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187 Cards in this Set
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chromatin |
Structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins.
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Condenses during cell division to form chromosomes.
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chromosome
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Threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of a DNA molecule that carries hereditary information of encoded genes. |
Each sperm and egg has 23 unpaired chromosomes. After fertilization, each cell of the embryo has 23 paired chromosomes.
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cytoplasm
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Jellylike substance found within the cell membranes composed of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients.
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All cellular structures are embedded in the cytoplasm.
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DNA |
Molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever a cell divides.
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diaphragm
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Muscular wall that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Alternating active inhalation and passive exhalation is essential to the breathing function.
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metabolism
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Sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism.
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Matabolism includes the building up (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) of body constituents.
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organelle
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Cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
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pathology
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Study of the nature of diseases, their causes, development, and consequences,=.
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Uses laboratory methods rather than clinical examination to determine and study diseases.
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peristalsis
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Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the walls of a tubular organ to propel its contents onwards.
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Midsagittal Plane
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Right and left halves of the body.
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Coronal/Frontal Plane
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Anterior and posterior aspects. (Ventral and Dorsal)
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Transverse Plane |
Superior and inferior aspects.
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Dorsal Body Cavity |
Cranial - Brain
Spinal - Spinal Cord |
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Ventral Body Cavity
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Thoracic - Heart, lungs, and associated structures. |
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RUQ
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Right Upper Quadrant
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Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, part of the pancreas, part of the small and large intestines.
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LUQ
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Left Upper Quadrant
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Left lobe of liver, stomach, spleen, part of pancreas, part of small and large intestines.
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RLQ
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Right Lower Quadrant
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Part of small and large intestines, appendix, right ovary and fallopian tube, with ureter.
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LLQ
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Left Lower Quadrant
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Part of small and large intestine, left ovary/fallopian tube/ureter.
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cyt/o
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cell
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cytologist - specialist in the study of cells. Study the formation, structure, and function of cells. |
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hist/o
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tissue
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histology - study of tissues |
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kary/o
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nucleus
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karyolysis - destruction of the nucleus resulting in the death of the cell |
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nucle/o
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nucleus
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nuclear - pertaining to the nucleus |
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anter/o
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anterior, front
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anterior - pertaining to the front |
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caud/o
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tail
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caudad - toward the tail |
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crani/o
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cranium |
cranial - pertaining to the skull.
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dist/o
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far, farthest
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distal - pertaining to the farthest point form attachment. Distal refers to the point furthest from the center of the body or from the point of attachment to the body. Finger are distal to the wrist.
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dors/o
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back of the body
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dorsal - pertaining to the back of the body.
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infer/o
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lower, below
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inferior - pertaining to a lower structure or surface.
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later/o
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side, to one side |
lateral - pertaining to the side
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medi/o
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middle
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mediad - toward the middle.
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poster/o |
back of the body, behind
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posterior - pertaining to the back of the body.
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proxim/o
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near, nearest
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proximal - pertaining to the nearest point of attachment to the body. The wrist is proximal to the fingers.
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ventr/o
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belly, belly side
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ventral - pertaining to the belly/front side of the body.
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abdomin/o
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abdomen
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abdominal - pertaining to the abdomen.
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cervic/o
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neck, cervix uteri
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cervical - pertaining to the neck
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gastr/o
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stomach
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hypogastric - pertaining to the region just below the stomach.
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ili/o
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ilium (lateral flaring portion of the hip bone)
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ilial - pertaining to the ilium
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inguin/o
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groin
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inguinal - pertaining to the groin. The groin is the depression located between the thigh and the trunk.
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lumb/o
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lower back
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lumbar - pertaining to the lower back.
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pelv/i
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pelvis
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pelvimeter - instrument for measuring the pelvis.
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spin/o |
spine
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spinal - pertaining to the spine
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thorac/o
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chest
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thoracic - pertaining to the chest.
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umbilic/o
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umbilicus, navel
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umbilical - pertaining to the navel.
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albin/o
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white
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albinism - condition of whiteness. Characterized by partial or total lack of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes.
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leuk/o
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white
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leukocyte - white blood cell
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chlor/o |
green
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chloropia - green vision. Associated with a toxic reaction to digitalis in which objects appear green.
