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123 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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carbon dioxide (CO2) |
Tasteless, odorless, colorless gas produced by body cells during the metabolic process.
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CO2 is carried by the blood to the lungs and exhaled. |
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cartilage
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Tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligament but less dense than bone.
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The tip of the nose and the outer ear are composed of cartilage.
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cilia
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Any hairlike structure.
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Cilia in the trachea move particles upward to the pharynx, where they are removed by coughing, sneezing, or swallowing. This mechanism is called cilia escalator.
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diffuse
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Moving or spreading out of a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces.
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mucous membrane
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Moist tissue layer lining hollow organs and cavities of the body that open to the environment; also called mucosa.
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oxygen (O2)
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Tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration.
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pH
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Symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance.
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Increasing acidity is expressed as a number less than 7 (0 being the most acidic); increasing alkalinity as a number greater than 7. 7 is neutral.
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septum
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Wall dividing two cavities, such as the nasal septum, which separates the two nostrils.
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serous membrane
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Thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities, the cells of which secrete a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa.
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nas/o
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nose
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nasal - pertaining to the nose
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rhin/o
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nose
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rhinoplasty - surgical repair of the nose. Used to correct birth defects or for cosmetic purposes.
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sept/o
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septum
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septoplasty - surgical repair of the septum. Commonly used to correct a deviated septum.
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sinus/o
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sinus, cavity
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sinusotomy - incision of any of the sinuses. Is performed to improve ventilation or drainage in unresponsive sinusitis.
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adenoid/o
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adenoids
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adenoidectomy - excision of the adenoids.
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tonsill/o
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tonsils
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peritonsillar - pertaining to the area around the tonsils.
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pharyng/o
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pharynx (throat)
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pharyngoscope - instrument for examining the pharynx.
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epiglott/o
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epiglottis
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epiglottitis - inflammation of the epiglottis. Because the epiglottis seals the passageway traveled by air to and from the lungs, inflammation can lead to severe airway obstruction and even death. It is treated as a medical emergency.
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laryng/o
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larynx (voice box)
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laryngoplegia - paralysis of the larynx
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trache/o
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trachea (windpipe)
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tracheoplasty - surgical repair of the trachea. Used to correct a narrow or stenotic trachea.
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bronchi/o
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bronchus
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bronchiectasis - dilation of one or more bronchi. Is associated with various lung conditions and is commonly accompanied by chronic infection.
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bronch/o
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bronchus
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bronchoscope - instrument for examining the bronchi. Flexible tube that is passed through the nose or mouth and enables inspection of the lungs and collection of tissue biopsies and secretions for analysis.
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brochiol/o
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bronchiole
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bronchiolitis - inflammation of the bronchioles.
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alveol/o
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alveolus; air sac
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alveolar - pertaining to the alveoli.
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pleuro/o
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pleura
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pleurocentesis - surgical puncture of the pleural cavity.
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pneum/o
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air; lung
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pneumectomy - excision of all or part of a lung.
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pneumon/o
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air; lung
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pneumonia - condition of inflammation of the lungs. Usual causes are infections due to bacteria, viruses, or other pathological organisms.
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pulmon/o
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lung
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pulmonologist - specialist in the study and treatment of lungs and respiratory diseases.
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anthrac/o
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coal, coal dust
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anthracosis - abnormal condition of coal dust in the lungs. It is a chronic occupational disease found in coal miners and those associated with the coal industry.
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atel/o
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incomplete; imperfect
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atelectasis - incomplete expansion of a lung; also called a collapsed lung.
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coni/o
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dust
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pneumoconiosis - condition of dust in the lungs. Usually caused by mineral dusts of occupational origins. Forms include silicosis, asbestosis, and anthracosis.
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cyan/o
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blue
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cyanosis - abnormal condition of blueness. Cold temperatures, heart failure, lung diseases, and smothering cause blueness of the skin and mucous membranes due to the build up of carbon dioxide in the blood.
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lob/o
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lobe
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lobectomy - excision of a lobe. Are performed when a malignant is confined to a single lobe of any lobed organ such as the lungs, liver, brain, and thyroid gland.
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orth/o
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straight
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orthopnea - breathing in a straight upright position. Various lung diseases cause patients to experience difficulty breathing in any position other than sitting or standing.
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ox/i
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oxygen
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oximeter - instrument ised for measuring the oxygen saturation level in the blood.
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ox/o
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oxygen
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hypoxemia - deficiency of oxygen in the blood.
