Medical Terminology Chapter 12

Front 1

reproductive system

Back 1

--responsible for producing offspring

--needs both male and female specific organs to complete offspring production

Front 2

theriogenology

Back 2

animal reproduction or the study of producing beasts

Front 3

theri/o

Back 3

beast

Front 4

gen/o

Back 4

producing

Front 5

-logy

Back 5

to study

Front 6

genitals or genitalia

Back 6

--reproductive organs, whether male or female

--includes internal and external organs

Front 7

genit/o

Back 7

organs of reproduction

Front 8

What is the function of the male reproductive system?

Back 8

to produce and deliver sperm to the egg to create life

Front 9

What do the structures of the male reproductive system do?

Back 9

produce sperm, transport sperm out of the body, and produce hormones

Front 10

scrotum or scrotal sac

Back 10

--external pouch that encloses and supports the testes

--it encloses the testes outside the body so that the testes are at a temperature lower than body temperature

--lower temperature is needed for sperm development

Front 11

scrot/o

Back 11

scrotum

Front 12

perineum

Back 12

the area between the scrotum and the anus

Front 13

perine/o

Back 13

combining form for the area between the scrotum (or vulva in females) and the anus

Front 14

testes or testicles

Back 14

the male sex glands that produce spermatozoa

--testes refers to glands

--testis refers to a single gland

Front 15

The orientation of the testes in the scrotum

Back 15

varies between species. Some species have open inguinal rings that allow the testes to be withdrawn from the scrotum and into the abdomen

Front 16

gonads

Back 16

sex glands

Front 17

orch/o

orchi/o

orchid/o

test/o

testicul/o

Back 17

combining forms for testes

Front 18

Where do the testes develop?

Back 18

in the fetal abdomen and descend into the scrotum before birth

Front 19

The testes are suspended in the scrotum by the...

Back 19

spermatic cord

Front 20

The testicle is divided into compartments that contain coiled tubes called the...

Back 20

seminiferous tubules and cells between the spaces are called interstitial cells.

Front 21

Leydig's cells

Back 21

--the interstitial cells of the testes

--they have endcrine function

Front 22

Sertoli cells

Back 22

specialized cells in the testes that support and nourish sperm growth

Front 23

Seminiferous tubules are...

Back 23

channels in the testes in which sperm are produced and through which the sperm leave the testes

Front 24

sperm or spermatozoa

Back 24

the male gametes or sex cells

Front 25

spermatozoon

Back 25

one gamete

Front 26

sperm/o

spermat/o

Back 26

spermatozoa

Front 27

A spermatozoon has a head, midpiece, and tail. What does each piece contain?

Back 27

--head: the nucleus

--midpiece: mitochondria to provide energy to the sperm

--tail: is actually a flagellum, providing movement for the spermatozoon to reach the ovum

Front 28

acrosome

Back 28

the top of the head of the spermatozoon

Front 29

spermatogenesis

Back 29

production of male gametes

Front 30

epididymis

Back 30

the tube at the upper part of each testis that secretes part of the semen, stores semen before ejaculation, and provides a passageway for sperm

Front 31

The epididymis is divided into what parts?

Back 31

--head (or caput)

--body

--tail

Front 32

Where does the epididymis run?

Back 32

down the length of the testicle, turns upward, and becomes a narrower tube called the ductus deferens

Front 33

What is collected in the epididymis?

Back 33

sperm (where they become motile)

Front 34

motile

Back 34

capable of spontaneous motion

Front 35

epididym/o

Back 35

epididymis

Front 36

ductus deferens

Back 36

--a tube connected to the epididymis that carries sperm into the pelvic region toward the urethra

--each is encased by the spermatic cord

--the excretory duct of the testes

Front 37

The spermatic cord also encases..

Back 37

nerves, blood and lymph vessels, and the cremaster muscle along with the ductus deferens

Front 38

ampulla

Back 38

an enlarged part of a tube or canal; a glandular portion of the ductus deferens found in swine

Front 39

What are the male accessory sex glands?

Back 39

--seminal vesicles

--prostate gland

--bulbourethral glands

Front 40

What do accessory sex glands do?

