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504 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nas/o
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nose
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sinus/o
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sinuses
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pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulmon/o
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lungs
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upper respiratory tract
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nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea
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lower respiratory tract
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bronchial tree & lungs
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nasal septum
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wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections
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mucous membranes
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specialized tissues that line the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems
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mucus
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secreted by the mucous membranes, protects and lubricates these tissues.
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tonsils
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form a protective circle around the entrance to the respiratory system
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paranasal sinuses
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located in the bones of the skull, are connected to the nasal cavity via short ducts
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frontal sinuses
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located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows
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sphenoid sinuses
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located in the sphenoid bone, are close to the optic nerves. an infection can damage vision
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sinus
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an air-filled cavity within a bone that is lines with mucous membrane.
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maxillary sinuses
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the largest of the paranasal sinuses, located in maxillary bones. infection=pain in these teeth
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ethmoid sinuses
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located in ethmoid bones, are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital cavity by only a thin layer of bone
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pharynx
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a.k.a.- throat
made of 3 divisions: naso-, oro-, laryngopharynx |
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nasopharynx
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posterior to nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth
--only air |
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oropharynx
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portion that is visible when looking into the mouth
transports air, food, and fluids downward |
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laryngopharynx
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air, food, fluid downward to esophagus & trachea
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larynx
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a.k.a.-voice box, triangular chamber b/t pharynx & trachea
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thyroid cartilage
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largest of cartilages that protect & hold open larynx
a.k.a.- Adam's apple |
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vocal cords
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contained in larynx, open during breathing, closed during speech
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epiglottis
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lidlike structure @ base of tongue, swings downward & closes off laryngopharynx so food doesn't enter trachea & lungs
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trachea
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air passes from larynx to lungs, a.k.a.- windpipe
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alveoli
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air sacs
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right lung
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3 lobes
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left lung
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2 lobes, smaller than right
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mediastinum
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the cavity b/t the lungs, contains heart, its veins & arteries, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus gland & lymph nodes
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pleura
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thin, moist, & slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs & lines inner surface of rib cage
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parietal pleura
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outer layer of pleura, lines walls of thoracic cavity, covers diaphragm, forms sac containing each lung.
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visceral pleura
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inner layer of pleura surrounds each lung
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pleural space/cavity
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airtight area b/t layers of pleural membranes containing a thin layer of fluid
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diaphragm
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muscle that separates thoracic cavity from abdomen
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phrenic nerve
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stimulates diaphragm, causes it to contract
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external respiration
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=breathing: act of bringing air into & out of lungs
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intercostal muscles
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move rib cage during breathing
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inhalation
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=inhaling... diaphragm contracts & pulls downward
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exhalation
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=exhaling... diaphragm relaxes, moves upward
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internal respiration
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exchange of gases within the cells of all body organs & tissues
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otolaryngologist/ otorhinolaryngologist
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specialist of ears, nose, throat
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pulmonologist
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specialist of lungs & associated tissues
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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irreversible respiratory conditions characterized by chronic airflow limitations
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emphysema
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progressive loss of lung function (long-term smoking); decrease in total number of alveoli, enlargement of alveoli, & progressive destruction of walls/alveoli
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asthma
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chronic allergic disorder--episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, & wheezing
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common cold
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upper respiratory infection, acute nasopharyngitis
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allergic rhinitis
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=an allergy, an allergic rxn to airborne allergens that cause an increased flow of mucus
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Croup
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acute resp. syndrome in children, characterized by obstruction of larynx, hoarseness, & barking cough
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diphtheria
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acute bacterial infection of throat & upper resp. tract.
