

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septum

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a separating wall or partition

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ventricles

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--caudoventral chambers of the heart

--the pumping chambers of the heart

--all vessels leave the heart via ventricles

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ventricul/o

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ventricle

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interventricular septum

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separates the ventricles

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apex (or cardiac apex)

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the narrow tip of the heart