Back 40

add secretions to the sperm and flush urine from the urethra before sperm enter it

Front 41

seminal vesicles or vesicular glands

Back 41

--2 glands that open into the ductus deferens where it joins the urethra

--they secrete a thick, yellow substance that nourishes sperm and adds volume to the ejaculated semen

Front 42

semen

Back 42

the ejaculatory fluid that contains sperm and the secretions of the accessory sex glands

Front 43

semin/i

Back 43

semen

Front 44

ejaculatory duct

Back 44

--is formed by the union of the ductus deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicles

--it passes through the prostate and enters the urethra

Front 45

prostate gland

Back 45

--a single gland that surrounds or is near the urethra and may be well defined or diffuse depending on the species

--it secrets a thick fluid that aids in the motility of sperm

Front 46

prostat/o

Back 46

prostate gland

Front 47

bulbourethral glands

Back 47

--2 glands located on either side of the urethra

--they secrete a thick mucus that acts as a lubricant for sperm

--called Cowper's glands in humans

Front 48

urethra

Back 48

--a tube passing through the penis to the outside of the body

--it serves both reproductive and urinary systems

Front 49

urethr/o

Back 49

urethra

Front 50

penis

Back 50

--the male sex organ that carries reproductive and urinary products out of the body

Front 51

glans penis

Back 51

the distal part of the penis on which the urethra opens

Front 52

prepuce or foreskin

Back 52

the retractable fold of skin covering the glans penis

Front 53

os penis

Back 53

found in dogs; a bone encased in the penile tissue

Front 54

All species except the cat have a _________ directed penis

Back 54

cranioventrally

Front 55

pen/I

priap/o

Back 55

penis

Front 56

What is the penis composed of?

Back 56

erectile tissue that upon sexual stimulation fills with blood (under high pressure) and causes an erection

Front 57

sigmoid flexure

Back 57

an S-shaped bend in the penis; it straightens out and that is how some species such as ruminants and swine achieve an erection

Front 58

Equine and canine have a penis with almost all erectile tissue. How is erection caused?

Back 58

blood engorgement of the erectile tissue

Front 59

What are the functions of the female reproductive system?

Back 59

to create and support new life

Front 60

What do the structures of the female reproductive system do?

Back 60

--produce eggs

--transport eggs for fertilization and implantation

--house the embryo

--deliver the fetus

--produce hormones

Front 61

ovaries

Back 61

a small pair of organs located in the caudal abdomen

Front 62

An ovary is the female gonad that produces...

Back 62

estrogen

Front 63

graafian follicles

Back 63

--small sacs contained in the ovaries

--each sac contains an ovum

Front 64

Ova develop in the ovaries and are...

Back 64

expelled (ovulated) when the egg matures

Front 65

ovary/o

oophor/o

Back 65

female gonad

Front 66

oo/o

ov/I

ov/o

Back 66

egg

Front 67

oocyte

Back 67

an egg cell

Front 68

uterine tubes or oviducts or fallopian tubes

Back 68

--paired tubes that extend from the cranial portion of the uterus to the ovary (but are not attached to the ovary)

--they carry ova from the ovary to the uterus

--they also transport sperm traveling up from the vagina and uterus

Front 69

salping/o

Back 69

tube

Front 70

infundibulum

Back 70

the distal end of each uterine tube

Front 71

fimbriae

Back 71

--fringed extensions in the infundibulum that catch ova when they leave the ovary

--fimbriae are not attached to the ovaries

Front 72

The proximal end of each uterine tube is connected to the...

Back 72

uterine horns

Front 73

fertilization

Back 73

--egg and sperm union

--usually occurs in the uterine tube

Front 74

uterus

Back 74

--a thick-walled, hollow organ with muscular walls and a mucous membrane lining that houses the developing embryo in pregnant females

--it is situated dorsal to the urinary bladder and ventral to the rectum

Front 75

hyster/o

metri/o

uter/o

Back 75

uterus

Front 76

What are the 3 parts of the uterus?

Back 76

--cornus

--corpus

--cervix

Front 77

cornus

Back 77

--horn

--the cranial end of the uterus has 2 horns that travel toward the uterine tubes

Front 78

corpus

Back 78

--body

--the middle portion of the uterus

Front 79

cervix

Back 79

--neck

--the caudal portion of the uterus that extends into the vagina

Front 80

cornu

Back 80

means horn

Front 81

bicornuate

Back 81

having 2 large, well-defined uterine horns

Front 82

corpu

Back 82

means body

Front 83

cervic/o

Back 83

neck

Front 84

3 major tissue types of the uterus?