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epistaxis
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=nosebleed
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influenza
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=flu; acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection spread by resp. droplets, occurs in epidemics
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pertussis
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=whooping cough; contagious bact. inf. of upper resp. tract, char. by recurrent bouts of paroxysmal cough, breathlessness, noisy inspiration
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Rhinorrhea
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=runny nose; watery flow of mucus from nose
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sinusitis
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inflammation of sinuses
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pharyngitis
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= sore throat; infl. of pharynx
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laryngoplegia
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paralysis of larynx
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laryngospasm
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sudden spasmodic closure of larynx
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aphonia
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loss of ability of larynx to produce normal speech sounds
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dysphonia
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any change in vocal quality including hoarseness, weakness, or cracking of boy's voice during puberty
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laryngitis
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inflammation of larynx; describes voice loss caused by inflammation
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para-
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near
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or/o
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mouth
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phren-
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diaphragm
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rhin/o
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nose
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-rrhea
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abnormal discharge
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-spasm
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sudden involuntary contraction
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phon
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voice or sound
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tracheorrhagia
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bleeding from the mucous membranes of trachea
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-rrhagia
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bleeding
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bronchiectasis
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chronic, irreversible enlargement of bronchi or bronchioles
- often result of lung infection |
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-ectasis
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enlargement
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bronchitis
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inflammation of bronchial walls
-usually caused by infection, but also by irritants (smoking) |
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bronchorrhea
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excessive discharge of mucus from bronchi
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pleurisy
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=pleuritis; inflammation of pleura that produces chest pain with each breath
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pleurodynia
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pain in the pleura occurs in relation to breathing movements
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pneumothorax
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accumulation of air in pleural space causing pressure imbalance that can make the lung collapse (can be external or internal cause)
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pleural effusion
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abnormal accumulation of fluid in pleural space. produces feeling of breathlessness b/c it prevents lung from fully expanding
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empyema
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= pyothorax: accumulation of pus in pleural cavity
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hemothorax
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collection of blood in pleural cavity
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hemoptysis
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coughing up of blood from lungs or bronchial tubes
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-ptysis
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spitting
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SARS
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Severe acute resp. syn.= sometimes fatal viral resp. disorder, begins w/ fever & progresses to dry nonproductive cough & severe breathing difficulty
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ARDS
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acute resp. distress syn.= not a spec. disease. form of sudden onset severe lung dysfunction affecting both lungs, makes breathing extremely diff. caused by trauma, sepsis, diffuse pneumonia, or shock
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pulmonary edema
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an accumulation of fluid in lung tissues
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pneumorrhagia
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bleeding from the lungs
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atel-
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incomplete
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-ectasis
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stretching
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atelectasis
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condition in which the lung fails to expand completely bc of shallow breathing or bc the air passages are blocked. also used to describe a condition in which the lungs of a fetus are not fully expanded at birth. can result in a partially or totally collapsed lung.
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tuberculosis
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an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually attacks the lungs, but can attack other parts of body. Occurs most often in people with weakened immune system.
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multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
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dangerous form of TB bc germs have become reisistant to effect of primary TB drugs
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Pneumonia
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serious infection or infl. of lungs in which the smallest bronchioles and alveoli fill w/ pus & other liquid
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bronchopneumonia
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form of pneumonia that affects patches of the bronchioles throughout both lungs
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lobar pneumonia
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affects 1 or more sections, or lobes, of a lung
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double pneumonia
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lobar pneumonia involving both lungs, usually a form of bacterial pneumonia
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bacterial pneumonia
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often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae; only form of pneumonia that can be prevented thru vaccination
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viral pneumonia
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caused by several diff. types of viruses, accounts for approx. 1/2 of all pneumonias
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aspiration pneumonia
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foreign substance inhaled into lungs
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mycoplasma pneumonia
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a.k.a.- atypical or walking pneumonia= milder but longer lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
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caused by an infection with the fungus Pneumocystis carinii. PCP= opportunistic infection frequently occurs when immune sys. is weakened by an HIV infection.
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interstitial lung diseases
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ILDs= group of almost 200 diseases that cause inflamm. & scarring of alveoli & their supporting structures, the interstitium. leads to reduction of oxygen being transferred to blood.
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interstitial fibrosis
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inflamm. & thickening of the walls of the alveoli
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fibrosis
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condition in which normal tissue is replaced by fibrotic (hardened) tissue.
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coni
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dust
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pneumoconiosis
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abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs that usually develops after years of enviromental or occupational contact.
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anthrac
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coal dust
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anthracosis
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a.k.a.- coal worker's pneumoconiosis or black lung disease.
caused by coal dust in the lungs |
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asbest
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asbestos
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asbestosis
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caused by asbestos particles in the lungs
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byssin
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cotton dust
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byssinosis
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a.k.a.- brown lung disease
caused by inhaling cotton dust into the lungs and usually occurs in a textile factory environment |
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silic
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glass
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silicosis
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progressive lung disease caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs
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pulmonary fibrosis
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the formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity & increased difficulty in breathing.
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cystic fibrosis
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CF= genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus
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eu-
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good
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-pnea
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breathing
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eupnea
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easy or normal breathing; baseline for judging some breathing disorders
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tachy-
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rapid
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tachypnea
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an abnormally rapid rate of resp. usually of more than 20 breaths per min.
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-ventilation
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breathing
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hyperventilation
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occurs when an abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration results in a change of blood gas levels due to a decrease in carbon dioxide at the cellular level
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brady-
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slow
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bradypnea
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an abnormally slow rate of resp.
usually of less than 10 breaths per min. |
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apnea
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the absence of spontaneous resp.
