Medical Terminology Chapter 11

Front 1

The endocrine system is composed of ductless glands that secrete...

Back 1

chemical messengers, called hormones, into the bloodstream

Front 2

endo-

Back 2

within

Front 3

-crine

Back 3

secrete or separate

Front 4

target organs

Back 4

tissues and organs on which the hormones act

Front 5

Hormones may...

Back 5

excite or inhibit a motion or an action

Front 6

The glands of a normal endocrine system include:

Back 6

--1 pituitary gland (with two lobes)

--1 thyroid gland (right and left lobes fused ventrally)

--parathyroid glands (4 in most species)

--2 adrenal glands

--2 pancreas

--1 thymus

--1 pineal gland

--2 gonads (ovaries in females, testes in males)

Front 7

pituitary gland

Back 7

--located at the base of the brain just below the hypothalamus

--also called the hypophysis because it is a growth located beneath or ventral to the hypothalamus

Front 8

Why is the pituitary gland known as the master gland?

Back 8

it secretes many hormones that control or master other endocrine glands

Front 9

pituit/o

Back 9

pituitary gland

Front 10

The pituitary gland acts in response to stimuli from the...

Back 10

hypothalamus

Front 11

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Back 11

below the thalamus in the brain

Front 12

What does the hypothalamus do?

Back 12

--secretes releasing and inhibiting factors that affect the release of substances from the pituitary gland

--also produces antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin, which are released from the posterior pituitary gland

Front 13

infundibulum

Back 13

--the stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

--the word means funnel-shaped passage or opening

Front 14

What are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland?

Back 14

--the anterior (cranial) lobe (aka adenohypophysis)

--the posterior (caudal) lobe (aka neurohypophysis)

Front 15

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland does what?

Back 15

produces hormones

Front 16

indirect-acting hormones

Back 16

hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland that cause their target organ to produce a second hormone

Front 17

aden/o

Back 17

gland

Front 18

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland does what?

Back 18

it responds to a neurologic stimulus and does not produce hormones, but stores and secretes them

Front 19

direct-acting hormones

Back 19

hormones released from eh posterior pituitary gland that produce the desired effect directly in the target organ

Front 20

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 20

augments growth and secretions of the thyroid gland

Front 21

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Back 21

augments the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex

Front 22

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 22

--augments the secretion of estrogen and growth of eggs in the ovaries (female) and the production of sperm in the testes (male)

--is a type of gonadotropic hormone

Front 23

gonad/o

Back 23

gamete-producing gland (ovary or testes)

Front 24

-tropic

Back 24

means having an affinity for

Front 25

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 25

--augments ovulation and aids in the maintenance of pregnancy in females

--transforms an ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum, or yellow body

--is a type of gonadotropic hormone

Front 26

lute/o

Back 26

yellow

Front 27

interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

Back 27

--stimulates testosterone secretion in males

--is now considered to be LH (luteinizing hormone)

Front 28

prolactin

Back 28

--augments milk secretion and influences maternal behavior

--aka lactogenic hormone or luteotropin (sometimes abbreviated as LTH)

Front 29

lact/o

Back 29

milk

Front 30

growth hormone (GH)

Back 30

--accelerates body growth

--aka somatotropin (sometimes abbreviated as STH)

Front 31

somat/o

Back 31

body

Front 32

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Back 32

augments skin pigmentation

Front 33

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 33

--maintains water balance in the body by augmenting water reabsorption in the kidneys

--aka vasopressin (affects blood pressure)

Front 34

anti-

Back 34

against

Front 35

diuretic

Back 35

pertaining to increased urine secretion

Front 36

vas/o

Back 36

vessel

Front 37

press/i

Back 37

tension

Front 38

oxytocin

Back 38

stimulates uterine contractions during parturition and mild letdown from the mammary ducts

Front 39

What is the thyroid gland?

Back 39

a butterfly-shaped gland, with the right and left lobes fused ventrally by an isthmus (the isthmus may be rudimentary in horses and dogs)

Front 40

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Back 40

on either side of the larynx

Front 41

What does they thyroid gland regulate?

Back 41

metabolism, iodine uptake, and blood calcium levels

Front 42

thyr/o

thyroid/o

Back 42

thyroid

Front 43

triiodothyronine (T3)

Back 43

one of the thyroid hormones that regulates metabolism

Front 44

thyroxin (T4)

Back 44

one of the thyroid hormones that regulates metabolism

Front 45

calcitonin

Back 45

thyroid hormone that promotes the absorption of calcium from blood into bones (lowers blood calcium and raises bone calcium levels)

Front 46

What are the parathyroid glands?

Back 46

4 glands located on the surface of the thyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone (or parathormone or PTH)

Front 47

para-

Back 47

near or before

Front 48

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

Back 48

--regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels

--increases blood calcium levels by reducing bone calcium levels

--regulates phosphorus content of blood and bones

Front 49

How is calcium regulated?

Back 49

by the antagonistic actions of PTH and calcitonin

Front 50

parathyroid/o

Back 50

parathyroid glands

Front 51

What are the adrenal or suprarenal glands?

Back 51

2 small glands located cranial to each kidney

Front 52

ad-

Back 52

toward

Front 53

ren/o

Back 53

kidney

Front 54

supra-

Back 54

above

Front 55

What does the adrenal gland regulate?

Back 55

electrolytes, metabolism, sexual functions, and they body's response to injury

Front 56

adren/o

adrenal/o

Back 56

adrenal glands

Front 57

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland?

Back 57

--adrenal cortex (the outer portion)

--adrenal medulla (the inner portion)

Front 58

cortic/o

Back 58

outer

Front 59

medull/o

Back 59

inner or middle portion

Front 60

the adrenal cortex hormones are classified as steroids. What is a steroid?

Back 60

a substance that has a specific chemical structure of carbon atoms in four interlocking rings

Front 61

Corticosteroids

Back 61

steroids produced by the adrenal cortex

Front 62

mineralocorticoids

Back 62

group of corticosteroids that regulates electrolyte and water balance by affecting ion transport in the kidney

Front 63

aldosterone

Back 63

--a hormone that regulates sodium and potassium

--the principal mineralocorticoid

Front 64

glucocorticoids

Back 64

group of corticosteroids that regulates carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; resistance to stress; and immunologic fuctioning

Front 65

hydrocortisone (or cortisol)

Back 65

--regulates carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism

--it is a glucocorticoid

Front 66

androgens

Back 66

group of corticosteroids that aids in the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics

Front 67

andr/o

Back 67

male

Front 68

-gen

Back 68

means producing

Front 69

anabolic steroids

Back 69

synthetic medications similar in structure to testosterone that are used to increase strength and muscle mass

Front 70

ana-

Back 70

up or excessive

Front 71

bol/o

Back 71

throwing

Front 72

anabolic

Back 72

means pertaining to building up

Front 73

catabolism

Back 73

--means breaking down

--the opposite of anabolism

Front 74

cata-

Back 74

means down

Front 75

epinephrine

Back 75

--catecholamine that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system (the fight-or-flight system) and increases blood pressure, heart rate, and blood glucose

--aka adrenaline

--is known as a vasopressor since it increases blood pressure

Front 76

catecholamines

Back 76

nitrogen-containing compounds that act as hormones or neurotransmitters

Front 77

vasopressor

Back 77

a substance that stimulates blood vessel contraction and increases blood pressure

Front 78

norepinephrine

Back 78

--catecholamine that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system (the fight-or-flight system) and increases blood pressure, heart rate, and blood glucose

--aka noradrenaline

--a substance very similar in chemical structure and function to epinephrine

Front 79

epi-

Back 79

above

Front 80

nephro/o

Back 80

kidney

Front 81

Where is epinephrine made?

Back 81

in the gland above the kidney

Front 82

ad-

Back 82

toward

Front 83

ren/o

Back 83

kidney

Front 84

Where is adrenaline made?

Back 84

the gland toward the kidney (the adrenal glands)

Front 85

nor-

Back 85

means normal and denote the parent compound in a pair of related substances

Front 86

What is the pancreas?

Back 86

an aggregation of cells near the proximal duodenum that has both exocrine and endocrine functions

Front 87

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

Back 87

secretion of digestive enzymes

Front 88

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

Back 88

secretion of blood glucose-regulating hromones

Front 89

pancreat/o

Back 89

pancreas

Front 90

islets of Langerhans

Back 90

specialized cells in the pancreas that secrete the hormones that help regulate blood glucose

Front 91

insulin

Back 91

--hormone that decreases blood glucose levels by transporting blood glucose into body cells or into storage as glycogen

--it is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in response to high blood glucose

Front 92

glycogen

Back 92

the main carbohydrate storage unit in animals

Front 93

glucagon

Back 93

--hormone that increases blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose

--it is secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in response to low blood glucose

Front 94

What is the thymus?

Back 94

a gland predominant in young animas located near midline in the cranioventral portion of the thoracic cavity

Front 95

They thymus has an immunologic function through its role in...

Back 95

the maturation of T-lymphocytes

Front 96

thym/o

Back 96

thymus

Front 97

thymosin

Back 97

augments maturation of T-lymphocytes; therefore, it plays role in the immune system

Front 98

What is the pineal gland (or pineal body)?

Back 98

an aggregation of cells located in the central portion of the brain

Front 99

What is the function of the pineal gland?

Back 99

--functions are not fully understood

--but one function is secretion of serotonin which is converted to melatonin, a hormone that affects circadian rhythm

Front 100

pineal/o

Back 100

pineal gland

Front 101

melatonin

Back 101

controls circadian rhythm and reproductive timing

Front 102

circadian

Back 102

refers to the events occurring in a 24 hour period

Front 103

circa

Back 103

around

Front 104

diem

Back 104

day

Front 105

gonads

Back 105

gamete-producing glands

Front 106

gamete

Back 106

sex cell

Front 107

ovaries

Back 107

gamete producing glands in females

Front 108

testes

Back 108

gamete producing glands in males

Front 109

gonad/o

Back 109

gonad or gamete-producing gland

Front 110

gonadotropic hormones

Back 110

stimulate the gonads

Front 111

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Back 111

--stimulates secretions of the ovary

--it is secreted by the embryo and by the placenta after implantation has occurred

Front 112

estrogen

Back 112

hormone that aids in the development of secondary sex characteristics (an example is mammary gland development) and regulates ovulation in females

Front 113

progesterone

Back 113

--hormone that aids in the maintenance of pregnancy

--is also secreted from the corpus luteum and placenta

Front 114

testosterone

Back 114

--augments the development of secondary sex characteristics

--examples of secondary sex characteristics in animals: horns in rams (not horns in all species), boar tusks, and shoulder girth in cattle and horses

--it is also thought to be secreted from the ovaries and adrenal cortex, although those secretions are in very small amounts

Front 115

ACTH stimulation test

Back 115

--blood analysis for cortisol levels after administration of synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone

--used to differentiate pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism from adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism

Front 116

assays

Back 116

laboratory technique used to determine the amount of a particular substance in a sample

Front 117

dexamethasone suppression test

(also called dex suppression test)

Back 117

--blood analysis for cortisol levels after administration of synthetic glucocorticoid (dexamethasone)

--used to differentiate pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism from adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism

--tests may be high or low dose

Front 118

radioactive iodine uptake test

Back 118

--analysis of thyroid function after radioactive iodine has been given orally or intravenously

--absorption of the radioactive iodine is measured with a counter for a specific time period

Front 119

thyroid stimulation test

Back 119

--blood analysis for thyroid hormone levels after administration of synthetic thyroid-stimulating hormone

--used to differentiate pituitary-dependent from thyroid-dependent dysfunction

--TSH levels can also be measured before an dafter administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Front 120

synthetic

Back 120

pertaining to artificial production

Front 121

acromegaly

Back 121

enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

Front 122

acr/o

Back 122

extremities

Front 123

adrenopathy

Back 123

disease of the adrenal glands

Front 124

aldosteronism

Back 124

disorder caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex, resulting in electrolyte imbalance

Front 125

electrolyte

Back 125

a charged substance found in blood

Front 126

diabetes insipidus (DI)

Back 126

insufficient antidiuretic hormone production or the inability of the kidneys to respond to ADH stimuli

Front 127

stimulus

(plural is stimuli)

Back 127

an agent, act, or influence that produces a reaction

Front 128

diabetes mellitus (DM)

Back 128

metabolic disorder o inadequate secretion of insulin or recognition of insulin by the body, resulting in increased urination, drinking, and weight loss

Front 129

mellit/o

Back 129

means honey, which describes the "sweetness" of blood due to hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus

Front 130

ketoacidosis

Back 130

an abnormal condition of low pH accompanied by ketones (by-products of fat metabolism); may result from severe insulin deficiency

Front 131

ket/o

Back 131

means breakdown product of fat

Front 132

acidosis

Back 132

an abnormal condition of low pH

Front 133

endocrinopathy

Back 133

disease of the hormone-producing system

Front 134

gynecomastia

Back 134

condition of excessive mammary development in males

Front 135

gynec/o

Back 135

woman

Front 136

mast/o

Back 136

mammary gland

Front 137

hyperadrenocorticism

Back 137

disorder caused by excessive adrenal cortex production of glucocorticoid, resulting in increased urination, drinking, and redistribution of body fat; aka Cushing's disease

Front 138

hypercrinism

Back 138

condition of excessive gland secretion

Front 139

hyperglycemia

Back 139

abnormally elevated blood glucose

Front 140

hypergonadism

Back 140

abnormal condition of excessive hormone secretion by the sex glands (ovaries in females; testes in males)

Front 141

hyperinsulinism

Back 141

disorder of excessive hormone that transports blood glucose to body cells

Front 142

hyperparathyroidism

Back 142

abnormal condition of excessive parathyroid hormone secretion resulting in hypercalcemia