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pector/o
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chest
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pectoralgia - pain in the chest
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steth/o
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chest
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stethoscope - instrument used for examining the chest. Enables evaluation of sounds in the chest and abdomen.
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thorac/o
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chest
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thoracopathy - disease of the chest
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phren/o
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diaphragm; mind
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phrenospasm - involuntary contraction of the diaphragm.
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spir/o
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breathe
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spirometer - instrument that measures how much air the lungs can hold as well as how much and how quickly air can be exhaled.
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New Zealand rack of lamb
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10-12oz, cabernet sauce, New Zealand, Seared, garlic mashed potatoes, fresh steamed veggies.
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Rack 10
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-osmia
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smell
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anosmia - without the sense of smell.
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-phonia
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voice
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dysphonia - bad or impaired voice quality. Includes hoarseness, voice fatigue, or decreased projection.
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-pnea
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breathing
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apnea - A temporary loss of breathing and includes sleep, cardiac, and newborn apneas.
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-ptysis
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spitting
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hemoptysis - the coughing up or spitting of blood.
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-thorax
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chest
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pyothorax - pus in the chest cavity; also called empyema. Usually caused by a penetrating chest wound or spreading of infection from another part of the body.
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brady-
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slow
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bradypnea - slow breathing
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dys-
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bad; painful; difficult
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dyspnea - difficult breathing.
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eu-
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good, normal
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eupnea - normal breathing. The normal range for adults is 12-20 breaths per minute.
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tachy-
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rapid
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tachypnea - rapid breathing.
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acidosis
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Excessive acidity of body fluids
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Respiratory acidosis in associated with pulmonary insufficiency and the subsequent retention of carbon dioxide.
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anosmia
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Absence of the sense of smell.
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Usually occurs as a temporary condition resulting from an upper respiratory infection or a condition that causes intranasal swelling.
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apnea
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Temporary loss of breathing.
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There are three types: Obstructive (enlarged tonsils and adenoids; Central (failure of brain to transmit impulses for breathing); and mixed (combination of the two.
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sleep apnea
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Sleeping disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly for more than 10 seconds, causing measurable blood deoxygenation.
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asphyxia
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Condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen.
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Some common causes are drowning, electric shock, lodging of a foreign body in the upper respiratory tract, toxic smoke, and poisoning.
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atelectasis
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Collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affect all or part of the lung.
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Is a potential complication from some thoracic surgical procedures because breathing is often shallowed after surgery to avoid pain from incisions. In fetal atelectasis, lungs fail to expand normally at birth.
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cheyne-Stokes respiration
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Repeated breathing pattern characterized by flucuation in the depth of respiration, first deeply, then shallow, then not at all.
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Usually caused by diseases that affect the respiratory centers of the brain.
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compliance
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Ease in which the lung tissue can be stretched.
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Low compliance means lungs are less elastic requiring more effort to inflate lungs.
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coryza
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Head cold; upper respiratory infection (URI).
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crackle
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Abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; Also called rale*.
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croup
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Common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages, and sometimes the lungs.
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Symptoms include a resonant, barking cough with suffocative, difficult breathing.
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deviated nasal septum
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Displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils.
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epiglottitis
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Severe, life threatening infection of the epiglottis that occurs most commonly in children between 2-12.
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Symptoms include fever, dysphagia, inspiratory stridor, and severe respiratory distress. Intubation or tracheostomy may be required to open the obstructed airway.
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epitaxis
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Nose bleed; nasal hemorrhaging.
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finger clubbing
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Enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, commonly associated with pulmonary disease.
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hypoxemia
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Deficiency of oxygen in the blood.
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Usually a sign of respiratory impairment.
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hypoxia
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Deficiency of oxygen in the tissues.
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pertussis
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ACute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a whoop sound; also called whooping cough.
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DPT vaccinations in infants is effective in the prevention of pertussis.
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pleurisy
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Inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing; also called pleuritis.
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pneumoconiosis
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Disease caused by inhaling dust particles, including coal dust, stone dust, iron dust, and asbestos particles.
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pulmonary edema
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Accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, caused most commonly by heart failure.
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Excessive fluid in the lungs induces coughing and dyspnea.
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pulmonary embolus
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Blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, tissue, or bacteria).
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rhonchus
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Abnormal breath sound heard on auscultation*.
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Is described as a course, rattling noise that resembles snoring, commonly suggesting secretions in the larger airways.