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sleep apnea syndromes
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a group of potentially fatal disorders in which breathing repeatedly stops during sleep for long enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels.
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snoring
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noisy breathing caused by vibration of the soft palate during sleep, may be symptom of sleep apnea
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cheyne-stokes respiration
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pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea of apnea, followed by hyperpnea
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dys-
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painful
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dyspnea
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a.k.a.- shortness of breath
difficult or labored breathing. (one of first symptoms of heart failure) |
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hyperpnea
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an increase in the depth and rate of the respiratory movements
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hypopnea
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shallow or slow respiration
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airway obstruction
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food or foreign object blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs. =life threatening emergency
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smoke inhalation
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damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases.
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respiratory failure
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=respiratory acidosis: condition in which the level of oxygen in blood becomes dangerously low (or level of CO2 becomes dangerously high)
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anoxia
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the absence of oxygen from the body's gases, blood, or tissues
If more than 4-6 mins.= irreversible brain damage. |
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hyp-
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deficient
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-emia
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blood
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hypoxemia
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condition of having below normal oxygen level in blood
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hypoxia
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condition of having below normal oxygen levels in the body tissues and cells
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capn
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carbon dioxide
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hypercapnia
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the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood.
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asphyxia
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condition that occurs when the body cannot get the air it needs to function.
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asphyxiation
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=suffocation: any interruption of breathing resulting in asphyxia.
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cyanosis
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a bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen
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SIDS=
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sudden infant death syndrome= crib death: the sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy infant between the ages of 2 weeks and 1 yr.
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respiration
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=respiratory rate: an important vital sign
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pulse oximeter
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an external monitor placed on the patient's finger or earlobe. Measures the oxygen saturation level in blood. normal= 95-100% saturation
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spir/o
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to breathe
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spirometry
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noninvasive test in which a patient breathes into a device that measures airflow, the length of time of each breath, and air volume
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peak flow meter
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handheld device often used to test those with asthma to measure how quickly they can expel air.
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pulmonary function tests
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group of tests used to measure the capacity of the lungs to hold air as well as their ability to move air in and out and to exchange oxygen and CO2
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phlegm
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thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages.
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sputum
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phlegm that is ejected through the mouth
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somn/o
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sleep
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polysomnography
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=sleep apnea study: measures physiological activity during sleep and is most often performed to detect noctunal defects in breathing assoc. w/ sleep apnea
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bronchoscopy
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visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope.
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bronchoscope
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flexible, fiber-optic device that is passed thru the nose and down the airways
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laryngoscopy
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visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope inserted thru the mouth and placed into the pharynx to examine the larynx
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tuberculin skin testing
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screening test for TB in which the skin of the arm is injected w/ a harmless antigen extracted from TB bacteria.
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Mantoux PPD skin test
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considered more accurate for diagnosing TB. Very small amount of purified protein derivative tuberculin is injected just under the top layer of skin on forearm. Site checked for reaction 48-72 hrs. later
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chest imaging
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=chest x-rays: valuable tool to show pneumonia, lung tumors, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, TB, & emphysema
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bronchodilator
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agent that expands the opening of the passages into the lungs.
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metered dose inhaler
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=MDI: mixes a single dose of medication with a puff of air and pushes it into the mouth via a chemical propellant
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nebulizer
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dispenses larger doses of medication in the form of a mist that is inhaled via a face mask or mouthpiece
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tuss
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cough
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-ive
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performs
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antitussive
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administered to prevent or relieve coughing
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sept/o
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septum
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septoplasty
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surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum
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functional endoscopic sinus surgery
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surgical procedure, performed using an endoscope, in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus.
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pharyngoplasty
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surgical repair of the pharynx
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pharyngotomy
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surgical incision of the pharynx
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laryngectomy
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surgical removal of the larynx
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endotracheal intubation
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the passage of a tube thru the nose or mouth into the trachea to est. or maintain an open airway
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tracheoplasty
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surgical repair of the trachea
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tracheotomy
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usually an emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage (usually temporary)
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tracheostomy
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the creation of an opening into the trachea and inserting a tube to facilitate the passage of air or the removal of secretions
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stoma
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an opening on a body surface; can occur naturally or may be created surgically
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pneumonectomy
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surgical removal of all or part of a lung
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lobectomy
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surgical removal of a lobe of the lung
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pleurectomy
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surgical removal of part of the pleura
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thora
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chest
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thoracentesis
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surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity
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thorac
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thorax or chest
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thoracotomy
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surgical incision thru the chest wall: incision is made into the pleural space for the visual examination of internal organs & the procurement of tissue specimens
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thoracostomy
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surgical creation of an opening into the chest cavity: performed to establish drainage of empyema
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supplemental oxygen
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administered thru a nasal cannula, using either a rebreather or non-rebreather mask.
