Medical Terminology Chapter 8

Front 1

angi/o

Back 1

blood vessel

Front 2

aort/o

Back 2

aorta

Front 3

arter/o, arteri/o

Back 3

artery

Front 4

atri/o

Back 4

atrium

Front 5

cardi/o

Back 5

heart

Front 6

coron/o

Back 6

crown or circle, heart

Front 7

my/o, myos/o

Back 7

muscle

Front 8

pector/o

Back 8

chest

Front 9

valvul/o

Back 9

little valve

Front 10

vas/o

Back 10

vessel

Front 11

vascul/o

Back 11

little vessel

Front 12

ven/o

Back 12

vein

Front 13

ventricul/o

Back 13

little belly, ventricle

Front 14

cardiovascular system

Back 14

consists of the heart and blood vessels;

moves and transports blood

Front 15

blood

Back 15

carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials in the body's circulation within a series of blood vessels;

a continuous flow is vital to maintain normal body functions

Front 16

Functions of the Cardiovascular System:

Back 16

1) Propulsion of blood by the heart

2) Transport of blood to all body tissues by the blood vessels

3) Exchange of materials between the blood and body tissues

Front 17

vein

Back 17

carries deoxygenated blood (usually to the heart)

Front 18

artery

Back 18

carries oxygenated blood

(usually away from the heart, to the body)

Front 19

blood flow

Back 19

the result of cardiovascular disease is often the reduction or stoppage of blood flow to 1+ parts of the body, which results in death of the cells.

If reduction affects a large area or a critical organ (brain, kidneys, heart) --> life threatening

Front 20

cardiology

Back 20

the division of medicine that provides clinical treatment for heart disease

Front 21

cardiologist

Back 21

a physician specializing in the field of cardiology;

also treats conditions associated with blood vessels, due to the close functional relationship between blood vessels and the heart

Front 22

a-

Back 22

without, absence of

Front 23

brady-

Back 23

slow

Front 24

dys-

Back 24

bad, abnormal, painful, difficult

Front 25

tachy-

Back 25

rapid, fast

Front 26

angi/o

Back 26

blood vessel

Front 27

cardi/o

Back 27

heart

Front 28

cyan/o

Back 28

blue

Front 29

pect/o, pector/o

Back 29

chest

Front 30

rhythm/o, rrhythm/o

Back 30

rhythm

Front 31

sten/o

Back 31

narrow

Front 32

-a

Back 32

singular

Front 33

-algia

Back 33

condition of pain

Front 34

-dynia

Back 34

condition of pain

Front 35

-genic

Back 35

pertaining to producing, forming

Front 36

-ia

Back 36

condition of

Front 37

-osis

Back 37

condition of

Front 38

-plegia

Back 38

paralysis

Front 39

-sis

Back 39

state of

Front 40

-spasm

Back 40

sudden involuntary muscle contraction

Front 41

angina pectoris

Back 41

chest pain;

the primary symptom of an insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart

Front 42

angiospasm

Back 42

abnormal muscular contractions, or spasms, of the smooth muscles forming the blood vessel walls;

a sign of blood vessel disorders

Front 43

angiostenosis

Back 43

narrowing of a blood vessel;

causes a reduction of blood flow to the part of the body at the receiving end of the narrowed vessel;

a sign of cardiovascular disease

Front 44

arrhythmia (dysrhythmia)

Back 44

a loss of the normal rhythm of the heart

Front 45

bradycardia

Back 45

an abnormally slow heart rate;

usually under 60 bpm

Front 46

Normal Resting Heart Rate

Back 46

ranges from 60-90 bpm

Front 47

cardiodynia

Back 47

chest pain (CP)

Front 48

cardiogenic

Back 48

a symptom or sign that originates from a condition of the heart

Front 49

cardioplegia

Back 49

a sign in which the heart has become paralyzed

Front 50

cyanosis

Back 50

a symptom in which a blue tinge is seen in the skin and mucous membranes;

caused by oxygen deficiency in tissues and is a common sign of respiratory failure often caused by cardiovascular disease

