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226 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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respiratory system
1. d |
1. responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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carbon dioxide
1. d |
1. Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during the metabolic process.
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A product of cell respiration, CO2 is carried by the blood to the lungs and exhaled.
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cartilage
1. d |
1. Tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone.
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The tip of the nose and the outer ear are composed of cartilage.
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cilia
1. d |
1. Any hairlike structure.
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Cilia in the treachea move particles upward to the pharynx, where they are removed by coughing, sneezing, or swallowing. This mechanism is called the cilia escalator. Habitual smoking destroys the cilia escalator.
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diffuse
1. d |
.1. Moving or spreading out of a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces.
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homeostasis
1. d |
State in which the regulatory mechanisms of the body maintain a constand internal environment.
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The regulatory mechanisms of the body control temperature, acidity, and the concentration of salt, food, and waste products.
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mucous membrane
1. d |
Moist tissue layer lining hollow organs and cavities of the body that open to the environment; also called mucosa.
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oxygen (O2)
1. d |
Tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration.
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O2 makes up about one fifth (by volume) of the atmosphere.
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pH
1. d |
Symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance.
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Increasing acidity is expressed as a number less than 7; increasing alkalinity as a number greater than 7, with 7 being neutral.
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septum
1. d |
Wall dividing two cavities, such as the nasal septum, which separates the two nostrils.
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serous membrane
1. d |
Thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities, the cells of which secrete a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa.
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9 structures in upper respiratory tract?
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1. nasal cavity, 2. nasopharynx, 3. oropharynx, 4. laryngopharynx, 5. adenoids, 6. palatine tonsils, 7. larynx, 8. epiglottis, 9. trachea
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11 structures in lower respiratory tract?
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1. bronchi, 2. right lung, 3. left lung, 4. bronchioles, 5. alveoli, 6. pulmonary capillaries, 7.mediastinum, 8. visceral pleura, 9. parietal pleura, 10. pleural cavity, 11. diaphragm
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Respitory System (RS)
nasal cavity 1. d 2.role in respiration |
1. A chamber lined with mucous membranes and tiny hairs called cilia.
2. Here, air is filtered, heated, and moistened to prepare it for its journey to the lungs. |
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RS
nasal septum 1. d |
1. divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides by a vertical partition of cartilage.
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RS
pharynx 1. d |
1. a muscular tube that serves as a passageway for food and air.
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RS
pharynx 1. three sections |
1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx |
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RS
nasopharynx 1. location |
1. posterior to the nose
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RS
oropharynx 1. location |
1. posterior to the mouth
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RS
laryngopharynx 1. location |
1. superior to the larynx
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RS
adenoids 1. AKA 2. location, composition |
1. AKA pharyngeal tonsils
2. located within the nasopharynx, it is a collection of lymphoid tissue |
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RS
palatine tonsils (tonsils) 1. location 2.purpose |
1. located in the oropharynx
2. protect the opening to the respiratory tract from microscopic organisms that may attempt entry by this route. |
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RS
larynx (voice box) 1.purpose 2. location |
1. contains the structures that make vocal sounds possible
2. short passage that jonis the pharynx with the trachea (windpipe) |
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RS
epiglottis 1. shape and location 2. action 3. purpose |
1. leaf-shaped structure on top of the larynx
2. seals off the air passage to the lungs during swallowing 3. ensures that food or liquids do not obstruct the flow of air to the lungs. |
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RS
trachea 1.composition 2. purpose |
1. smooth muscle embedded with C-shaped rings of cartilage.
2. C-shaped rings of cartilage provide rigidity to keep the air passage open. |
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RS
bronchi (singular, bronchus) 1. d 2. composition 3. action |
1. two branches that break off from the trachea and lead to the right lung and left lung.
2. inner walls are composed of mucous membrane (mucosa) embedded with cilia. Contain C-shaped rings of cartilage. 3. membrane traps incoming particles, and cilia move the entrapped material upward into the pahrynx, where it is coughed out, sneezed out, or swallowed. |
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RS
formation of bronchi? |
Each bronchus divides into smaller and smaller branches, eventually forming bronchioles.
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RS
bronchioles 1. definition |
1. terminal end of bronchis from which alveoli (singular, alveolus) extend.