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postural drainage
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patient is tilted head or chest downward to allow gravity to help drain secreations from the lungs
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ventilator
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mechanical device for artificial ventilation of the lungs that is used to replace or supplement the patient's natural breathing function (forces air into lungs)
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respirator
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machine used for prolonged artificial respiration.
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positive pressure ventilation
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used to treat sleep apnea by pumping a steady supply of air into the nose all night thru a tube and mask
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diaphragmatic breathing
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=abdominal breathing: a relaxation technique used to relieve anxiety
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COPD
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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CF
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cystic fibrosis
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diph
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diphtheria
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PCP
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Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
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pneu, pneum
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pneumonia
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PPV
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positive pressure ventilation
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PD
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postural drainage
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PFT
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pulmonary function test
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PPD
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purified protein derivative
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R, Resp
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respiration
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RF
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respiration failure
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RR
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respiratory rate
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SARS
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severe acute respiratory syndrome
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SIDS
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sudden infant death syndrome
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URI
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upper respiratory infection
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or/o
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mouth
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stomat/o
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mouth
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gastr/o
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stomach
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enter/o
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small intestine
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col/o, colon/o
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large intestine
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an/o
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anus
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rect/o
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rectum
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proct/o
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rectum & anus
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hepat/o
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liver
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cholecyst/o
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gallbladder
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aliment
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to nourish
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upper GI tract
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mouth, esophagus, stomach
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lower GI tract
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small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
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mouth
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lips, hard & soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, periodontium
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cheil/o
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mouth
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hard palate
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bony anterior portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane
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rugae
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irregular ridges or folds in the mucous membrane, cover the anterior portion of the hard palate
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soft palate
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forms the flexible posterior portion of the palate; closes off nasal passage during swallowing
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uvula
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hangs from free edge of soft palate, moves upward with soft palate during swallowing
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dentition
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refers to the natural teeth arranged in the maxillary and mandibular arches
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edentulous
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without teeth (after natural teeth have been removed)
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teeth used for biting and tearing
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incisors & canines/cuspids
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teeth used for chewing and grinding
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premolars/bicuspids & molars
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primary/deciduous dentition
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baby teeth= 20 teeth
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permanent dentition
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= 32 teeth
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occlusion
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any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper & lower teeth
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malocclusion
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any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth
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crown
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portion that is visible
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enamel
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covers the crown= hardest substance in the body
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root
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holds tooth securely in place within the dental arch
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cementum
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protects the root, not as hard as enamel
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dentin
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bulk of tooth, protected by enamel & cementum
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pulp chamber
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inner area of crown that runs downward to form the root canals
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pulp
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made up of rich supply of blood vessels & nerves
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odonti
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teeth
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periodontium
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consists of bone & soft tissues that surround and support the teeth
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gingiva
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=gums
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salivary glands
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secrete saliva that moistens food, begins digestive process, and cleanses mouth
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parotid glands
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located on the face in front of and slightly lower than each ear.
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sublingual glands
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located on the underside of the tongue
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submandibular glands
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located on the floor of the mouth
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gullet
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=esophagus: collapsable tube that leads from the pharynx to the stomach
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lower esophageal sphincter
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=cardiac sphincter: b/t esphagus & stomach
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antrum
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lower part of stomach
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rugae
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folds in the mucosa lining the stomach
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pylorus
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narrow passage connecting the stomach with the small int.
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pyloric sphincter
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b/t stomach & duodenum
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duodenum
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first portion of sm. int.
digestive juices from pancreas and liver are received here |
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jejunum
|
middle portion of sm. int.
secretes large amounts of digestive enzymes |
|
|
ileum
|
last & longest portion of sm. int.
absorption of nutrients |
|
|
rectum
|
last division of the lg. int., ends at anus
|
|
|
anorectal
|
anus & rectum as a single unit
|
|
|
glucose
|
blood sugar
|
|
|
glycogen
|
form of starch
|
|
|
bilirubin
|
pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin, released by liver in bile
|
|
|
bile
|
yellowish-green fluid containing enzymes that break down fat.
|
|
|
biliary tree
|
=biliary system: channels thru which bile is transported from liver to sm. int.
