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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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phren/o
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diaphragm
(also mind) |
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pneum/o
pneumon/o |
air or lung
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spir/o
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breathing
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-pnea
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breathing
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sinuses
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air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity
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adenoid
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lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose
aka pharyngeal tonsil |
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larynx
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voice box
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trachea
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windpipe
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epiglottis
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lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing
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alveoli
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thin-walled microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
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lobes
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subdivisions of the lung, 2 on the LT & 3 on the RT
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pleura
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membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) & lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)
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mediastinum
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partition that separates the thorax into 2 compartments (that contain the RT & LT lungs) & encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea & thymus gland
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parenchyma
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functional tissues of any organ such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, & sacs that perform respiration
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eupnea
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normal breathing
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hypopnea
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shallow breathing
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hyperpnea
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deep breathing
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orthopnea
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ability to breathe only in an upright position
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Cheyne-Stokes respiration
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pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth & sometimes rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea
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caseous necrosis
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degeneration & death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance (characteristic of tuberculosis)
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dysphonia
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hoarseness (phon/o = voice or sound)
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expectoration
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coughing up & spitting out of material from the lungs
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hemoptysis
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coughing up & spitting out blood originating in the lungs
(ptysis = to spit) |
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hypercapnia
hypercarbia |
excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood
(capno = smoke; carbo = coal) |
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hypoxemia
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deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
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hypoxia
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deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells
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obstructive lung disorder
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condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs
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restrictive lung disorder
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condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs
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pulmonary edema
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fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli, eventually flooding into the alveoli
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pulmonary infiltrate
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density on an x-ray representing solid material within the air spaces of the lungs, usually indicating inflammatory changes
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rhinorrhea
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thin, watery discharge from the nose
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asthma
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panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by the swelling of their mucous membrane, characterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, & cough
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atelectasis
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collapse of lung tissue (alveoli)
(atele = imperfect) |
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bronchiectasis
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inflammation of the bronchi
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bronchogenic carcinoma
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lung cancer
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emphysema
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obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli w/ air, w/ destructive changes in their walls resulting in loss of lung elasticity & gas exchange (emphysan = to inflate)
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis & emphysema
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cystic fibrosis
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inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thick, viscous (sticky) mucus that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract; mucus that obstructs the airways leads to infection, inflammation, & lung tissue damage
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laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)
croup |
inflammation of the upper airways with swelling that creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct "seal bark" cough
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nasal polyposis
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presence of numerous polyps in the nose (a polyp is a tumor on a stalk)
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pleural effusion
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accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity
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empyema
pyothorax |
accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
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hemothorax
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accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
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pneumoconiosis
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chronic restrictive disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts such as coal, asbestos, or silicone
(conio = dust) |
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pneumonia
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inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals
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pneumocystis pneumonia
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pneumonia caused by the Pneumocystis carinii organism - a common opportunistic infection seen in those with positive human immunodeficiency virus
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pneumothorax
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air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
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pneumohemothorax
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air & blood in the pleural cavity
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pulmonary embolism (PE)
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occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot
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pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
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disease caused by the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, & necrotizing caseous lesions
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upper respiratory infection (URI)
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infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, & bronchi
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arterial blood gases (ABGs)
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analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases
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pH
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a measure of blood acidity or alkalinity
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PaO2
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partial pressure of oxygen measuring the amount of oxygen in the blood
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PaCO2
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partial pressure of carbon dioxide measuring the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
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polysomnography (PSG)
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recording the various aspects of sleep (eye & muscle movements, respiration, brain wave patterns) for diagnosis of sleep disorders
somn/o = sleep |
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pulmonary function testing (PFT)
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direct & indirect measurements of lung volumes & capacities
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spirometry
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portion of pulmonary function testing that is a direct measurement of lung volume & capacity
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tidal volume (TV)
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amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration
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vital capacity (VC)
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amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration
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peak flow (PF) peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
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measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration
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adenoidectomy
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excision of the adenoids
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pneumonectomy
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removal of an entire lung
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thoracentesis
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puncture for aspiration of the chest
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thoracoplasty
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repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs
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thoracostomy
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creation of an opening in the chest usually for insertion of a tube
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thoracotomy
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incision into the chest
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tonsillectomy
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excision of the palatine tonsils
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tracheostomy
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creation of an opening in the trachea, most often to insert a tube
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tracheotomy
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incision into the trachea
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incentive spirometry
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common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale & repeatedly sustain an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs & prevent pulmonary complications
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mechanical ventilation
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mechanical method performed by a respiratory therapist to provide assisted breathing using a ventilator
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histamine
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compound in the body that is released by injured cells in allergic reactions, inflammation, etc., causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, dilation of blood vessels, etc.