Front 51

palpitation

Back 51

a symptom of pounding, racing, or skipping of the heartbeat

Front 52

tachycardia

Back 52

a RAPID heart rate (opposite of bradycardia)

it may be a symptom of heart disease if the heart exceeds 100 bpm at rest

Front 53

endo-

Back 53

within

Front 54

epi-

Back 54

upon, over, above, on top

Front 55

hyper-

Back 55

excessive, abnormally high, above

Front 56

hypo-

Back 56

deficient, abnormally low, below

Front 57

peri-

Back 57

around

Front 58

poly-

Back 58

excessive, over, many

Front 59

angi/o

Back 59

blood vessel

Front 60

aort/o

Back 60

aorta

Front 61

arter/o, arteri/o

Back 61

artery

Front 62

ather/o

Back 62

fatty

Front 63

atri/o

Back 63

atrium

Front 64

cardi/o

Back 64

heart

Front 65

coron/o

Back 65

crown or circle, heart

Front 66

hem/o

Back 66

blood

Front 67

isch/o

Back 67

hold back

Front 68

my/o

Back 68

muscle

Front 69

phleb/o

Back 69

vein

Front 70

scler/o

Back 70

hard

Front 71

sept/o

Back 71

putrefying; wall, partition

Front 72

sten/o

Back 72

narrowing

Front 73

tampon/o

Back 73

plug

Front 74

tens/o

Back 74

pressure

Front 75

thromb/o

Back 75

clot

Front 76

valvul/o

Back 76

little valve

Front 77

varic/o

Back 77

dilated vein

Front 78

ventricul/o

Back 78

little belly, ventricle

Front 79

-ac

Back 79

pertaining to

Front 80

-ade

Back 80

process

Front 81

-al

Back 81

pertaining to

Front 82

-ar

Back 82

pertaining to

Front 83

-emia

Back 83

condition of blood

Front 84

-ic

Back 84

pertaining to

Front 85

-ion

Back 85

process

Front 86

-itis

Back 86

inflammation

Front 87

-megaly

Back 87

abnormally large

Front 88

-oma

Back 88

tumor

Front 89

-osis

Back 89

condition of

Front 90

-pathy

Back 90

disease

Front 91

aneurysm

Back 91

an abnormal bulging of an arterial wall;

a weakened blood vessel wall that is in danger of bursting, which often results in a life-threatening hemorrhage

Front 92

angiocarditis

Back 92

inflammation of the heart and blood vessels;

usually caused by a widespread bacterial infection of the blood, or septicemia

Front 93

angioma (hemangioma)

Back 93

a tumor arising from a blood vessel;

A benign clump of endothelium forming a mass. In some cases the mass can obstruct the flow of blood through the vessel

Second Meaning: a red or purple birthmark on the skin that does not obstruct blood flow

Front 94

Aortic Insufficiency (AI)

Back 94

When the semilunar (aortic) valve fails to close completely during ventricular diastole, blood may return to the left ventricle, causing the left ventricle to work harder;

Aortic Regurgitation

Front 95

Semilunar Valve

Back 95

the aortic valve located at the base of the aorta, which normally prevents blood from returning to the left ventricle

Front 96

aortic stenosis

Back 96

a narrowing of the aorta that reduces the flow of blood through this large vessel, which causes the left ventricle to work harder than normal;

more serious than AI

Front 97

aortitis

Back 97

inflammation of the aorta

Front 98

arteriopathy

Back 98

a general term for a disease of an artery

Front 99

arteriosclerosis

Back 99

when an artery wall becomes thickened and loses its elasticity, resulting in a reduced flow of blood to tissues;

risk of developing increases with age

Front 100

Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease (ASHD)

Back 100

when coronary arteries supplying the heart are damaged by arteriosclerosis

Front 101

atherosclerosis

Back 101

a specific form of arteriosclerosis in which 1+ fatty plaques form along the inner walls of arteries; a major cause of coronary artery disease

(plaques thicken with time --> reduced blood flow through affected vessel)

Front 102

atrial septal defect

Back 102

a congenital condition characterized by a failure of the foramen ovale to close at birth, producing an opening in the septum that separates the right and left atria;

allows blood to pass between the two atria, which bypasses the pulmonary circulation