|
|
|
common hepatic duct
|
ducts in liver join
|
|
|
cystic duct
|
from gallbladder to common hepatic duct
|
|
|
common bile duct
|
common hepatic + cystic
|
|
|
pancreatic juices
|
made up of sodium bicarbonate (to help neutralize stomach acids) and digestive enzymes (to process protein, carbs, fats in food)
|
|
|
nutrient
|
substance that is necessary for normal functioning of the body
|
|
|
primary nutrients
|
carbohydrates, fats, proteins
|
|
|
essential nutrients
|
vitamins, minerals (required only in small amounts)
|
|
|
metabol
|
change
|
|
|
-ism
|
condition
|
|
|
metabolism
|
sum of anabolism & catabolism: all the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients
|
|
|
anabolism
|
the building up of body cells and substrates from nutrients
|
|
|
catabolism
|
the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide
|
|
|
absorption
|
completely digested nutrients are taken into the circulatory system by passing thru the capillaries located in the walls of the sm. int.
|
|
|
bolus
|
mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed
|
|
|
chyme
|
semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes from the stomach, into sm. int
|
|
|
borborygmus
|
rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
|
|
|
flatus
|
flatulence
|
|
|
orth
|
straight or normal
|
|
|
bolus
|
mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed
|
|
|
chyme
|
semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes from the stomach, into sm. int
|
|
|
borborygmus
|
rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
|
|
|
flatus
|
flatulence
|
|
|
orth
|
straight or normal
|
|
|
aphthous ulcers
|
=canker sores, mouth ulcers: grey-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth
|
|
|
herpes labialis
|
=cold sores, fever blisters: HSV-1
|
|
|
xer/o
|
dry
|
|
|
-stoma
|
mouth
|
|
|
xerostomia
|
dry mouth: lack of adequate saliva
|
|
|
oral thrush
|
infections in infants characterized by white spots inside the mouth (candida albicans)
|
|
|
cleft lip
|
=harelip: developmental defect resulting in a deep fissure of the lip running upward to the nose
|
|
|
cleft palate
|
failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus.
|
|
|
bruxism
|
involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress.
|
|
|
dental caries
|
=tooth decay, cavity: infectious disease that destroys the enamel and dentin of the tooth.
|
|
|
dental plaque
|
soft deposit consisting of bacteria and bacterial by-products that builds up on the teeth and is a major cause of dental caries and periodontal disease.
|
|
|
dental calculus
|
=tarter: hardened dental plaque on the teeth that irritates the surrounding tissues.
|
|
|
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
|
=trench mouth: caused by abnormal growth of bact. in the mouth. Usually occurs in teens or young adults
|
|
|
temporomandibular disorders
|
TMD: pain, headache, or difficulty in chewing- related to the functioning of the temporomandibular joint
|
|
|
-phagia
|
swallowing
|
|
|
dysphagia
|
difficulty in swallowing
|
|
|
gastroesophageal reflux disease
|
=esophageal reflux: the upward flow of stomach acid into the esoph.
|
|
|
pyr
|
fever or fire
|
|
|
pyrosis
|
heartburn: burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus
|
|
|
esophageal varices
|
enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus
|
|
|
hiat
|
opening
|
|
|
hiatal hernia
|
protrusion of part of the stomach thru the esophageal sphincter in the diaphragm
|
|
|
gastritis
|
common inflamm. of the stomach lining often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
|
|
|
gastrorrhea
|
the excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach
|
|
|
pept
|
digestion
|
|
|
peptic ulcers
|
affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system
|
|
|
anorexia
|
the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease
|
|
|
anorexia nervosa
|
eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance, leads to intense fear of gaining weight and refusal to maintain a normal body weight.= compulsive dieting & exercising
|
|
|
bulimia
|
frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors (self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, etc.
|
|
|
Pica
|
eating disorder in which there is persistent eating of nonfood substances such as soil, chalk, starch or clay
|
|
|
malnutrition
|
lack of proper food or nutrients in the body, either due to shortage of food or the improper absorption or distribution of nutrients
|
|
|
malabsorption
|
sm. int. cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes thru it.