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RS
alveoli (singular, alveolus) 1. structure 2. actions |
1. tiny air sacs
2. expand and contract with inflow and outflow of air. deliver O2 into blood to heart, and begin return process of CO2 from blood. |
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RS
five lobes of lungs? |
1. three lobes of right lung, and 2 lobes of left lung.
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RS
mediastinum 1. location 2. contents |
1. space between the right and left lungs
2. contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, and bronchi. |
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RS
pleura 1. location |
1. covers the lobes of the lungs and folds over to line the walls of the thoracic cavity.
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RS
visceral pleura 1. location |
1. membrane that lies closet to the lung
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RS
parietal pleura 1. location |
1. membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
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RS
pleural cavity 1. location 2. composition 3. purpose |
1. the space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura.
2. contains a small amount of lubricating fluid. 3. lubricating fluid permits the visceral pleura to glide smoothly over the parietal pleura during breathing. |
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RS
necessary for ventilation? |
1. depends on a pressure differential between the atmosphere and the chest cavity.
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RS
diaphragm 1. structure/composition 2. location 3. function |
1. large muscular partition
2. lies between the chest and abdominal cavities 3. assists in changing the volume of the thoracic cavity to produce the needed pressure differential for ventilation. |
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RS
action of the diaphragm? |
When the diaphragm constracts, it partially descends into the abdominal cavity, thus decreasing the pressure within the chest and drawing air into the lungs (inspiration). When the diaphragm relaxes, it slowly reenters the thoracic cavity, thus increasing the pressure within the chest. As the pressure increases, air leaves the lungs (expiration).
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RS
intercostal muscles 1. action 2. function |
1. elevate and lower the rib cage.
2. assist the diaphragm in changing the volume of the thoracic cavity. |
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RS
inspiration 1. d |
1. the process of drawing air into the lungs.
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RS
expiration 1. d |
1. the process of air leaving the lungs.
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RS
process of respiration |
It is the overall process by which O2 is taken from air and carried to body cells for their use, while CO2 and water, the waste products generated by these cells, are returned to the environment.
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RS
4 seperate processes of respiration? |
1. pulmonary ventilation
2. external respiration 3. transport of respiratory gases 4. internal respiration |
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RS
pulmonary ventilation 1. d |
1. largely involuntary action that moves air into and out of the lungs in response to changes in blood O2 and CO2 levels and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
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RS
external respiration 1. d |
1. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
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RS
transport of respiratory gases 1. d |
1. occurs when blood, aided by the cardiovascular system, transports CO2 to the lungs and O2 to body cells.
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RS
internal respiration 1. d |
1. the exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and the blood in systemic capillaries.
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Relationship between respiratory system and
blood, lymph and immune systems 1 |
1. tonsils, adenoids, and other immune structures in the repiratory tract protect against pathogens that enter through respiratory passageways.
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Relationship between respiratory system and
cardiovascular system 1 |
1. Respiratory system provides O2 nad removes CO2 from cardiac tissue.
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Relationship between respiratory system and
digestive 3 |
1. Respiratory system provides O2 needed for digestive functions.
2. Respiratory system removes CO2 produced by the organs of digestion. 3. Respiratory and digestive system share a common anatomic structure. |
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Relationship between respiratory system and
endocrine 1 |
1. Respiratory system helps maintain a stable pH required for proper functioning of the endocrine glands.
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Relationship between respiratory system and
integumentary system 1 |
1. Respiratory system furnishes O2 and siposes of CO2 to maintain healthy skin.
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Relationship between respiratory system and
musculoskeletal system 3 |
1. Respiratory system provides O2 for muscle contraction.
2. Respiratory system eliminates CO2 produced by muscles. 3. Respiratory system provides O2 for bone development. |
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Relationship between respiratory system and
nervous system 2 |
1. Respiratory system provides O2 for brain, spinal cord, and sensory organ functions.
2. Respiratory system helps maintain a stable pH for neural function. |
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Relationship between respiratory system and
female reproductive system 2 |
1. Respiration rate increases in response to sexual activity.
2. Fetal respiration occurs during pregnancy. |
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Relationship between respiratory system and
genitourinary system 3 |
1. Respiratory system supplies O2 and removes CO2 to maintain proper functioning of urinary structures.
2. Respiratory system helps maintain pH for gonadal hormone function. 3. Respiratory system assits the urinary structures in regulating pH by removing CO2. |
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sinus/o
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sinus, cavity
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sinusotomy: incision of any of the sinuses.