Front 103

atriomegaly

Back 103

atria have become abnormally enlarged or dilated, reducing their ability to push blood into the ventricles

Front 104

atrioventricular block

Back 104

an injury to the atrioventricular node (AV node), which normally receives impulses from the sinoatrial node (SA node) and transmits them to the ventricles to stimulate ventricular contraction;

usually caused by a myocardial infarction (during which cells of AV node die due to loss of blood flow)

Front 105

cardiac arrest

Back 105

the cessation of heart activity

Front 106

Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA)

Back 106

patient often has little or no warning signs, and is a major killer (within minutes)

Front 107

cardiac tamponade

Back 107

acute compression of the heart due to the accumulation of fluid within the pericardial cavity;

a complication of an inflammatory disease of the pericardium, known as pericarditis

Front 108

cardiomegaly

Back 108

abnormal enlargement of the heart;

occurs when the heart must work harder than normal to meet oxygen demands of body cells

Front 109

cardiomyopathy

Back 109

a general term for a disease of the myocardium of the heart

Front 110

cardiovalvulitis

Back 110

an inflammation of the valves of the heart

Front 111

coarctation of the aorta

Back 111

a congenital defect that is present at birth;

causes reduced systemic circulation of blood and accumulation of fluid in the lungs

(requires surgical repair)

Front 112

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Back 112

a chronic form of heart disease characterized by the failure of the left ventricle to pump enough blood to supply systemic tissues

(Left Ventricular Failure)

Front 113

Cor Pulmonale

Back 113

a chronic enlargement of the RV resulting from congestion of the pulmonary circulation

(Right Ventricular Failure)

Front 114

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Back 114

a general term for a disease that afflicts the coronary arteries supplying the heart

most common form: atherosclerosis

Front 115

Coronary Occlusion

Back 115

a blockage within a coronary artery;

results in reduced blood flow to an area of the heart muscle

Front 116

occlusion

Back 116

blockage

Front 117

embolus (emboli = plural)

Back 117

drifting blood clots;

Front 118

embolism

Back 118

a blockage or occlusion that forms when a blood clot or other foreign particle (including air or fat) moves through the circulation

Front 119

endocarditis

Back 119

inflammation of the endocardium (the thin membrane lining the inside walls of the heart chambers)

Front 120

fibrillation

Back 120

a condition of uncoordinated, rapid contractions of the muscle forming the ventricles or atria;

a severe form of arrhythmia

Front 121

Atrial Fibrillation

Back 121

leads to a reduction of blood expelled from the atria and is usually NOT fatal

Front 122

Ventricular Fibrillation

Back 122

results in circulatory collapse due to the failure of the ventricles to expel blood

Front 123

heart block

Back 123

a block or delay of the normal electrical conduction of the heart

Front 124

heart murmur

Back 124

an abnormal soft, gurgling or blowing sound heard during auscultation;

often indicates the regurgitation of blood through 1+ heart valves

Front 125

Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)

Back 125

the most common source of heart murmur;

when the mitral valve leaks during ventricular contraction

Front 126

Hemorrhoids

Back 126

the presence of dilated, or varicose, veins in the anal region; produces symptoms of local pain and itchin

Front 127

hypertension

Back 127

persistently HIGH blood pressure

Front 128

Essential Hypertension

Back 128

the condition (high BP) is NOT traceable to a single cause

Front 129

Secondary Hypertension

Back 129

the high BP is caused by the effects of another disease, such as atherosclerosis

Front 130

Hypotension

Back 130

a condition of abnormally LOW blood pressure

Front 131

Ischemia

Back 131

an abnormally low flow of blood to tissues

Front 132

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Back 132

death of a portion of the myocardium; Heart Attack

if it affects a large or functionally critical part of the heart, arrhythmia, or cardiac arrest, or both may follow

Front 133

myocarditis

Back 133

inflammation of the myocardium of the heart

Front 134

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Back 134

a congenital condition characterized by an opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta at birth due to a failure of the fetal vessel (ductus arteriosus) to close;

permits blood flow from pulmonary artery to the aorta, which bypasses the pulmonary circulation

Front 135

pericarditis

Back 135

Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart (pericardium)