Back 84

--perimetrium

--myometrium

--endometrium

Front 85

perimetrium

Back 85

membranous outer layer of the uterus

Front 86

myometrium

Back 86

muscular middle layer of the uterus

Front 87

endometrium

Back 87

inner layer of the uterus

Front 88

peri-

Back 88

surrounding

Front 89

my/o

Back 89

muscle

Front 90

endo-

Back 90

within

Front 91

cervix

Back 91

--the caudal continuation of the uterus and marks the cranial extent of the vagina

--main function is to prevent foreign substances from entering the uterus

--usually is tightly closed except during estrus, when it relaxes to allow entry of sperm

Front 92

sphincters

Back 92

ringlike smooth muscle contained in the cervix

Front 93

mucous plug

Back 93

--closes the cervix during pregnancy

--it is released near parturition to allow fetal passage

Front 94

vagina

Back 94

--the muscular tube lined with mucosa that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body

--it accepts the penis during copulation and serves as a passage for semen into the body and excretions and offspring out of the body

Front 95

colp/o

vagin/o

Back 95

vagina

Front 96

hymen

Back 96

a membranous fold of tissue that may partially or completely cover the external vaginal orifice

Front 97

orifice

Back 97

an entrance or outlet from a body cavity

Front 98

vulva

Back 98

--aka female external genitalia or pudendum

--the external opening to the urogenital tract

--consists of the vaginal orifice, vestibular glands, clitoris, hymen, and urethral orifice

Front 99

vulv/o

episi/o

Back 99

vulva

Front 100

perineum

Back 100

the regions between the vaginal orifice and anus in females

Front 101

labia

Back 101

--the fleshy borders or edges of the vulva and are occasionally called the lips

--in animals, the vulva contains simple lips; humans have major and minor labia

Front 102

vaginal orifice

Back 102

the entrance from the vagina to the outside of the body

Front 103

vestibular glands

(aka Bartholin's glands in primates)

Back 103

--found in bovine feline, and occasionally ovine species

--they secret mucus to lubricate the vagina

Front 104

clitoris

Back 104

--the sensitive erectile tissue of females located in the ventral portion of the vulva

--it is analog of the glans penis of the male

Front 105

urethral orifice

Back 105

is found where the vagina and vulva join and is sometimes associated with a vestigial hymen

Front 106

mammary glands

Back 106

--milk-producing glands in females

--the number varies with the species: mare, ewe, and doe (goat) have 2; cows have 4; sows have 6 or more pairs; bitches and queens have 4 r more pairs

Front 107

In litter-bearing species, the glandular structures (called mammary glands or mammae) are usually...

Back 107

--paired and located on the ventral surface

--each singular gland (mamma) is associated with one nipple

Front 108

udder

Back 108

--the mammary gland of large animals

--it is located in the inguinal area, and has 20 or 4 functional teats

Front 109

teat

Back 109

the nipple area in large animals

Front 110

quarters

Back 110

the 4 mammae in cows

Front 111

What are mammary glands composed of?

Back 111

connective and adipose tissue organized into lobes and lobules that contain milk-secreting ducts called alveoli

Front 112

lactiferous ducts

Back 112

--each lobe of the mammary glands drains toward the teat or papilla via these ducts

--they come together to form the lactiferous, or teat, sinus

Front 113

lact/i

Back 113

milk

Front 114

lactiferous sinus

Back 114

--composed of the gland cistern (within the gland) and the teat cistern (within the teat)

--milk travels from the gland cistern into the teat cistern

--from the teat cistern, milk enters into the papillary duct, which is commonly called the streak canal

Front 115

mamm/o

mast/o

Back 115

mammary glands

Front 116

estrous cycle (or heat cycle)

Back 116

--occurs at the onset of puberty and continues throughout an animal's life

--it prepares the uterus to accept a fertilized ovum

Front 117

What controls the estrous cycle?

Back 117

hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland and ovary

Front 118

What is the basic pattern of the estrous cycle?

