Medical Terminology Ch08

Front 1

cerebr/o

Back 1

cerebrum, large part of the brian

Front 2

cerebell/o

Back 2

cerebellum, little brain

Front 3

crani/o

Back 3

skull

Front 4

encephal/o

Back 4

entire brain

Front 5

esthesi/o

Back 5

sensation

Front 6

gangli/o

Back 6

ganglion, knot

Front 7

gli/o

Back 7

glue

Front 8

gnos/o

Back 8

knowing

Front 9

kinesi/o

Back 9

movement

Front 10

lex/o

Back 10

word or phrase

Front 11

mening/o
meningi/o

Back 11

meninges, membrane

Front 12

myel/o

Back 12

spinal cord or bone marrow

Front 13

narc/o

Back 13

stupor,sleep

Front 14

neur/o

Back 14

nerve

Front 15

phas/o

Back 15

speech

Front 16

phob/o

Back 16

exaggerated fear or sensitivity

Front 17

phor/o

Back 17

carry, bear

Front 18

phren/o
psych/o
thym/o

Back 18

mind

Front 19

schiz/o

Back 19

split

Front 20

somat/o

Back 20

body

Front 21

somn/o
somn/i
hypn/o

Back 21

sleep

Front 22

spin/o

Back 22

spine

Front 23

spondyl/o
vertebr/o

Back 23

vertebra

Front 24

stere/o

Back 24

three dimensional or solid

Front 25

ton/o

Back 25

tone, tension

Front 26

tax/o

Back 26

order or coordination

Front 27

thalam/o

Back 27

thalamus, a room

Front 28

top/o

Back 28

place

Front 29

ventricul/o

Back 29

ventricle, belly or pouch

Front 30

cata-

Back 30

down

Front 31

-asthenia

Back 31

weakness

Front 32

-lepsy

Back 32

seizure

Front 33

-mania

Back 33

abnormal impulse towards

Front 34

-paresis

Back 34

slight paralysis

Front 35

-plegia

Back 35

paralysis

Front 36

central nervous system (CNS)

Back 36

brain and spinal cord

Front 37

brain

Back 37

portion of the central nervous system contained in the cranium

Front 38

cerebrum

Back 38

largest portion of the brain; divided into left and right halves, which are connected by the corpus callosum

Front 39

frontal lobe

Back 39

anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere; responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality

Front 40

parietal lobe

Back 40

portion posterior to the frontal lobe; responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, touch

Front 41

temporal lobe

Back 41

portion that lies below the frontal lobe, responsible for hearing, taste, and smell

Front 42

occipital lobe

Back 42

portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes, responsible for vision

Front 43

cerebral cortex

Back 43

outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter, responsible for higher mental fucntions

Front 44

thalamus

Back 44

each of two gray matter nuclei deep within the brain responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex

Front 45

gyri

Back 45

convolutions (mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres

Front 46

sulci

Back 46

shallow grooves in the brain

Front 47

fissures

Back 47

deep grooves in the brain

Front 48

cerebellum

Back 48

portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles

Front 49

brainstem

Back 49

resion of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebeum, cerebellum and spinal cord; responsible for breathing , heart rate, and body temp

Front 50

ventricles

Back 50

series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemisphere and brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Front 51

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 51

plasmalike clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord

Front 52

spinal cord

Back 52

column of nervous tissue from the brainstem through the vertebrae, responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and the body

Front 53

meninges

Back 53

three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord; dura mater, oia mater, arachnoid mater

Front 54

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Back 54

nerves that branch from the central nervous system, including nerves of the brain (cranial verces) and spinal cord (spinal nerves)

Front 55

cranial nerves

Back 55

12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain

Front 56

spinal nerves

Back 56

31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord

Front 57

sensory nerves

Back 57

nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory information to the brain; also called afferent nerves

Front 58

motor nerves

Back 58

nerves that also conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands

Front 59

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back 59

nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and various glands

Front 60

hypothalamus

Back 60

control center for the autonomic nervous system located below the thalamus

Front 61

sympathetic nervous system

Back 61

division of the ANS converned with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations

Front 62

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 62

division of the ANS that is most active in ordinary conditions; counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. returns body to state of rest

Front 63

aphasia

Back 63

inability to speak

Front 64

dysphasia

Back 64

difficulty speaking

Front 65

coma

Back 65

deep sleep

Front 66

delirium

Back 66

state of mental confusion, caused by disturbances in cerebral fucntion

Front 67

dementia

Back 67

impairment of intellectual function; memory loss, disorientation, and confusion

Front 68

motor deficit

Back 68

loss or impairment of muscle function

Front 69

sensory deficit

Back 69

loss of impairment of sensation

Front 70

neuralgia

Back 70

pain along the course of a nerve

Front 71

paralysis

Back 71

temporary or permanent loss of motor control

Front 72

flaccid paralysis

Back 72

defective or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion

Front 73

spastic paralysis

Back 73

stiff or awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder

Front 74

hemiparesis

Back 74

partial parralysis of one side of the body (right/left)

Front 75

sciatica

Back 75

pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve caused by compression of the nerve at it's roots

Front 76

seizure

Back 76

sudden transient disturbances in the brain function resulting from abnormal firiing of nerve impulses (may or may not have convulsions)

Front 77

convulsion

Back 77

to pull together; type of sezure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles

Front 78

syncope

Back 78

fainting

Front 79

tactile stimulation

Back 79

evoking a responce by touching

Front 80

hyperesthesia

Back 80

increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch and pain

Front 81

paresthesia

Back 81

abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause

Front 82

agnosia

Back 82

any of many types of loss of neurologic function involving interpretation of sensory information

Front 83

astereognosis

Back 83

inability to judge the form of an object by touch

Front 84

atopognosis

Back 84

inability to locate a sensation properly, such as to locate a point touched on the body

Front 85

alzheimer disease

Back 85

disease of structural changes in the brain

Front 86

cerebral palsy (CP)

Back 86

condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development, partial paralysis

Front 87

cerebrovascular disease

Back 87

disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain

Front 88

cerebral arteriosclerosis

Back 88

hardening of the arteries of the brain

Front 89

cerebral atherosclerosis

Back 89

fatty plaqe buildup in vessels of the brain

Front 90

cerebral aneurysm

Back 90

dilation of blood vessel in the brain

Front 91

cerebral thrombosis

Back 91

presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain

Front 92

cerebral embolism

Back 92

obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by a moving clot.

Front 93

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Back 93

damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease; e.g. occlusion of a vessel (stoke)

Front 94

trasient ischemic attack (TIA)

Back 94

brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain; usualy caused by partial occlusion, often preceded CVA

Front 95

encephalitis

Back 95

inflamation of the brain

Front 96

epilepsy

Back 96

disorder affecting the central nervous system, characterized by recurrnent seizures

Front 97

tonic-clonic

Back 97

stifening-kerking, major motor seizure involving all muscle groups

Front 98

absence

Back 98

seizure involing brief loss of consciousness without motor involvement

Front 99

glioma

Back 99

tumor of glial cells graded by degree of malignacy

Front 100

herniated disk

Back 100

protrusion of a degenerated intervertebral disk, causes compression of nerve

Front 101

herpes zoster

Back 101

viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves, painful blisters (shingles)

Front 102

huntington chorea

Back 102

hereditary disease of the central nervous system characterized by bizarre involuntary body movements

Front 103

hydrocephalus

Back 103

abnormal accumulaiton of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain

Front 104

meningioma

Back 104

benign tumor of the coverings of the brain (meninges

Front 105

meningitis

Back 105

inflammation of the meninges

Front 106

migraine headache

Back 106

paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of mostly unilateral headache

Front 107

multiple sclerosis

Back 107

disease of the central nervous system characterized by the demyelination (deterioration of the myelin sheath) of nerve fibers

Front 108

myasthenia gravis

Back 108

autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing a progressive decrase in muscle strength