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chrom/o
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color
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heterochromic - pertaining to different colors. is associated with the iris of the eyes, thus someone with heterochromia may have one brown and one blue iris.
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cirrh/o
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yellow
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cirrhosis - abnormal yellowing. The skin, sclera of the eyes, and mucous membrane take on a yellow color. Usually associated with alcoholism or chronic hepatitis.
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jaund/o
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yellow
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jaundice - yellowing. Caused by an abnormal increase in bilirubin (a yellow compound formed when RBCs are destroyed) in the blood.
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xanth/o
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yellow
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xanthocyte - yellow cell
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cyan/o
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blue
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cyanotic - pertaining to blueness. Associated with lack of oxygen in the blood.
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erythr/o
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red
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erythrocyte - RBC
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melan/o
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black
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melanoma - black tumor. Malignancy that arises from melanocyctes.
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poli/o
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gray; gray matter of the brain and spinal cord
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poliomyelitis - Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord.
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acr/o
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extremity
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acrocyanosis - abnormal condition in which the extremities are blue.
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eti/o |
cause
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etiology - study of the cause of a disease.
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idi/o
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unknown, peculiar
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idiopathic - pertaining to an unknown cause of disease.
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morph/o
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form, shape, structure
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morphology - the study of form, shape, or structure.
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path/o
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disease
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pathologist - specialist in the study of disease. Studies tissue, cell, and bodily fluids for evidence of disease.
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radi/o
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radiation, x-ray; radius
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radiologist - physicians who employ imaging techniques for diagnosing and treating disease.
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somat/o
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body
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somatic - pertaining to the body
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son/o
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sound
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sonography - process of recording sound. Sonography employs ultrasound to produce images.
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viscer/o
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internal organs
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visceral - pertaining to internal organs.
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xer/o
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dry
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xerosis - abnormal condition of dryness of the skin, mucous membranes, or conjunctiva.
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-genesis
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forming, producing, origin
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pathogenesis - the origin or the cause of an illness or abnormal condition.
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-gnosis |
knowing
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prognosis - the prediction of the course and end of a disease and the estimated chance of recovery.
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-gram
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record, writing
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arteriogram - record of an artery. It is an x-ray film of an artery taken after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium.
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-graph
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instrument for recording
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radiograph - instrument for recording x-rays.
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-graphy
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the process of recording
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arhtrography - is an x-ray examination of a joint, such as a knee, shoulder, or elbow, usually with the use of a contrast medium.
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-logist
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specialist in the study of
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dermatologist - specialist in the study of the skin.
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-logy
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study of
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hematology - the study of blood.
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-meter |
instrument for measuring
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thermometer - instrument for measuring heat.
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-metry
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the act of measuring
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ventriculometry - the act of measuring the ventricles.
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-pathy
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disease
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gastropathy - disease of the stomach.
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adhesion
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Abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated. They may result within body cavities as a result of surgery.
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analyte |
Substance analyzed or tested, generally by means of laboratory methods. In a glucose tolerance test, glucose is the analyte. |
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contrast medium
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Substance injected into the body, introduced via catheter, or swallowed to facilitate radiographic images of internal structures that otherwise are difficult to visualize on x-ray films.
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dehiscence
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Bursting open of a wound, especially a surgical abdominal wound.
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febrile
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Feverish; pertaining to a fever
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homeostasis
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Relative constancy or balance in the internal environment of the body, maintained by processes of feedback and adjustment in response to external or internal changes.
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Such properties as temperature, nutrients, and wastes remain relatively constant.
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inflammation |
Bodily defense against injury, infection, or allergy that is marked by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and sometimes loss of function.
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Is a mechanism used by the body to protect against invasion of foreign organisms and to repair injured tissue.
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morbid
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Diseased; pertaining to disease
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radionuclides
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Substances that emit radiation spontaneously; also called tracers.
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The quantity and duration of radioactive material are safe for humans.
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radiopharmaceutical
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Radionuclide attached to a protein, sugar, or other substance used to visualize an organ or area of the body that will be scanned.
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scan
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Term used to describe a computerized image by modality or by structure.
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sepsis
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Pathological state, usually febrile, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or the products in the bloodstream.
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suppurative
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Producing or associated with generation of pus.