|
|
|
aerophagia
|
excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking--> gas in stomach
|
|
|
eructation
|
belching
|
|
|
-pepsia
|
digestion
|
|
|
dyspepsia
|
=indigestion: pain or discomfort in digestion
|
|
|
emesis
|
=vomiting:
|
|
|
hematemesis
|
vomiting of blood
|
|
|
hyperemesis
|
extreme, persistent vomiting
|
|
|
regurgitation
|
the return of swallowed food into the mouth
|
|
|
colorectal carcinoma
|
common form of cancer that often first manifests itself in polyps in the colon
|
|
|
diverticulum
|
pouch or sac occurring in the lining or wall of a tubular organ
|
|
|
diverticulitis
|
the infl. of one or more diverticula in the colon
|
|
|
diverticulosis
|
the presence of a number of diverticula in the colon
|
|
|
ileus
|
partial or complete blockage of the sm and/or lg. int.-- caused by cessation of intestinal peristalsis
|
|
|
irritable bowel syndrome
|
=spastic colon; unknown cause
|
|
|
ulcerative colitis
|
chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of infl. in the rectum & lg int cause ulcers & irritation
|
|
|
Crohn's disease
|
chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract, most often in ileum and colon.
|
|
|
intestinal obstruction
|
partial or complete blockage of sm &/or lg int. caused by a physical obstruction
|
|
|
volvulus
|
twisting of the intestine on itself that causes an obstruction
|
|
|
intussusception
|
telescoping of one part of the sm. int. into the opening of the immediately adjacent part.
|
|
|
inguinal hernia
|
protrusion of a small loop of bowel thru a weak place in the groin
|
|
|
strangulated hernia
|
portion of the int. is constricted inside the hernia and its blood supply is cut off
|
|
|
anal fissure
|
small tear in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement.
|
|
|
amebic dysentery
|
E. histolytica
|
|
|
Botulism
|
Clostridium botulinum
|
|
|
Cholera
|
Vibrio cholerae
|
|
|
E. coli
|
Escherichia coli
|
|
|
Salmonella
|
Salmonella
|
|
|
Typhoid fever
|
Salmonella typhi
|
|
|
bowel incontinence
|
the inability to control the excretion of feces.
|
|
|
constipation
|
decrease in frequency in the passage of stools, or difficulty in passing hard, dry stools
|
|
|
Hemorrhoids
|
=piles: occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or thru the anal opening
|
|
|
melena
|
the passage of stools with a black and tarlike appearance, caused by the presence of digested blood
|
|
|
jaundice
|
=icterus: yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes caused by greater-than-normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood
|
|
|
cirrh
|
yellow or orange
|
|
|
cirrhosis
|
progressive degenerative disease of the liver in which scar tissue replaces normal tissue
|
|
|
ascites
|
an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
|
|
|
cholecystalgia
|
pain in the gall bladder
|
|
|
gallstone
|
=biliary calculus
|
|
|
chole
|
bile or gall
|
|
|
-lithiasis
|
presence of stones
|
|
|
cholelithiasis
|
presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
|
|
|
HAV
|
Hepatitis A virus: infectious hepatitis
|
|
|
HBV
|
Hepatitis B virus: serum hepatitis
|
|
|
tom/o
|
slice
|
|
|
abdominal CT
|
=CT scan: cross-section of the tissue structure within the abd., showing, for ex. the presence of a tumor or obstruction
|
|
|
abdominal ultrasound
|
noninvasive test to visualize internal organs by using very high frequency sound waves
|
|
|
Given Diagnostic Imaging System
|
=capsule endoscopy: tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows
|
|
|
anoscopy
|
visual exam. of the anal canal and lower rectum
|
|
|
upper GI series
lower GI series |
Barium swallow
barium enema --radiographic studies to examine the digestive system |
|
|
enema
|
solution placed into the rectum and colon to empty the lower int. thru bowel activity.
|
|
|
-occult
|
hidden
|
|
|
hemoccult
|
=fecal occult blood test: laboratory test for hidden blood in the stools
|
|
|
O & P
|
Ova and parasites: present in stool samples
|
|
|
colonoscopy
|
direct visual exam. of the inner surface of the colon from the rectum to the cecum
|
|
|
sigmoidoscopy
|
endoscopic exam. of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon
|
|
|
acid blockers
|
taken before eating, block effect of histamine that signals the stomach to produce acid
|
|
|
antacids
|
relieve indigestion or help peptic ulcers heal by neutralizing stomach acids
|
|
|
emet
|
vomiting
|
|
|
emetic
|
ex: syrup of ipecac: medication that is administered to produce vomiting
|
|
|
antiemetic
|
administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
|
|
|
Oral rehydration therapy
|
solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract dehydration
|
|
|
maxillofacial surgery
|
specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries
|
|
|
palatoplasty
|
surgical repair of a cleft palate
|
|
|
dental prophylaxis
|
the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus
|
|
|
nasogastric intubation
|
the placement of a tube thru the nose & into the stomach
|
|
|
gastroduodenostomy
|
the removal of the pylorus of the stomach and the est. of an anastomosis b/t the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum
|
|
|
anastomosis
|
surgical connection b/t 2 hollow or tubular structures
|
|
|
ileectomy
|
surgical removal of the ileum
|
|
|
ostomy
|
surgical procedure to create an artificial opening b/t an organ and the body surface
|
|
|
proctectomy
|
surgical removal of the rectum
|
|
|
proctopexy
|
surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ
|
|
|
choledoch/o
|
common bile duct
|
|
|
choledocholithotomy
|
an incision in the common bile duct for the removal of gallstones
|
|
|
cholecystectomy
|
surgical removal of the gallbladder
|
|
|
laparoscopic cholecystectomy
|
=lap choley: surgical removal of the gallbladder using a laparoscope and other instruments inserted thru 3 or 4 sm. incisions in the abdominal wall.