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bronchodilator
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drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi
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expectorant
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drug that breaks up mucus & promotes coughing
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arthr/o
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articulation
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esthesi/o
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sensation
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gli/o
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glue
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gnos/o
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knowing
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hypn/o
somn/i (o) |
sleep
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kinesi/o
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movement
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lex/o
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word or phrase
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myel/o
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spinal cord or bone marrow
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phas/o
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speech
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phor/o
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carry or bear
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phren/o
psych/o thym/o |
mind
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schiz/o
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split
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somat/o
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body
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spondyl/o
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vertebra
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stere/o
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3D or solid
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tax/o
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order or coordination
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thalam/o
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thalamus (a room)
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top/p
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place
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ventricul/o
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ventricle (belly or pouch)
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cata-
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down
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-asthenia
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weakness
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-lepsy
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seizure
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-mania
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condition of abnormal impulse toward
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-paresis
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slight paralysis
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-plegia
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paralysis
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gyri
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ring or circle; convolutions (mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres
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sulci
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ditch; shallow groves that separate gyri
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fissures
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splitting crack; deep grooves in the brain
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cerebellum
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portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, responsible for control & coordination of skeletal muscles
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ventricles
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series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres & brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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sensory nerves
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nerves that conduct impulses from body parts & carry sensory info to the brain - AKA afferent nerves (ad = toward; ferre=carry)
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motor nerves
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nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles & glands; AKA efferent nerves (e=out; ferre =carry)
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sympathetic nervous system
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division of the ANS concerned primarily w/ preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations
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parasympathetic nervous system
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division of the ANS that is most active in ordinary conditions; it counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience
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aphasia
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condition without speech; impairment due to localized brain injury that affects understanding, retrieving, & formulating meaningful & sequential elements of language
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dysarthria
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condition of difficult articulation
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dysphagia
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difficulty speaking
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sciatica
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pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve caused by compression or trauma of the nerve or its roots
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tactile stimulation
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evoking a response by touching
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hyperesthesia
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increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch or pain
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paresthesia
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abnormal sensation of numbness & tingling without objective cause
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agnosia
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any of many types of loss of neurological function associated with interpretation of sensory info
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astereognosis
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inability to judge the form of an object by touch (e.g., a coin from a key)
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atopognosis
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inability to locate a sensation properly, such as to locate a point touched on the body
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
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a condition of progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle control; symptoms advance from muscle weakness in the arms, legs, muscles of speech, swallowing, & breathing to total paralysis & death - AKA Lou Gehrig disease
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cerebral palsy (CP)
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condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury @ birth, characterized by partial paralysis & lack of muscle coordination (palsy = paralysis)
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cerebral aneurysm
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dilation of a blood vessel in the brain
(aneurysm = dilation or widening) |
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cerebral thrombosis
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presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain
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cerebral embolism
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obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus transported through the circulation
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cerebral embolism
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obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus transported through the circulation
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transient ischemic attack (TIA)
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brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurological deficit (impairment)-often precedes a CVA
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tonic-clonic
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stiffening-jerking; a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups-previously termed grand mal (big bad) seizure
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absence
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seizure involving a brief loss of consciousness without motor involvement-previously termed petit mal (little bad) seizure
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glioma
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tumor of glial cells graded by degree of malignancy