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radiology
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medical specialty concerned with the use of electromagnetic radiation, ultrasound, and imaging techniques for diagnosis and treatment of disease and injury.
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interventional radiology
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Radiological practice that employs fluoroscopy, CT, and ultrasound in nonsurgical treatment of various disorders.
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Examples would be balloon angioplasty* and cardiac catheterization*.
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therapeutic radiology
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Use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of cancer.
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Also called radiation oncology.
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endoscopy
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Visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope.
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Endoscopy is used for biopsy, surgery, aspirating fluids, and coagulating bleeding areas. The endoscope is usually named for the organ, cavity, or canal being viewed. i.e. gastroscope.
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laparoscopy |
Visual examination of the organs of the pelvis and abdomen through very small incisions in the abdominal wall.
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thoracoscopy
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Examination of the lungs, pleura, and pleural space with a scope inserted through small incisions between the ribs.
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Usually performed for lung biopsy, repairing perforations in the lungs, and diagnosing pleural disease.
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complete blood count (CBC)
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Common blood test that enumerated RBC, WBC, and platelets; measures hemoglobin; estimates red cell volume; and sorts white blood cells into five subtypes with their percentages.*
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urinalysis (UA) |
Common urine screening test that evaluates the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine.
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Can be done immediately by a dipstick test or sent to a laboratory for full analysis.
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computed tomography (CT)
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Imaging technique achieved by rotating an X-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles. |
CT scans generate detailed cross-sectional images to show tumor masses, bone displacement, and fluid accumulation. May be performed with or without a contrast medium.
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Doppler
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Ultrasound technique used to detect and measure blood-flow velocity and direction through the cardiac chambers, valves, and peripheral vessels by reflecting sound waves of moving blood cells.
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Used to identify irregularities in blood flow due to clots, venous insufficiency, and arterial blockage.
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fluoroscopy
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Radiographic technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays continuous motion images of internal structures.
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Used to view the motion of such things as the GI Tract, heart, and joints.
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Noninvasive imaging technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray to produce multi planar cross-sectional images. |
Allows superior soft tissue contract, multi planar views, and avoids hazards of ionizing radiation. Also is superior to CT for most central nervous system imaging. Does not require a contrast medium.
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nuclear scan |
Diagnostic technique that uses a radioactive tracer (inhaled, ingested, or injected) and a specialized camera to produce images of organs and structures.
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Opposite of conventional radiograph. Radiation comes from the inside of the body and detected by a specialized camera.
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positron emission tomography (PET)
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Scanning technique using CT to record positrons emitted from a tracer that produces cross-sectional images of metabolic activity in body tissue to determine the presence of disease.
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Useful in scanning the brain and nervous system for abnormal tissue metabolism consistent with schizophrenia, brain tumors, epilepsy, stroke, and Alzheimers.
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radiography
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X-rays passed through the body are captured on a film.
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Dense structures such as bone appear white, while softer organs appear shades of grey.
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single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
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Uses CT and a tracer injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissue and organs.
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Different from a PET in that the tracer remains in the bloodstream as opposed to absorbed by the surrounding tissue.
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tomography
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Radiographic technique that produces a cross-sectional image of an area, tissue, or organ at a predetermined depth.
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CT, PET, SPECT
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ablation
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Removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency.
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anastomosis
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Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another. |
End to end, End to side, Side to side
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cauterize
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Destroy tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals.
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curettage
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Scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curet.
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incision and drainage (I&D) |
Incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a wound or cavity.
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laser surgery
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Surgical techniqu employing a device that emits intense heat and power as close range to cut, burn, vaporize, or destroy tissues.
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resection
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Partial excision of a bone, organ, or other structure.
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radical dissection
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Surgical removal of tissue in an extensive area surrounding the surgical site in an attempt to excise all tissue that may be malignant and decrease the chance of recurrence. |
Mastectomy - Entire breast, surrounding lymph nodes, and sometimes adjacent muscles are removed.
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ant
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anterior |
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AP
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anteroposterior
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Bx
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biopsy
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CBC |
complete blood count
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CT |
computed tomography
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid |
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DSA |
digital subtraction angiography
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Dx
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diagnosis
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FS
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frozen section
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LAT |
lateral
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LLQ
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left lower quadrant
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LUQ
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left upper quadrant
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MRI
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magnetic resonance imaging
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PET
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positron emission tomography
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Post |
posterior
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RF
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rheumatoid factor
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RLQ
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right lower quadrant
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RUQ
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right upper quadrant
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sono
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sonogram
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SPECT
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single photon emission computed tomography
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Sx
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symptom
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Tx
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treatment
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UA
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urainalysis
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US
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ultrasound
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biopsy
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representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish diagnosis.
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frozen section biopsy
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Ultra-thin slice of tissue cut from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination. |
Used primarily in oncological cases while the patient is still in the operating room. Examination will determine how aggressively the surgeon will treat the patient. |
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needle biopsy
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Removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe.
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punch biopsy
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Removal of a small core of tissue using a punch.
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An anesthetic and suturing are usually required for a punch bx.
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shave biopsy
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Removal of tissue using a surgical blade to shave elevated lesions.
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ultrasound/ultrasonograpgy (US) |
Imaging procedure using high frequency sound waves that display reflected echoes on a monitor. |
Unlike most imaging methods, US creates real-time moving images to view organs and functions of organs in movement. Used for visualizing fetuses, the neck, abdomen, pelvis, brain, and heart. |
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abduction |
Movement away from the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or one of its parts |
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adduction |
Movement toward the midsagittal (median) plane of the body |
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medial |
Pertaining to the midline of the body or structure |
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lateral |
Pertaining to a side |
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superior (cephalad) |
Toward the head or upper portion of a structure |
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Inferior (Caudal) |
Away from the head, or toward the tail or lowest part of a structure |
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Proximal |
Nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body |
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Distal |
Further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body |
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Anterior (Ventral) |
Front of the body |
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Posterior (Dorsal) |
Back of the body |
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Parietal |
Pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity |
Towards the window not the center of the room |
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Visceral |
Pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs |
Towards the center of the room not window |
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Prone |
Lying on the abdomen, face down |
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Supine |
Lying horizontally on the back, face up |
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Inversion |
Turning toward or inside out |
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Eversion |
Turning outward |
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Palmar |
Pertaining to the palm of the hand |
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Plantar |
Pertaining to the sole of the foot |
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Superfical |
Toward the surface of the body (external) |
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Deep |
Away from the surface of the body (internal) |
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Anatomical Position |
Body posture used to locate anatomical parts or divisions (standing erect, face forward with palms facing forward) |
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Body System |
Composed of varying numbers of organs and accessory structures that have similar or related functions |
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Epithelial Tissue |
Covers the surfaces of organs, lines cavities, and canals |
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Connective Tissue |
Supports and connects other tissues and organs |
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Muscle Tissue |
Provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement |
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Nervous Tissue |
Transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body |
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Right hypochondriac |
Upper right lateral region beneath the ribs |
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Left hypochondriac |
Upper left lateral region beneath the ribs |
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Epigastric |
Upper middle region |
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Right Lumbar |
middle right lateral region |
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umbilical |
region of the navel |
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left lumar |
middle left lateral region |
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right inguinal (iliac) |
lower right lateral region |
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left inguinal (iliac) |
lower left lateral region |
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hypogastric |
lower middle region |
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ab- |
from, away from |
Abduction - act of bringing away from. Abduction is the movement of a limb or body part away from the midline of the body |
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ad- |
toward |
Adduction - act of bringing toward. Adduction is the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body. |
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hetero- |
different |
Heteromorphous - different form or shape. Heteromorphous referes to any deviation from a normal type or shape. |
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homeo- |
same, alike |
Homeoplasia - formation of same (tissue). Homeoplasia is the formation of new tissue similar to that already existing in a part. |
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infra- |
below, under |
Infracostal - pertaining to (the area) below the ribs |
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peri- |
around |
Periumbilial - pertaining to (the area) around the umbilicus. |
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super- |
upper, above |
Superior - pertaining to the upper (area) |
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trans- |
across, through |
Transabdominal - pertaining to (a direction) across or through the abdomen |
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ultra- |
excess, beyond |
Ultrasonic - pertaning to beyond (audible) sound. Ultrasonicincludes sound frequencies too high to be perceived by the human ear. |
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etiology |
study of the cause or origin of a disease or disorder |
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