Back 118

--ova develop in ovarian follicles

--one or more follicles continue to develop until they reach the ripened follicle size (called graafian follicle)

--the graafian follicle ruptures (ovulation)

--the ovum is expelled from the ovary into the uterine tube

--the ruptured follicle continues to grow and becomes filled with a yellow substance

the yellow ruptured follicle is called the corpus luteum or yellow body (abbreviated CL)

--The CL secretes progesterone.

--If the ovum is fertilized, the CL will continue to secrete progesterone to prevent future estrous cycling.

--If the ovum is not fertilized, the CL will shrink and reduce its progesterone secretion and a new estrous cycle begins

Front 119

follicular phase

Back 119

--the stage of the estrous cycle in which the graafian follicle is present

--estrogen is predominant hormone in this phase

Front 120

luteal phase

Back 120

--the stage of the estrous cycle in which the corpus luteum is present

--progesterone is predominant hormone in this pahse

Front 121

proestrus phase

Back 121

--period of the estrous cycle before sexual receptivity

--involves the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the anterior pituitary gland, which causes the follicles to develop in the ovary

--FSH stimulates ovarian release of estrogen, which helps prepare the reproductive tract for pregnancy

Front 122

pro-

Back 122

before

Front 123

estrus phase

Back 123

--period of the estrous cycle in which the female is receptive to the male

--FSH levels decrease and LH levels increase, causing the graffian follicle to rupture and release its egg (ovulation)

--ovulation occurs and the animal is said to be in heat

--this is also called standing heat

Front 124

metestrus phase

Back 124

--short period of the estrous cycle after sexual receptivity

--the CL forms and produces progesterone during this phase

--progesterone ensures proper implantation and mainenance of pregnancy

--if an animal is not pregnant, the CL will decrease in size and become a corpus albicans or white body

--it may be followed by diestrus, estrus, pregnancy, or false pregnancy

--it is ore commonly used to describe the estrous cycle of cattle; the term is rarely used in dogs, cats, and horses

Front 125

diestrus phase

Back 125

--period of the estrous cycle after metestrus

--short phase of inactivity and quietness is seen in polyestrous animals before the onset of proestrus

Front 126

anestrus phase

Back 126

--period of the estrous cycle when the animal is sexually quiet

--this long pahse of quietness is seen in seasonally polyestrous and seasonally monestrous animals

Front 127

monestrous

Back 127

having one estrous or heat cycle per year

Front 128

polyestrous

Back 128

having more than one estrous or heat cycle per year

Front 129

spontaneous ovulators

Back 129

animals in which ovum release occurs cyclically

Front 130

induced ovulators

Back 130

animals in which the ovum is released only after copulation; also called reflex ovulators

(examples: cats, rabbits, ferrets, llamas, and mink)

Front 131

seasonally

Back 131

pertaining to a specific time of year

Front 132

copulation

coitus

Back 132

--terms meaning sexual intercourse

--in order for reproduction to occur, the male and female of the species must copulate to allow the sperm form the male to be transferred into the female

Front 133

intromission

Back 133

insertion of the penis into the vagina

Front 134

ejaculate

Back 134

to release semen during copulation

Front 135

ejaculat/o

Back 135

to throw or hurl out

Front 136

How does fertilization occur?

Back 136

--sperm travel through the vagina, into the uterus, and into the uterine tube

--a sperm then penetrates the ovum passing down the uterine tube

Front 137

fertilization

Back 137

--the union of ovum and sperm

--if more than one ovum is passing down the uterine tube when the sperm are present, multiple fertilizations may take place

Front 138

placenta (or afterbirth)

Back 138

the female organ of mammals that develops during pregnancy and joins mother and offspring for exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products

Front 139

umbilical cord

Back 139

the structure that forms where the fetus communicates with the placenta

Front 140

umbilicus (or navel)

Back 140

the structure that forms on the abdominal wall where the umbilical cord was connected to the fetus

Front 141

umbilic/o

Back 141

navel

Front 142

mount

Back 142

preparatory step to animal mating that involves one animal climbing on top of another animal or object; used as an indicator of heat

Front 143

tie

Back 143

period of copulation between a male and female canine during which the two animals are locked together by penile erectile tissue