Front 136

phlebitis

Back 136

inflammation of a vein

Front 137

thrombophlebitis

Back 137

the inflammation of the vein includes an obstruction by a blood clot

Front 138

polyarteritis

Back 138

simultaneous inflammation of many arteries

Front 139

septicemia

Back 139

a bacterial infection of the bloodstream

Front 140

tetralogy of Fallot

Back 140

a severe congenital disease in which four defects associated with the heart are present at birth which results in partial bypass of pulmonary circulation:

1) Pulmonary Stenosis (narrowing of pulmonary valve)

2) Ventricular Septal Defect

3) Incorrect Position of Aorta

4) Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

Front 141

thrombosis

Back 141

the presence of stationary blood clots within 1+ blood vessels

Front 142

varicosis

Back 142

an abnormally dilated vein;

results when valves within a superficial vein of the leg or elsewhere fail, allowing blood to pool in response to gravity

Front 143

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Back 143

a congenital disease in which an opening in the septum separating the R and L ventricles is present at birth;

allows blood flow from LV to RV --> reduces blood flow to body organs while dangerously increasing blood flow to lungs

Front 144

ech/o

Back 144

sound

Front 145

electr/o

Back 145

electricity

Front 146

embol/o

Back 146

plug

Front 147

man/o

Back 147

thin, scanty

Front 148

phleb/o

Back 148

vein

Front 149

pulmon/o

Back 149

lung

Front 150

son/o

Back 150

sound

Front 151

sphygm/o

Back 151

pulse

Front 152

thromb/o

Back 152

clot

Front 153

valvul/o

Back 153

little calve

Front 154

-ac

Back 154

pertaining to

Front 155

-ary

Back 155

pertaining to

Front 156

-ectomy

Back 156

surgical excision, removal

Front 157

-gram

Back 157

a record or image

Front 158

-graphy

Back 158

recording process

Front 159

-lytic

Back 159

pertaining to loosen, dissolve

Front 160

-meter

Back 160

measure, measuring instrument

Front 161

-metry

Back 161

measurement, process of measuring

Front 162

-plasty

Back 162

surgical repair

Front 163

-rrhaphy

Back 163

suturing

Front 164

-scopy

Back 164

process of viewing

Front 165

-stomy

Back 165

surgical creation of an opening

Front 166

-tomy

Back 166

incision, to cut

Front 167

angiography

Back 167

a diagnostic procedure that includes X-ray photography, MRI, or CT scan images of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium

Front 168

Angiogram

Back 168

the image resulting from an angiography

Front 169

Cardiac or Coronary Angiography

Back 169

when the procedure is focused on the heart

Front 170

angioplasty

Back 170

the surgical repair of blood vessels;

includes procedures to reopen blocked vessels

Front 171

Balloon Angioplasty

Back 171

an inflatable balloon is inserted into a blocked vessel and inflated to reopen the vessel

Front 172

Laser Angioplasty

Back 172

uses a laser beam to open a blocked artery

Front 173

Angioscopy

Back 173

the use of a flexible fiber-optic instrument, or endoscope, to observe a diseased blood vessel and to assess any lesions

Front 174

Angioscope

Back 174

a modified instrument which includes a camera at one end and video monitor at the opposite end; used in angioscopies

Front 175

Angiostomy

Back 175

the surgical procedure that involves the creation of an opening into a blood vessel, usually for the insertion of a catheter

Front 176

Angiotomy

Back 176

the surgical incision into a blood vessel

Front 177

aortography

Back 177

a procedure that obtains an X-Ray image, MRI, or CT scan image of the aorta (aortogram)

Front 178

Arteriography

Back 178

a procedure that obtains an image of an artery (arteriogram)

Front 179

Arteriotomy

Back 179

an incision into an artery

Front 180

Arterioplasty

Back 180

a procedure to repair an injured artery

Front 181

Ateriorrhaphy

Back 181

the suturing of an opening to an artery;

the conclusion of an arterioplasty

Front 182

Auscultation

Back 182

a part of the physical examination that involves listening to internal sounds using a stethoscope;

Certain sounds suggest abnormalities of heart function, especially arrhythmias and valve disorders