|
|
|
BMI
|
body mass index
|
|
|
chole
|
cholecystectomy
|
|
|
EGD
|
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
|
|
|
FOBT
|
fecal occult blood test
|
|
|
GB
|
gallbladder
|
|
|
GERD
|
gastroesophageal reflux disease
|
|
|
HH
|
hiatal hernia
|
|
|
IBS
|
irritable bowel syndrome
|
|
|
O & P
|
ova and parasites
|
|
|
HSV-1
|
oral herpes simplex virus type 1
|
|
|
TMD
|
temporomandibular disorders
|
|
|
combining terms for kidneys
|
nephr/o, ren/o
|
|
|
pyel/o
|
renal pelvis
|
|
|
cyst/o
|
urinary bladder
|
|
|
home/o
|
sameness
|
|
|
nephrons
|
functional unit of the kidneys
|
|
|
glomerulus
|
cluster of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule
|
|
|
-chrome
|
color
|
|
|
urochrome
|
pigment that gives urine its normal yellow-amber or straw color
|
|
|
urethral meatus
|
=urinary meatus: external opening of urethra
|
|
|
renal failure
|
=kidney failure: inability of one or both kidneys to perform their functions
|
|
|
anuria
|
the absence of urine formation by the kidneys
|
|
|
uremia
|
=uremic poisoning: toxic condition caused by excessive amount of urea and other waste products in the bloodstream
|
|
|
acute renal failure
|
sudden onset and is characterized by uremia
|
|
|
chronic renal failure
|
the progressive loss of renal function due to a variety of conditions
|
|
|
end-stage renal disease
|
the late stages of chronic renal failure, in which there is irreversible loss of function of both kidneys
|
|
|
nephrotic syndrome
|
very high levels of protein are lost in the urine and low levels of protein are present in the blood
|
|
|
nephrosis
|
any degenerative kidney disease causing nephrotic syndrome without inflammation
|
|
|
edema
|
excessive fluid in the body tissues
|
|
|
hyperproteinuria
|
the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine
|
|
|
hypoproteinemia
|
the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood
|
|
|
hyperlipidemia
|
the presence of abnormally large amounts of lipids in the blood
|
|
|
diabetic nephropathy
|
kidney disease characterized by hyperproteinuria, result of thickening and hardening of the glomeruli (caused by long-term diabetes mellitus)
|
|
|
hydronephrosis
|
dilation of one or both kidneys
|
|
|
-ectasis
|
enlargement or stretching
|
|
|
nephrectasis
|
distention of a kidney
|
|
|
nephroptosis
|
=floating kidney: the prolapse, or downward displacement, of a kidney
|
|
|
nephropyosis
|
suppuration of the kidney
|
|
|
polycystic kidney disease
|
an inherited kidney disorder in which the kidneys become enlarged b/c of multiple cysts
|
|
|
renal colic
|
acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a kidney stone
|
|
|
hydroureter
|
distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked
|
|
|
ureterectasis
|
distention of a ureter
|
|
|
ureterorrhagia
|
discharge of blood from the ureter
|
|
|
ureterostenosis
|
a narrowing of the ureter due to a stricture caused by scar tissue
|
|
|
cyst
|
bladder
|
|
|
cystalgia
|
=cystodynia: pain in the urinary bladder
|
|
|
cystocele
|
=fallen bladder: a hernia of the bladder thru the vaginal wall
|
|
|
UTIs
|
=urinary tract infections: usually begin in the bladder
|
|
|
vesic/o
|
bladder
|
|
|
vesicovaginal fistula
|
an abnormal opening b/t the bladder and vagina
|
|
|
urethrorrhea
|
abnormal discharge from the urethra
|
|
|
epispadias
|
a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening: Male: opening on upper surface
Female: opening in region of clitoris |
|
|
hypospadias
|
congenital abnormality of the urethral opening: Male: opening on under surface
Female: opening into vagina |
|
|
paraspadias
|
congenital abnormality in males in which the urethral opening is on the side of the penis
|
|
|
diur
|
increasing the output of urine
|
|
|
diuresis
|
increased excretion of urine
|
|
|
dysuria
|
difficult of painful urination
|
|
|
enuresis
|
involuntary discharge of urine
|
|
|
nocturnal enuresis
|
bed-wetting
|
|
|
nocturia
|
excessive urination during the night
|
|
|
olig-
|
scanty
|
|
|
oliguria
|
scanty urination
|
|
|
polyuria
|
excessive urination
|
|
|
urinary hesitancy
|
difficulty in starting a urinary stream
|