Front 144

conception

Back 144

beginning of a new individual resulting from fertilization

Front 145

zygote

Back 145

fertilized egg

Front 146

meiosis

Back 146

division of sex cells in which the cell receives half the chromosomes from each parent

Front 147

implantation

Back 147

the attachment and embedding of the zygote in the uterus

Front 148

embryo

Back 148

the developing zygote after implantation

Front 149

fetus

Back 149

--an unborn animal

--this term is used more toward the end of pregnancy

Front 150

pregnancy (or cyesis)

Back 150

--the time period between conceptions and parturition

--the condition of having a developing fetus in the uterus

Front 151

fetal membranes

Back 151

the placentas and its associated structures

Front 152

amnion

Back 152

--the innermost membrane enveloping the embryo in the uterus

--it forms the amniotic cavity and protects the fetus by engulfing it in amniotic fluid

--may be called amniotic fluid or bag of waters

Front 153

allantois

Back 153

--the innermost layer of the placenta

--it forms a sac between itself and the amnion, where fetal waste products accumulate

Front 154

chorion

Back 154

the outermost layer of the placenta

Front 155

cotyledon (aka buttons)

Back 155

the elevation of the ruminant placenta that is on the fetal surface and adheres to the maternal caruncle

Front 156

caruncle

Back 156

the fleshy mass on the maternal ruminant placenta that attaches to the fetal cotyledon

Front 157

placentome

Back 157

the caruncle and cotyledone

Front 158

pregn/o

Back 158

pregnant

Front 159

gestation

Back 159

the period of development of the fetus in the uterus from conception to parturition and is the term more commonly used in reference to animals

Front 160

gest/o

gestat/o

Back 160

gestation

Front 161

viable

Back 161

--when the fetus is capable of living outside the mother

--viability depends on the species and the age and weight of the fetus

Front 162

twins

Back 162

--2 offspring born from the same gestational period

--the term twin is not used in litter-bearing species, even if only 2 offspring are produced

Front 163

fraternal twins

Back 163

2 offspring born during the same labor resulting from fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm

Front 164

maternal twins

Back 164

2 offspring born during the same labor resulting from fertilization of a single ovum by a single sperm (the fertilized egg separates into 2 parts)

Front 165

ectoderm

Back 165

outer layer of the embryo

Front 166

mesoderm

Back 166

middle layer of the embryo

Front 167

endoderm

Back 167

inner layer of the embryo

Front 168

gravid/o

Back 168

pregnant

Front 169

-para

Back 169

to bear or bring forth

Front 170

nulligravida

Back 170

one who has never been pregnant

Front 171

nulli-

Back 171

none

Front 172

nullipara

Back 172

female who has never borne a viable fetus

Front 173

primigravida

Back 173

female during first pregnancy

Front 174

primi-

Back 174

first

Front 175

primipara

Back 175

female who has borne one offspring

Front 176

multigravida

Back 176

one who has had multiple pregnancies

Front 177

multi-

Back 177

many

Front 178

multiparous

Back 178

female who has borne multiple offspring during the same gestation

Front 179

litter

Back 179

a group of offspring born during the same labor

Front 180

viviparous

Back 180

bearing live young

Front 181

vivi-

Back 181

live

Front 182

oviparous

Back 182

bearing eggs

Front 183

ovi

Back 183

egg

Front 184

ovovivparous

Back 184

producing eggs that are hatched within the body, so that young are born alive but without placental attachment such as snakes

Front 185

parturition (or labor)

Back 185

the act of giving birth

Front 186

part/o

Back 186

giving birth

Front 187

antepartum

Back 187

the period before the onset of labor

Front 188

postpartum

Back 188

the period immediately after labor

Front 189

1st stage of parturition (labor):

Back 189

--dilation of the cervix

--dilation is the act of stretching

Front 190

2nd stage of parturition (labor):

Back 190

--uterine contractions of increasing frequency and strength and expulsion of the fetus

--expulsion of the fetus is called delivery

Front 191

3rd stage of parturition (labor):

Back 191

separation of the placenta from the uterus

Front 192

postpartum period

Back 192

begins after delivery of the fetus

Front 193

neonate

Back 193

newborn

Front 194

neonatal period

Back 194

varies from species to species but is usually less than 4 weeks

Front 195

meconium

Back 195

the first stool of a newborn that consists of material collected in the intestine of the fetus