Sinusotomy is performed to improve ventilation or drainage in unresponsive sinusitis. |
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adenoid/o
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adenoids
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adenoidectomy: excision of adenoids.
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tonsill/o
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tonsils
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peritonsillar: pertaining to (the area) around the tonsils.
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pharyng/o
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pharynx (throat)
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pharyngoscope: instrument for examining the pharynx.
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epiglott/o
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epiglottis
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epiglottitis: inflammation of the epiglottis.
Because the epiglottis seals the passageway traveled by air to and from the lungs, inflammation can lead to severe airway obstruction and death. Epiglottis is treated as a medical emergency. |
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laryng/o
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larynx (voice box)
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laryngoplegia: paralysis of the (vocal cords and) larynx.
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trache/o
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trachea (windpipe)
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tracheoplasty: surgical repair of the trachea.
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bronchi/o
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bronchus (plural, bronchi)
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bronchiectasis: dilation of (one or more) bronchi.
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bronch/o
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bronchus
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bronchoscope: instrument for examining the bronchus or bronchi.
A bronchoscope is a flexible tube that is passed through the nose or mouth and enables inspection of the lungs and collection of tissue biopsies and secretions for analysis. |
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bronchiol/o
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bronchiole
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bronchiolitis: inflammation of the bronchioles.
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alveol/o
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alveolus; air sac
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alveolar: pertaining to the alveoli
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pleur/o
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pleura
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pleurocentesis: surgical puncture of the pleural cavity; also called thoracocentesis or thoracentesis.
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pneum/o
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air; lung
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pneumectomy: excision of (all or part of) a lung.
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pneumon/o
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air; lung
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pneumonia: condition of inflammation of the lungs.
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pulmon/o
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lung
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pulmonologist: specialist in the study (and treatment) of lungs (and respiratory diseases)
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anthrac/o
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coal, coal dust
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anthracosis: abnormal condition of coal dust (in the lungs)
Anthracosis is a chronic occupational disease found in coal miners and those associated with the coal industry. |
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atel/o
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incomplete; imperfect
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atelectasis: incomplete expansion of the lung; also called airless lung or collapsed lung.
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coni/o
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dust
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pneumoconiosis: codition of dust in the lungs.
Pneumoconiosis is usally caused by mineral dusts of occupational or environmental origin. Forms of pneumoconiosis include silicosis, abestosis, and anthracosis. |
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lob/o
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lobe
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lobectomy: excision of a lobe.
Lobectomies are performed when a malignancy is confined to a single lobe of any lobed organ, such as the lungs, liver, brain, and thryroid gland. |
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orth/o
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straight
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orthopnea: breathing in a straight (or upright position)
Various lung disorders cause a patient to experience difficulty breathing in any position other than sitting or standing erect. |
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ox/i
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oxygen
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oximeter: instrument used for measuring oxygen.
An oximeter is usally attached to the tip of a finger but may also be placed on a toe or ear lobe. It provides a measurement of the oxygen saturation level of the blood. |
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ox/o
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oxygen
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hypoxemia: deficiency of oxygen in blood.
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pector/o
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chest
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pectoralgia: pain in the chest; also called thoracalgia.
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steth/o
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chest
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stethoscope: instrument used for examining the chest.
A stethoscope enables evaluation of sounds in the chest as well as the abdomen. |
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thorac/o
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chest
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thoracopathy: disease of the chest
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phren/o
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diaphragm; mind
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phrenospasm: involuntary contraction of the diaphragm
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spir/o
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breathe
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spirometer: instrument for measuring breathing.
A spirometer measures how much air the lungs can hold (vital capacity) as well as how much and how quickly air can be exhaled. |
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-capnia
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carbon dioxide (CO2)
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hypercapnia: excessive CO2
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-osmia
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smell
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anosmia: without (the sense of) smell
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-phonia
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voice
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dysphonia: bad (impaired) voice quality.
Dysphonia includes hoarseness, voice fatigue, or decreased projection. |
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-pnea
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breathing
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apnea: not breathing
APnea is a temporary loss of breathing and includes sleep apnea, cardiac apnea, and apnea of the newborn. |
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-ptysis
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spitting
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hemoptysis: spitting of blood.