Front 109

myelitis

Back 109

inflamation of the spinal cord

Front 110

narcolepsy

Back 110

sleep disorder characterized by a sudden, uncontrollable need to sleep

Front 111

parkinson disease

Back 111

slowly progressive degeneration of nerves in the brain characterized by tremor, etc

Front 112

plegia

Back 112

paralysis

Front 113

hemiplegia

Back 113

paralysis on one side of the body

Front 114

paraplegia

Back 114

paralysis from waist down

Front 115

quadriplegia

Back 115

paralysis of all four limbs

Front 116

poliomyelitis

Back 116

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity

Front 117

polyneuritis

Back 117

inflammation involving two or more nerves, often caused by nutritional defiecny

Front 118

sleep apnea

Back 118

periods of breathing cessation that occur during sleep

Front 119

spina bifida

Back 119

congenital defect in the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches

Front 120

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Back 120

record of minute electrical impluses in the brain, detect nurological disorders

Front 121

evoked potentials

Back 121

minute electrical waves that are sorted out of ongoing EEG activity into diagnose

Front 122

polysomnography

Back 122

recording various aspects of sleep to diagnose sleep disorders

Front 123

lumbar puncture (LP)

Back 123

introduction of a specialized needle into the spine. spinal tap

Front 124

magnetic resonance imaging

Back 124

magnetic fields to visulize soft tissues

Front 125

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

Back 125

magnetic resonance imaging of the blood vessels for detecting conditions

Front 126

intracranial MRA

Back 126

magnetic resonance image of the head to visulize the vessels of the circle of willis (common problem area)

Front 127

extracranial MRA

Back 127

magnetic resonance image of the neck to visulize the carotid artery

Front 128

nuclear medicine imaging

Back 128

radionuclide organ imaging

Front 129

SPECT brain scan

Back 129

scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of the brain after administration of radioactive isotopes

Front 130

positron emission tomography

Back 130

scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of the brain after administration of radioactive isotopes

like SPECT, but better and more expensive

Front 131

radiography

Back 131

xray imageing

Front 132

cerebral antgiogram

Back 132

xray of the blood vessels of the brain, after injection of contrast

Front 133

computed tomography

Back 133

computed tomographic xray images of the head used to visualize abnormalities

Front 134

myelogram

Back 134

xray of the spinal cord made after intraspinal injection of contrast medium

Front 135

reflex testing

Back 135

test performed to observe the bodies responce to a stimulus

Front 136

deep tendon reflexes (DTR)

Back 136

test of responce to stimlus

involuntary muscle contraction after percussion at a tendon

rated from 1-4
1=low responce
2=normal
4=exagerated

Front 137

Babinski reflex

Back 137

pathologic response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot; a positive sign is indicated when the toes dorsiflex (turn upward)

Front 138

transcranial sonogram

Back 138

image made from ultrasound beams, used to diagnose blood flow.

Front 139

craiectomy

Back 139

excision of part of the skull to aproach the brain

Front 140

craniotomy

Back 140

incision into the skull

Front 141

diskectomy

Back 141

removal of a herniated disk, often done percutaneously (through skin)

Front 142

laminectomy

Back 142

excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to aproach the spinal cord

Front 143

vertebral lamina

Back 143

flattened posterior portion of the vertebral arch

Front 144

microsurgery

Back 144

use of a microscope to dissect minute structures during surgury

Front 145

neuroplasty

Back 145

surgical repair of a nerve

Front 146

spondylosyndesis

Back 146

spinal fusion

Front 147

chemotherapy

Back 147

treatment of malignancies infections and other diseases with chemical agents

Front 148

radiation thearpy

Back 148

treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to impede proliferation of malignant cells

Front 149

stereotactic radiosurgery

Back 149

radiation treatment to inactivate malignant lesions, multiple precise external radiation beams