|
|
urinary retention
|
the inability to empty the bladder
|
|
|
urinary incontinence
|
inability to control the voiding of urine
|
|
|
stress incontinence
|
inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress
|
|
|
overactive bladder
|
=urge incontinence: occurs when the detrusor muscle in the wall of the bladder is too active
|
|
|
catheterization
|
performed when a sterile specimen is required for diagnostic purposes
|
|
|
cystoscopy
|
=cysto: visual exam of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope
|
|
|
intravenous pyelogram
|
IVP: radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters used to dianose changes inthe urinary tract.
|
|
|
excretory urography
|
an intravenously administered contrast medium is used to define the kidneys and ureters more clearly
|
|
|
CT scan
|
computerized tomography: frequently used instead of IVP as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system
|
|
|
KUB
|
=flat-plate of the abdomen: a radiographic study of these structures without the use of a contrast medium
|
|
|
retrograde urography
|
a radiograph of the urinary system taken after dye has been placed in the urethra thru a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward thru the urinary tract
|
|
|
cystography
|
radiographic exam. of the bladder after instillation of a contrast medium via a urethral catheter
|
|
|
voiding cystourethrography
|
a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and thru the urethra
|
|
|
diuretics
|
medications administered to increase urine secretion to rid the body of excess sodium and water
|
|
|
dia-
|
complete or through
|
|
|
dialysis
|
procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function
|
|
|
peritoneal dialysis
|
the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as a filter to remove waste from the blood
|
|
|
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
|
CAPD: provides ongoing dialysis as the patient goes about his daily activities
|
|
|
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
|
CCPD: uses a machine to cycle the dialysate fluid during the night while the patient sleeps
|
|
|
nephrolysis
|
the freeing of a kidney from adhesions
|
|
|
nephrostomy
|
the establishment of an opening b/t the pelvis of the kidney to the exterior of the body
|
|
|
-tripsy
|
to crush
|
|
|
lithotripsy
|
=extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy: the destruction of a kidney, urinary, or bladder stone with the use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling thru water or gel
|
|
|
nephrolithotomy
|
the surgical removal of a kidney stone thru an incision in the kidney
|
|
|
percutaneuos nephrolithotomy
|
performed by making a small incision in the back and inserting a nephroscope to crush and remove a kidney stone
|
|
|
lithotomy
|
a surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder
|
|
|
catheterization
|
performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to control incontinence, or to place fluid into the bladder (chemotherapy solution)
|
|
|
urethral catheterization
|
performed by inserting a tube along the urethra and into the bladder
|
|
|
indwelling catheter
|
one that remains inside the body for a prolonged time
|
|
|
suprapubic catheterization
|
the placement of a catheter into the bladder thru a small incision made thru the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone
|
|
|
meatotomy
|
an incision of the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening
|
|
|
urethrotomy
|
a surgical incision into the urethra for the relief of a stricture
|
|
|
ARF
|
acute renal failure
|
|
|
cath
|
catheterization
|
|
|
CAPD
|
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
|
|
|
CRF
|
chronic renal failure
|
|
|
cysto
|
cystoscopy
|
|
|
ESRD
|
end-stage renal disease
|
|
|
ESWL
|
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
|
|
|
hemo
|
hemodialysis
|
|
|
IVP
|
intravenous pyelogram
|
|
|
KUB
|
kidneys, ureters, bladder
|
|
|
litho
|
lithotripsy
|
|
|
PKD
|
polycystic kidney disease
|
|
|
U/A, UA
|
urinalysis
|
|
|
UTI
|
urinary tract infection
|
|
|
VCUG
|
voiding cystourethrography
|