Bloody sputum is usually a sign of a serious condition of the lungs. |
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-thorax
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chest
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pyothorax: pus in the chest (cavity); also called empyema.
Pyothorax is usally caused by a penetrating chest wound or spreading of infection from another part of the body. |
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7 common symptoms of respiratory disorders
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couch (dry or productive), chest pain, altered breathing patterns, shortness of breath (SOB), cyanosis, and fever.
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chroic respiratory diseases
1. development 2. damage 3. treatment |
1. when bronchitis and emphysema begin as an acute problem but don't go away
2. irreversible damage 3. difficult to treat |
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RS
pulmonology 1. d |
1. the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the respiratory system.
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RS
pulmonologist 1. d |
1. the physician who treats disorders of the respiratory system.
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
1. d 2. symptoms 3.three major COPD |
1. includes respiratory disorders that produce a chronic partial obstruction of the air passages.
2. patient finds it difficult to breath (dyspnea) especially upon exertion and usually exhibits a chronic cough. 3. asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. |
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asthma
1. d 2. common causes 3. other causes 4. recovery 5. over time 6. treatment |
1. produces spasms in the bronchial passages (bronchospasms) that may be sudden and violent (paroxysmal_ and lead to dyspnea.
2. commonly caused by exposure to allergens or irritants. 3. other causes are stress, cold, and exercise. 4. during recovery, coughing episodes produce large amount of mucus (productive cough). 5. over time the epithelium of the bronchial passages thickens, and breathing becomes more difficult. 6. treatment includes agents that loosen and break down mucus (mucolytics) and medications that expand the bronchi (bronchodilators) by relaxing their smooth muscles. |
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status asthmaticus
1. d |
the condition when usual measures do not reverse the bronchospasms.
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chronic bronchitis
1. d 2. main cause 3. other causes 4. internal symptom 5. symptoms 6. medical help 7. treatment 8. treatment for chronic condition |
1. an inflammation of the bronchi
2. caused mainly by smoking and air pollution. 3. other causes are viruses and bacteria. 4. internal symptom is swelling of the mucosa 5. symptoms are heavy, productive cough, commonly accompanied by chest pain. 6. patients usually seek medical help when they suffer exercise intolerance and SOB. 7. treatments are bronchodilators and medications that aid in the removal of mucus (expectorants) help to winden air passages. 8. for chronic conditions steroids may be prescribed. |
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emphysema
1. d 2. symptoms 3. treatment 4. causes - commonly occurs with... 5. other cause 6. progression of disease. |
1. characterized by decreased elasticity of the alveoli. alveoli dilate but are unable to contract to their original size. air remains trapped in the chest.
2. acteristic, or "barrel-chested," appearance, easier to breath sitting upright or standing erect (orthopnea). 3. treatment similar to that of chronic bronchitis, ie steroids. 4. commonly occurs with another respiratory disorder, such as asthma, tuberculosis, or chronic bronchitis. 5. occurs in long-term heavy smokers. 6. as disease progresses relief in the orthopneic position is not possible. |
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influenza (flu)
1. d 2. onset 3. symptoms 3. recovery 4. morbidity |
1. an acute infectious respiratory viral disease.
2. onset is usally rapid 3. symptoms include fever, chills, headache, generalized muscle pain (myalgia), and loss of appetite. 3. recovery usually occurs in about 7-10 days. 4. rarely causes death. if death occurs, it is usually the result of a secondary pneumonia caused by bacteria or viruses that invade the lungs. |
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types of viral influenza
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1. type A, 2. type B, and 3. type C.
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type A influenza
1. concern 2. danger 3. outbreak threat |
1. is of primary concern because it is associated with worlwide epidemics (pandemics). Influenza pandemics occur about every 2-3 years.
2. its causative organism is highly infectious (virulent). 3. undergoes antigenic changes |
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type B influenza
1. location of threat 2. severity 3. outbreak threat |
1. usually limited geographically
2. tends to be less severe than type A 3. undergoes antigenic changes |
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antigenic changes
1. demand |
1. require new vaccines to be developed in anticipation of outbreaks.