Front 183

Cardiac Catheterization

Back 183

insertion of a narrow flexible tube (catheter) through a blood vessel leading into the heart;

used to withdraw blood samples from heart chambers, measure pressures, and inject contrast medium for imaging purposes

Front 184

Cardiac Pacemaker

Back 184

a battery-powered device implanted under the skin and wired to the wall of the heart;

produces timed electric pulses that replace the function of the SA node as a treatment for a heart block and certain other arrhythmias

Front 185

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Back 185

Emergency procedure used to restore breathing by applying a combination of chest compression and artificial ventilation at intervals

Front 186

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

Back 186

a surgical procedure that involves removing a blood vessel from another part of the body and inserting it into the coronary circulation --> restores blood flow

Front 187

Coronary Stent

Back 187

implanted into an occluded (blocked) coronary artery to restore blood flow to oxygen-deprived part of the heart;

may also be used to prevent closure of a coronary artery after angioplasty

Front 188

Stent

Back 188

an artificial, metallic scaffold used to anchor a surgical implant, or graft

Front 189

Defibrillation

Back 189

an electrical charge applied to chest wall to momentarily stop the heard conduction system, then restart it with a more normal heart rhythm (uses when arrhythmia progresses to state of ventricular fibrillation)

Front 190

Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

Back 190

electric charge applied to skin of chest

Front 191

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)

Back 191

electrodes placed directly on heart if defibrillation is needed during surgery

Front 192

Doppler Sonography

Back 192

an ultrasound procedure that evaluates blood flow through a blood vessel;

used to non-invasively evaluate coronary circulation and to monitor pulse rate from peripheral arteries

Front 193

Echocardiography (Cardiac Ultrasonography)

Back 193

an ultrasound procedure that directs sound waves through the heart to observe heart structures in an effort to evaluate heart function

Front 194

Echocardiogram

Back 194

the record or image of data from an echocardiography procedure

Front 195

Stress ECHO

Back 195

If a heart condition is expected, echocardiography performed during and after exercise to reproduce the dysfunction for closer evaluation

Front 196

Electrocardiography

Back 196

Electrodes pasted to skin of chest to detect and record the electrical events of the heart conduction system;

used to evaluate heart function and to diagnose cardiac arrhythmias

Front 197

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG):

Back 197

The record or image of the data from an electrocardiography procedure

Front 198

Stress ECG

Back 198

electrogcardiography when measured during physical activity using a treadmill or stationary bike

Front 199

Embolectomy

Back 199

surgical removal of a floating blood clot, or embolus

Front 200

Endarterectomy

Back 200

the removal of the inner lining of an artery to remove a fatty plaque

Front 201

Holter Monitor

Back 201

a portable electrocardiograph device worn by the patient to monitor electrical activity of the heart over 24-hour periods;

useful in detecting periodic or transient cardiac abnormalities

Front 202

Nitroglycerin

Back 202

a drug commonly used as an emergency vasodilator as a treatment for severe angina pectoris or myocardial infarction;

--> temporarily improves blood flow to heart and other vital organs

Front 203

phlebectomy

Back 203

a procedure involving the surgical removal of a vein

Front 204

phlebotomy

Back 204

a small puncture (venipuncture) into a vein to remove blood for sampling or donation

Front 205

Phlebotomist

Back 205

a healthcare professional who performs phlebotomies

Front 206

Positron Emission Tomography Scan (PET scan)

Back 206

a noninvasive procedure that provides blood flow images using positron emission tomography (PET) techniques combined with radioactive isotope labeling;

used to produce images of the heart to reveal functional defects

Front 207

Sphygmomanometry

Back 207

a common procedure that measures arterial Blood Pressure

Front 208

Sphygmomanometer

Back 208

a device used for sphygmomanometry which consists of an art cuff and air pressure pump with a pressure gauge

Front 209

Thrombolytic Therapy

Back 209

treatments after surgery to dissolve unwanted blood clots to prevent development of emboli and performed soon after an MI to minimize damage to heart;

Uses drugs such as streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

Front 210

Treadmill Stress Test

Back 210

exercise during echocardiography, electrocardiography, or both in an effort to examine heart function under stress

Front 211

Valvuloplasty

Back 211

The surgical repair of a heart valve