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stridor
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High-pitched, harsh, adventitious breath sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway.
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Presence of stridor requires immediate intervention.
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sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
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Completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less that 12 months of age; also called crib death.
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SIDS has decreased more than 30% since parents have been instructed to place babies on the backs instead of their stomachs for sleeping.
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wheeze
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Whistling or sighing sound heard during auscultation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway.
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Characteristic of asthma, croup, hay fever, and other obstructive respiratory conditions.
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Mantoux test
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Intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area are the test site becomes red and swollen.
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Positive test suggests past or present exposure to TB or past TB vaccination. However, it does not differentiate between active and inactive infection.
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oximetry
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Noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen; also called pulse oximetry.
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A probe is attached to the patients finger or ear lobe and linked to a computer that displays the % of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen.
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polysomnography
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Test of sleep cycles and stages using continuous recording of brain waves, electrical activity of muscles, eye movement, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm, and physical observation.
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pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
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Multiple tests used to evaluate the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane.
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spirometry
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Measurement of ventilatory ability by assessing lung capacity and flow.
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bronchoscopy
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Visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope. inserted through the nose or mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures.
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Attachments to the scope can be used to suction mucus, remove foreign bodies, collect septum, or perform a biopsy.
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laryngoscopy
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Visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities.
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mediastinoscopy
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Visual examination of the mediastinal structures including the heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus, and lymph nodes.
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Inserted through a small incision made above the sternum.
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arterial blood gas (ABG)
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Test that measures partial pressure of oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, and bicarbonate level of an arterial blood sample.
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ABG evaluates pulmonary gas exchange and helps guide treatment of acid-base imbalances.
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sputum culture
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Microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonias.
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sweat test
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Measuremnt of the amount of salt in sweat.
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Used almost exclusively in children to confirm cystic fibrosis.
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throat culture
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Test used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci.
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Untreated streptococci infections may lead to serious secondary conditions such as kidney and heart disease.
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thoracic radiogaphy
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Is used to diagnose rib fractures and lungs diseases, including atelectasis, masses, pneumonia, and emphysema.
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lung scan
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Nuclear scanning test primarily used to detect pulmonary emboli.
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Commonly used to detect the presence of a blood clot that may be interfering with blood flow in or to the lungs.
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aerosol therapy
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Lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs. Techniques include, nebulizers, meter-dose inhalers (MDI), and dry powder inhalers (DPI).
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Nebulizers - change liquid medication into droplets inhaled through a mouthpiece
MDI - deliver a specific amount when activated. DPI - Activated by a quick inhalation by the user. |
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lavage
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Irrigating or washing out of an organ, stomach, bladder, bowel, of body cavity with a stream of water of other fluid.
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Lavage of the paranasal sinuses is usually performed to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressed patient.
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antral lavage
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Irrigation of the maxi ally sinus in chronic or non responsive sinusitis.
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postural drainage
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Positioning a patient so the gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs.
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pleurectomy
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Excision of part of the pleura, usually parietal.
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Performed to reduce pain by a tumor mass or to prevent the recurrence of pleural effusion but is generally ineffective in treatment of malignancy of the pleura.
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pneumectomy
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Excision of a lung.
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rhinoplasty
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Reconstructive surgery of the nose to correct deformities.
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septoplasty
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Surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum usually performed when the septum in encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures.
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Deviated septum complications include interference with breathing and a predisposition to sinus infection.
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thoracentesis
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Surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity.
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Used as a diagnostic tool to determine the nature and cause of effusion or as a therapeutic procedure to relieve discomfort caused by effusion.
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tracheostomy
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Surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted.
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VC
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vital capacity
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URI
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upper respiratory infection
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TPR
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temperature, pulse, respiration
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TB
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tuberculosis
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SOB
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shortness of breath
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SIDS
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sudden infant death syndrome
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SaO2
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arterial oxygen saturation
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RDS
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respiratory distress syndrome
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PO2
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partial pressure of oxygen
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PFT
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pulmonary function test
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NMT
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nebulized mist treatment
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MDI
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metered dose inhaler
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IRDS
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infant respiratory distress syndrome
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Hx
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history
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Hb
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hemoglobin
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FVC
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forced vital capacity
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DPT
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diptheria, pertussis, tatanus
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DPI
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dry powder inhaler
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CPR
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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CPAP
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continuous positive airway pressure
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COPD
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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ARDS
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acute respiratory distress syndrome
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ABG
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arterial blood gases
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