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type C influenza
1. d |
1. mild flu and not associated with pandemics.
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children and asprin
1. what? 2. why? |
1. children should not use asprin
2. there appears to be a relationship between Reye syndrome and the use of asprin by children 2 to 15 years of age. |
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pleural effusions
1. d 2. two classifications 3. various types 4. two initial diagnostic techniques 5. treatment |
1. It is any abnormal fluid or excessive fluid in the pleural cavity.
2. these are classified as transudates and exudates. 3. various types include serum (hyrothorax), pus (empyema or pyothorax), and blood (hemothorax). 4. auscultation and percussion are two initial diagnostic techniques. 5. treatment consists of correcting the underlying cause. often a surgical puncture of the chest using a hollow-bore needle (thoracocentesis, thoracentesis) is undertaken to remove excess fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Sometimes chest tubes are inserted to drain fluid or remove air in pneumothorax. |
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auscultation
1. d |
1. the listening of sounds made by organs of the body using a stethoscope.
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percussion
1. d 2. |
1. the gentle tapping of the chest with the fingers and listening to the resultant sounds to determine the position, size, or consistency of the underlying structures.
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confirmation of auscultation and percussion
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1. chest x-ray (CXR) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirm this RS diagnosis.
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transudate
1. d 2. results from 3. common causes |
1. a noninflammatory fluid that resembles serum but with slightly less protein. Allows serum to leak from the vascular system and collect in the pleural space.
2. results from an imbalance in venousarterial pressure or decrease of protein in blood. 3. common causes include left ventricular heart failure and liver disorders. |
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exudate
1. d 2. common causes |
1. usually high in protein and often contains blood and immune cells.
2. common causes include tumors, infections, and inflammation.. |
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pneumothorax
1. d 2. result |
1. air entering the pleural space
2. partial or complete collapse of a lung. |
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tuberculosis (TB)
1. d 2. spreads 3. TB organism 4. AKA |
1. is a communicable disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
2. spreads by droplets of respiratory secretions (droplet nuclei) from an infected individual when he/she coughs, laughs, or sneezes. 3. its waxy coating keeps it alive (viable) and infectious for 6-8 months outside the body. 4. AKA acid-fast bacillus (AFB), a reference to its more complex method of laboratory staining. |
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tuberculosis
1. begining 2. eventually 3. impaired immune system 4. can also affect |
1. disease develops slowly during primary ____, the first time the ___ organism enters the body.
2. it eventually produces typical inflammatory nodules (granulomas) called tubercles, which remain dormant for years, during which time the patient is asymptomatic. 3. when immunocompromised or reexposed to the bacterium, a full-blown disease may develop. 4. primarily a lung disease, but can also infect the bones, genital tract, meninges, and peritoneum. |
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AIDS and TB
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1. some TB strains that infect ____ patients have become resistant to standard medications, and treatment may include using several antibiotics at once (combination therapy).
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pneumonia
1. d 2. symptoms |
any inflammatory disase of the lungs that may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Not chemicals, or other agents that can cause the lungs to become inflammed.
2. chest pain, mucopurulent sputum, and spitting of blood (hemoptysis) are common symptoms. |
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pneumonia and influenza
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1. one type of pneumonia associated with influenza is sometimes fatal.
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aspiration pneumonias
1. d |
1. potentially fatal ____ that may result from food or liquid inhalation.
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lobar pneumonia
1. d |
1. a ____ that affects only a lobe of the lung.
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consolidation and pneumonia
1. d 2. type of pneumonia associated with |
1. when the air in the lungs is replaced by fluid and inflammatory debris, the lung tissue looses its spongy texture and becomes swollen and engorged.
2. primarily associated with bacterial pneumonias not viral pneumonias. |
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pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
1. d 2. cause 3. diagnosis |
a type of pneumonia closely associated with AIDS.
2. caused by a fungus that resides in or on most people (normal flora) but causes no harm as long as the individual remains healthy. When the immune system begins to fail, this organism becomes infectious (opportunistic). 3. Diagnosis relies on examination of biopsied lung tissue or bronchial washings (lavage). |
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cystic fibrosis
1. d 2. internal effects - pancreas and GI tract 3. internal effects - sweat glands 4. internal effects - lungs 5. treatment |
1. a hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands that causes the body to secrete extremely thick (viscous) mucus.