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Huntington disease (HD)
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hereditary disease of the CNS
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Huntington chorea
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characterized by bizarre involuntary body movements & progressive demetia (choros = dance)
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meningioma
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benign tumor of the coverings of the brain (meninges)
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migraine headache
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paroxysmal attacks of mostly unilateral headache often accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, and/or vomiting, lasting hours or days & caused by dilation of arteries
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multiple sclerosis (MS)
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disease of the central nervous system characterized by the demyelination (deterioration of the myelin sheath) of nerve fibers, with episodes of neurological dysfunction (exacerbation) followed by recovery (remission)
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myasthenia gravis
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autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing progressive decrease in muscle strength w/ activity & a return of strength after a period of rest
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myelitis
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inflammation of the spinal cord
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Parkinson disease
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condition of slowly progressive degeneration of an area of the brainstem (substantia nigra) resulting in a decrease of dopamine (a chemical neurotransmitter that is necessary for proper movement); characterized by tremor, rigidity of muscles, & slow movements (bradykinesia), usually occurring later in life
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plegia
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paralysis
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hemiplegia
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paralysis on one side of the body
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paraplegia
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paralysis from the waist down
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quadriplegia
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paralysis of all 4 limbs
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poliomyelitis
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inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal & muscle deformity & paralysis (polio = gray)
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polyneuritis
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inflammation involving two or more nerves, often owing to a nutritional deficiency such as lack of thiamine
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reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD)
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condition of abnormal function of the sympathetic nervous system in response to pain perception, usually as the result of an injury to an extremity; symptoms include persistent burning pain, tissue edema, joint tenderness, changes in skin color & temperature, & abnormal sweating @ the pain site-decreased mobility caused by pain can lead to muscle atrophy & loss of motor function
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spina bifida
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congenital defect in the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching of spinal membranes or tissues
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nerve conduction velocity (NCV)
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electrical shock of peripheral nerves to record time of conduction; used to diagnose various peripheral nervous system diseases
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positron emission tomography (PET)
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technique combining nuclear medicine & computed tomography technology to produce images of brain anatomy & corresponding physiology
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Babinski sign or reflex
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pathological response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot; a positive sign is indicated when the toes dorsiflex (curl upward)
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transcranial sonogram
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image made by sending ultrasoudn beams through the skull to assess blood flow in intracranial vessels- used in diagnosis & management of stroke & head trauma
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craniectomy
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excision of part of the skull to approach the brain
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craniotomy
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incision into the skull to approach the brain
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laminectomy
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excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to approach the spinal cord
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vertebral lamina
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flattened posterior portion of the vertebral arch
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spondylosyndesis
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spinal fusion
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analgesic
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agent that relieves pain
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thrombolytic therapy
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dissolution of thrombi using drugs (e.g., tissue plasminogen activator tPA) used to treat acute ischemic stroke
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anticonvulsant
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agent that prevents or lessens convulsion
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sedative
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agent that has a calming effect
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affect
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emotional feeling or mood
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flat affect
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significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction
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apathy
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lack of interest or display of emotion
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catatonia
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state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring & inability to communicate
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grandiose delusion
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person's false belief that he or she possesses great wealth, intelligence or power
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persecutory delusion
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person's false belief that someone is plotting against him or her with intent to harm
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dysphoria
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restless, dissatisfied mood
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ideation
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formation of thoughts or ideas (e.g., suicidal ideation-thoughts of suicide)
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mania
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state of abnormal elation and increased activity
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neurosis
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psychological condition in which anxiety is prominent
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psychosis
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mental condition characterized by distortion of reality, resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one's environment
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thought disorder
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thought that lacks clear processing or logical direction
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dysthymia
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milder affective disorder characterized by a chronic depression persisting for @ least 2 years
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TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:
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DISORGANIZED
CATATONIC PARANOID SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER (concurrent w/ major depression or manic depression) |
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psychotropic drugs
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medications used to treat mental illnesses (trop/o = a turning)
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neuroleptic agents
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drugs used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia
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