Front 150

stereotactic frame

Back 150

device used to localize a point in space targeting a precise site

Front 151

analgesic

Back 151

relives pain

Front 152

sedative

Back 152

agent that quiets nervousness

Front 153

hypnotic

Back 153

agent that induces sleep

Front 154

affect

Back 154

emotional feeling or mood

Front 155

flat affect

Back 155

significantly dulled emotional tone

Front 156

apathy

Back 156

lack of interest or display of emotion

Front 157

catatonia

Back 157

state of unresponsiveness to ones outside environment, usually uncluding muscle rigidity, staring and inabiliity to communicate

Front 158

delusion

Back 158

persistant belief that has no basis in reality

Front 159

grandiose delusion

Back 159

false belief of possesion of great wealth/power

Front 160

persecutory delusion

Back 160

flase belief that someone is plotting against them

Front 161

dysphoria

Back 161

restless, dissatisfied mood

Front 162

euphoria

Back 162

exaggerated, unfounded feeling of well-being

Front 163

hallucination

Back 163

false perception of the senses for which there is no reality, hearing or seeing things

Front 164

ideation

Back 164

state of abnormal elation and increased activity

Front 165

mania

Back 165

state of abnormal elation and increased activity

Front 166

neurosis

Back 166

phychologic condition in whihc anxiety is prominent

Front 167

psychosis

Back 167

mental condition characterized by distortion of reality, inability to communicate or fucntion

Front 168

thoguht disorder

Back 168

thought that lacks clear processing or logical direction

Front 169

major affective disorder
unipolar disorder

Back 169

disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, slepp, activity, social behavior

Front 170

dysthymia

Back 170

milder affective disorder characterized by a chronic depression

Front 171

manic depression bipolar disorder (BD)

Back 171

affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression

Front 172

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Back 172

affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur in the fall

Front 173

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Back 173

most common anxiety disorder, characterized by chronic excessive uncontrolaable worry about everyday problems.

Front 174

major affective disorder
unipolar disorder

Back 174

disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, slepp, activity, social behavior

Front 175

dysthymia

Back 175

milder affective disorder characterized by a chronic depression

Front 176

manic depression bipolar disorder (BD)

Back 176

affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression

Front 177

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Back 177

affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur in the fall

Front 178

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Back 178

most common anxiety disorder, characterized by chronic excessive uncontrolaable worry about everyday problems.

Front 179

panic disorder (PD)

Back 179

disorder of sudden, recurrent attacks of intense feelings

Front 180

phobia

Back 180

exaggerated fear of a specific object

Front 181

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Back 181

condition resulting from an extremely traumatic exerience, presistent thoughts and memories of the ordeal

Front 182

obsessive compulsive disorder

Back 182

anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions

Front 183

hypochondriasis

Back 183

preoccupation with thoguhts of disease and concern that one is suffering from a serious condition

Front 184

autism

Back 184

developmental disability, neurologic disorder affecting brain function

Front 185

dyslexia

Back 185

developmental disability characterized by a difficulty understanding written or spoken words

Front 186

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Back 186

dysfunction characterized by consistent hyperactivity

Front 187

mental retardation

Back 187

condition of subaverage intelligence characterized by an IQ <70

Front 188

anorexia nervosa

Back 188

severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions of self

Front 189

bulimia nervosa

Back 189

eating disorder characterized by binging and purging

Front 190

substance abuse disorders

Back 190

mental disorders resulting from abuse of substances

Front 191

schizophrenia

Back 191

disease of the brain chemestry causeing a distorted congnitive and emotional preception of the environment

Front 192

electroconvulsive thearpy (ECT)

Back 192

electrical shock applied to the brain to induce convulsions, used to treat sever depression

Front 193

light thearpy

Back 193

specialized light boxes to treat seasonal affect

Front 194

psychothearapy

Back 194

treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and non-verbal interaction with paients

Front 195

behavioral threarpy

Back 195

treatment to decrese or stop unwanted behavior

Front 196

cognitive threapy

Back 196

treatment to changed unwanted patterns of thinking

Front 197

psychotropic drugs

Back 197

medications used to treat mental illness

Front 198

antianxiety agents
anxiolytic agents

Back 198

drugs used to reduce anxiety

Front 199

neuroleptic agents

Back 199

drugs used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia