Medical Terminology Blood

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hematopoietic stem cell

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basic cell that matures into red or white blood cell

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macrophages

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destroy worn-out erythrocytes in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow during hemolysis

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hemolysis

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destruction of old erythrocytes by macrophages

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types of granulocyte/polymorphonuclear leukocytes

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1. basophils (stain blue in alkaline); contain heparin and histamine
2. eosinophils (stain red in acid); involved in allergic process
3. neutrophils (no stain); phagocytes

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colony-stimulating factors

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stimulate growth of granulocytes in bone marrow

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types of mononuclear leukocytes

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1. lymphocytes; made in bone marrow and lymph nodes; circulate in blood and lymph; involved in immune response and make antibodies
2. monocytes: phagocytes

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megakaryocytes

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giant cells with multilobed nuclei that form platelets in the red bone marrow

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4 major plasma proteins

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1. albumin
2. globulins
3. fibrinogen
3. prothrombin

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albumin

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plasma protein that maintains concentration of water in blood by attracting water back into the blood stream when it leaks out

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globulins

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alpha/beta/gama plasma proteins
gammas: immunoglobulins

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disseminated intravascular coagulation

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excessive clotting in blood vessels caused by increased hemolysis that occurs after a transfusion of incompatible blood occurs

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fibrinogen

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plasma protein that forms a fibrin clot during coagulation

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bas/o

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basic/alkaline

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eosin/o

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red, rosy

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is/o

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same, equal

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kary/o

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nucleus

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myel/o

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bone marrow

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poikil/o

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varied, irregular

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poikilocytosis

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irregularity in shape of red blood cells that occurs in some types of anemia

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side/r

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iron

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apheresis

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removal, carrying away

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-penia

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deficiency

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-phoresis

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carrying, transmission

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hypochromia

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cells have less hemoglobin therefore reduced color

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dyscrasia

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disease

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types of anemia

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1. iron deficiency anemia
2. aplastic anemia: failure of blood cell production in bone marrow; mostly idiopathic
3. hemolytic anemia: excessive destruction of blood cells
4. pernicious anemia: lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb B12
5. sickle cell
6. thalassemia: inherited inability to make hemoglobin

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hemochromatosis

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excess iron deposits in body

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polycythemia vera

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increase of red blood cells (erythemia)

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hemophilia

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excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors VIII or IX

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purpura

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multiple pinpoint hemorraghes/accumulation of blood under skin
1. petechiae: tiny purple or red flat spots
2. ecchymoses: larger blue/purplish bruises

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types of leukemia

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1. acute myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia: immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) proliferate
2. acute lymphocytic leukemia: immature lymphocytes predominate; often children/adolescents with sudden onset
3. chronic myleogenous leukemia: both mature and immature granulocytes are present; slowly progressive
4. chronic lymphocytic leukemia: slow course, usually elderly

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granulocytosis

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abnormal increase in granulocytes in blood
may be eosinophilia or basophilia

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mononucleosis

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infection marked by increased leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

SIGNS:
lymphadenitis
fever
fatigue
asthenia (weakness)
pharyngitis
hepatomegaly/splenomegaly (secondary to increased lymphocytes)

CAUSES:
Epstein-Barr virus

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multiple myeloma

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malignant neoplasm of bone marrow

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antiglobulin test

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test for antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes; tests for antibodies in infants of Rh- women or pts with hemolytic anemia

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bleeding time

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time required for blood to stop flowing from tiny puncture wound

normal is 8 minutes or less

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coagulation time

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time for venous blood to clot in a test tube

normal is <15 minutes

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CBC

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determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin, concentration, hematocrit, and red cell vallues

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erythrocyte sedimentation (sed rate)
ESR

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speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma

increases with infection, inflammation, tumor

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hematocrit (Hct)

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percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood

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hemoglobin test (H, Hg, Hgb)

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total amount of hemoglobin in peripheral blood

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platelet count

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number of platelets per cubic millimeter/microliter of blood

normal: between 150,000 and 350,000

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prothrombin time (PT)

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test of ability of blood to clot

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red blood cell count (RBC)

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number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter of blood

normal: 4 to 6 million per microliter

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white blood cell count (WBC)

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number of leukocytes per microliter

normal: 5000 and 10,000 per microliter

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white blood cell differential

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percentage of types of leukocytes in blood

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shift to the left

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increase in immature neutrophils in the blood

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apheresis

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separation of blood into parts and removal of a portion