Front 143

hyperpituitarism

Back 143

condition of excessive secretion of the pituitary gland

Front 144

hyperthyroidism

Back 144

--condition of excessive thyroid hormone

--signs include increased metabolic rate, weight loss, polyuria, and polydipsia

Front 145

hypoadrenocorticism

Back 145

disorder caused by deficient adrenal cortex production of glucocorticoid, resulting in weakness, vomiting, and weight loss; aka Addison's disease

Front 146

hypocrinism

Back 146

condition of deficient gland secretion

Front 147

hypoglycemia

Back 147

--abnormally low blood glucose

--the brain is the first organ affected by hypoglycemia because metabolism in the brain depends primarily on glucose

--signs include shakiness, anxiety, confusion, convulsions, seizures, and, if untreated, loss of consciousness

Front 148

hypogonadism

Back 148

abnormal condition of deficient hormone secretion by the sex glands (ovaries in females; testes in males)

Front 149

hypoparathyroidism

Back 149

abnormal condition of deficient parathyroid hormone secretion resulting in hypocalcemia

Front 150

hypocalcemia

Back 150

abnormally low levels of blood calcium

Front 151

hypo-

Back 151

deficient

Front 152

calc/i

Back 152

calcium

Front 153

-emia

Back 153

blood condition

Front 154

hypercalcemia

Back 154

abnormally high blood calcium levels

Front 155

hyper-

Back 155

excessive

Front 156

hypopysitis

Back 156

inflammation of the pituitary gland

Front 157

hypothyroidism

Back 157

--condition of thyroid hormone deficiency

--signs include decreased metabolic rate, poor hair coat, lethargy, increased sensitivity to cold

Front 158

euthyroidism

Back 158

condition of normal thyroid function

Front 159

eu-

Back 159

good, well, or easily

Front 160

insulinoma

Back 160

tumor of the islet of Langerhans of the pancreas

Front 161

pancreatitis

Back 161

inflammation of the pancreas

Front 162

pheochromocytoma

Back 162

--tumor of the adrenal medulla resulting in increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

--it is a tumor that takes on a dark (dusky) color because it is composed of chromaffin (or colored) cells

Front 163

phe/o

Back 163

dusky

Front 164

chrom/o

Back 164

color

Front 165

cyt/o

Back 165

cell

Front 166

-oma

Back 166

tumor

Front 167

pinealopathy

Back 167

disorder of the pineal gland

Front 168

pituitarism

Back 168

any disorder of the pituitary gland

Front 169

thymoma

Back 169

tumor of the thymus

Front 170

thyroiditis

Back 170

inflammation of the thyroid gland

Front 171

thyromegaly

Back 171

enlargement of the thyroid gland

Front 172

thyrotoxicosis

Back 172

abnormal life-threatening condition of excessive, poisonous quantities of thyroid hormones

Front 173

toxic/o

Back 173

poison

Front 174

adrenalectomy

Back 174

surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands

Front 175

chemical thyroidectomy

Back 175

administration of radioactive iodine to suppress thyroid function; aka radioactive iodine therapy

Front 176

hypophysectomy

Back 176

surgical removal of the pituitary gland

Front 177

lobectomy

Back 177

surgical removal of the pituitary gland

Front 178

pancreatectomy

Back 178

surgical removal of the pancreas

Front 179

pancreatotomy

Back 179

surgical incision into the pancreas

Front 180

parathyroidectomy

Back 180

surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands

Front 181

pinealectomy

Back 181

surgical removal of the pineal gland

Front 182

thymectomy

Back 182

surgical removal of the thymus

Front 183

thyroidectomy

Back 183

surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland

Front 184

ACTH

Back 184

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Front 185

ADH

Back 185

antidiuretic hormone

Front 186

DI

Back 186

diabetes insipidus

Front 187

DM

Back 187

diabetes mellitus

Front 188

FSH

Back 188

follicle-stimulating hormone

Front 189

GH

Back 189

growth hormone

Front 190

GLU

Back 190

glucose

Front 191

hCG

Back 191

human chorionic gonadotropin

Front 192

ICSH

Back 192

interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

Front 193

LH

Back 193

luteinizing hormone

Front 194

LTH

Back 194

luteotropin hormone

Front 195

MSH

Back 195

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Front 196

PTH

Back 196

parathyroid hormone

Front 197

STH

Back 197

somatotropin hormone

Front 198

T3

Back 198

triiodothyronine

Front 199

T4

Back 199

thyroxine

Front 200

TSH

Back 200

thyroid-stimulating hormone