Front 196

uterine involution

Back 196

the process of the uterus returning to normal size after delivery of the fetus

Front 197

colostrum

Back 197

a thick fluid from the mammary glands of the mother that contains nutrients and antibodies needed by the neonate

Front 198

lactation

Back 198

the process of forming and secreting milk

Front 199

presentation

Back 199

the orientation of the fetus before delivery

Front 200

cranial presentation

Back 200

the legs and head are directed toward the cervix

Front 201

caudal presentation

Back 201

the pelvis and rear legs are directed toward the cervix

Front 202

transverse presentation

Back 202

the fetus is lying across he cervix and normal parturition is not achieved

Front 203

breech presentation

Back 203

the tail of the fetus is presented first and delivery may or may not be obstructed

Front 204

amniocentesis

Back 204

surgical puncture with a needle through the abdominal and uterine walls to obtain amniotic fluid to evaluate the fetus

Front 205

radiography

Back 205

procedure in which film is exposed as ionizing radiation passes through the patient and shows the internal body structures in profile

Front 206

ultrasound

Back 206

--diagnostic test using high-frequency waves to evaluate internal structures

--it works well in evaluating the uterus during pregnancy because the fluid present in the uterus helps define structures

Front 207

abortion

Back 207

termination of pregnancy

Front 208

abort/o

Back 208

premature expulsion of a nonviable fetus

Front 209

azoospermia

Back 209

absence of sperm in the semen

Front 210

benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

(aka prostatomegaly or enlarged prostate)

Back 210

abnormal noncancerous enlargement of the prostate

Front 211

cervicitis

Back 211

inflammation of the neck of the uterus

Front 212

cryptorchidism (or undescended testicles)

Back 212

--developmental defect in which one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum

--animals may be unilaterally or bilaterally cryptorchid

--unilaterally cryptorchid is sometimes called monorchid

Front 213

crypt/o

Back 213

hidden

Front 214

dystocia

Back 214

difficult birth; the female is having difficulty expelling the fetus

Front 215

-tocia

Back 215

birth or labor

Front 216

ectopic pregnancy

Back 216

fertilized ovum implanted outside the uterus

Front 217

epididymitis

Back 217

inflammation of the epididymis

Front 218

fetal defects

Back 218

abnormalities that occur in the development of the fetus

Front 219

Teratogens

Back 219

substances that produce defects in the fetus

Front 220

terat/o

Back 220

malformed fetus

Front 221

mutagens

Back 221

substances that produce change or that create genetic abnormalities

Front 222

mut/a

Back 222

genetic change

Front 223

fibroid (or leiomyoma)

Back 223

benign tumor arising from the smooth muscle of the uterus

Front 224

hermaphroditism

Back 224

condition of having both ovarian and testicular tissue

Front 225

pseudohermaphroditism

Back 225

the condition of having gonads of one sex but the physical characteristics of both sexes

Front 226

mastitis

Back 226

inflammation of the mammary gland(s)

Front 227

metritis

Back 227

inflammation of the uterus

Front 228

oligospermia

Back 228

deficient amount of sperm in semen

Front 229

oligo-

Back 229

scant or few

Front 230

orchitis (aka testitis)

Back 230

inflammation of the gonads of the male

Front 231

ovarian cyst

Back 231

collection of fluid or solid material in the female gonad

Front 232

paraphimosis

Back 232

--retraction of the skin of the prepuce causing a painful swelling of the glans penis that prevents the penis from being retracted

--the penis is extruded from the prepuce but cannot be returned to its normal position

Front 233

phim/o

Back 233

muzzling or constriction of an orifice

Front 234

phimosis

Back 234

--narrowing of the skin of the prepuce so that it cannot be retracted to expose the glans penis

--the penis cannot be extruded from the prepuce due to the small orifice

Front 235

pneumovagina (aka windsuckers)

Back 235

conformational defect in the perineum of cows and mares that allow air to enter the vagina

Front 236

priapism

Back 236

persistent penile erection not associated with sexual excitement

Front 237

prostatitis

Back 237

inflammation of the prostate

Front 238

pseudocyesis (aka pseudopregnancy)

Back 238

--false pregnancy

--a behavioral and physical syndrome (most commonly seen in bitches 2-3 months after estrus) in which mammary glands develop, lactation occurs, and mothering behaviors occur

Front 239

cyesis

Back 239

pregnancy

Front 240

pseudo-

Back 240

false

Front 241

pyometra

Back 241

pus in the uterus

Front 242

retained placenta (RP)

Back 242

--non-passage of the placenta after delivery of the fetus

--it can lead to metritis and infertility in the female

Front 243

scrotal hydrocele

Back 243

hernia of fluid in the testes or along the spermatic cord

Front 244

hydro-

Back 244

water

Front 245

-cele

Back 245

hernia

Front 246

sterility

Back 246

inability to reproduce

Front 247

supernumerary

Back 247

more than the normal number

Front 248

supernumerary teats

Back 248

a condition in which an animal has more than the normal number of nipples (commonly seen in ruminants)

Front 249

transmissible venereal tumor (TVT)

Back 249

naturally occurring, sexually transmitted tumor of dogs that affects the external genitalia and other mucous membranes

Front 250

uterine prolapse

Back 250

--protrusion of the uterus through the vaginal orifice

--commonly called cast her withers

Front 251

vaginal prolapse

Back 251

protrusion of the vagina through the vaginal wall or vaginal orifice

Front 252

vaginitis

Back 252

inflammation of the vagina

Front 253

assisted delivery

Back 253

--manual use of hands or equipment to aid in delivery of a fetus

--in cattle, obstetric chains may be placed around the calf's legs and then force is applied to help extract the fetus

Front 254

cesarean section (aka C-section)

Back 254

delivery of offspring through an incision in the maternal abdominal and uterine walls

Front 255

electroejaculation

Back 255

--method of collecting semen for artificial insemination or examination in which electrical stimulation is applied to the nerves to promote ejaculation

--an electroejaculator is used

Front 256

electroejaculator

Back 256

a probe and power source used to apply current to the nerves that promote ejaculation

Front 257

artificial insemination (AI)

Back 257

a breeding method in which semen is collected, stored, and deposited in the uterus or vagina without copulation taking place

Front 258

episiotomy

Back 258

surgical incision of the perineum and vagina to facilitate delivery of the fetus and to prevent damage to maternal structures

Front 259

fetotomy (aka embryotomy)

Back 259

cutting apart of a fetus to enable removal from the uterus

Front 260

fet/o

Back 260

fetus

Front 261

hysterectomy

Back 261

surgical removal of the uterus

Front 262

mastectomy

Back 262

surgical removal of the mammary gland or breast

Front 263

neuter

Back 263

to sexually alter; usually used to describe the sexual altering of males

Front 264

intact

Back 264

an animal that is not neutered; they still have reproductive capability

Front 265

oophorectomy

Back 265

surgical removal of the ovary (ovaries)

Front 266

orchidectomy

(aka orchiectomy, orchiectomy, or castration)

Back 266

surgical removal of the testis (testes)

Front 267

ovariohysterectomy (OHE or OVH)

(aka spay)

Back 267

surgical removal of the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus

Front 268

vasectomy

Back 268

sterilization of a male in which a portion of the ductus deferens is surgically removed, yet the animal may retain its libido

Front 269

libido

Back 269

sexual desire

Front 270

vas/o

Back 270

vas deferens (human term for ductus deferens), vessel or duct

Front 271

ACT

Back 271

American College of Theriogenologists

Front 272

AI

Back 272

artificial insemination

Front 273

BPH

Back 273

benign prostatic hypertrophy

Front 274

C

Back 274

castrated

Front 275

C-section

Back 275

cesarean section

Front 276

CL

Back 276

corpus luteum

Front 277

CMT

Back 277

California Mastitis Test

Front 278

N

Back 278

neutered

Front 279

OB

Back 279

obstetrics

Front 280

OHE

Back 280

ovariohysterectomy

Front 281

OVH

Back 281

ovariohysterectomy

Front 282

pg

Back 282

pregnant

Front 283

RP

Back 283

retained placenta

Front 284

S

Back 284

spayed

Front 285

TVT

Back 285

transmissible venereal tumor