2. thicken mucus clogs ducts of the pancreas and digestive tract. digestion is impaired and the patient may suffer from malnutrition. 3. thickened mucus blocks ducts of the sweat glands, causing the skin to become highly "salty." 4. thickened mucus blocks airways and impedes natural disease-fighting mechanisms, causing repeated infections. 5. medication in the form of mists (aerosols) along with postural drainage provide relief. |
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cystic fibrosis
1. diagnosis 2. morbitity |
1. the sweat test measures the amount of salt excreted in sweat. When elevated, it indicates this disease.
2. although the disease is fatal, improved methods of treatment have extended life expectancy, and patient survival is approximately 30 years. |
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acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
1. d 2. action 3. cause 4. treatment |
1. a condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of the patient.
2. the alveoli fill with fluid (Edema) caused by inflammation, and then collapse, making oxygen exchange impossible. 3. occurs as a result of very serious lung conditions, such as trauma, severe pneumonia, and other major infections that affect the entire body (systemic infections) or blood (sepsis). 4. mechanical ventilation is commonly required to save the life of the patient. |
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Hyaline membrane disease (HMD)
AKA: infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) 1. d 2. cause 3. common symptoms 4. other symptoms 5. internal symptoms 6. morbidity |
1. a form of respiratory distress syndrome most commonly seen in preterm infants or infants born to diabetic mothers.
2. caused by insufficient surfactant, a phospholipid substance that helps keep alveoli open. with insufficient surfactant, the alveoli collapse and breathing becomes labored. 3. symptoms may include blueness (cyanosis) or the extremities, flaring of the nostrils (nares), and central cyanosis. 4. other symptoms include rapid breathing (tachypnea), intercostal retraction, and a characteristic grunt audible during exhalation. 6. radiography shows a membrane that has a ground-glass appearance (hyaline membrane), bilateral decrease in volume, and alveolar consolidation. 6. severe cases result in death, some forms of therapy are effective. |
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bronchogenic carcinoma
1. frequency 2. AKA 3. associated with 4. early development 5. secondary development 6. final development 7. metastasizing |
1. most common form of lung cancer
2. AKA primary pulmonary cancer 3. associated with tobacco use. 4. cells of the bronchial epithelium divide repeatedly until the entire epithelium is involved. 5. within a short time, the epithelium begins to invade underlying tissues. 6. as masses form, they block air passages and alveoli. 7. spreads rapidly to other areas of the body, including the lymph nodes, livver, bones, brain, and kidneys. |
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lunc cancer
1. detection 2. treatment 3. which treatment 4. morbidity |
1. only about 10% of ____ cancers are found in the early stages when the cure rate is high.
2. treatment includes surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy or a combination of these methods. 3. treatment depends on specific cell type, how far the disease has spread, and the general health of the patient. 4. ____ cancer is difficult to control and survival rates are very low. |
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acidosis
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excessive acidity of body fluids.
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Respiratory acidosis is commonly associated with pulmonary insufficiency and the subsequent retention of carbon dioxide.
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anosmia
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Absence of the sense of smell.
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Anosmia usually occurs as a temporary condition resulting from an upper respiratory infection or a condition that causes intranasal swelling.
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apnea
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Temporary loss of breathing.
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There are three types of apnea: obstructive (enlarged tonsils and adenoids), central (failure of the brain to transmit impulses for breathing), and mixed (combination of obstructive and central apnea).
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sleep apnea
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Sleeping disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly for more than 10 seconds, causing measurable blood deoxygenation.
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asphyxia
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Condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen.
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Some common causes of asphyxia are drowning, electric shock, lodging of a foreign body in the respiratory tract, inbhalation of toxic smoke, and poisoning.
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atelectasis
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Collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affect all or part of a lung.
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Atelectasis is a potential complication of some surgical procedures, especially those of the chest because breathing is commonly shallow after surgery to avoid pain from the surgical incision. In fetal atelectasis, the lungs fail to expand normally at birth.
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cheyne-Stokes respiration
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Repeated breathing pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth of respiration, first deeply, then shallow, then not at all.
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Cheyne-Stokes respirations are usually caused by diseases that affect the respiratory centers of the brain (such as heart failure and brain damage).
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compliance
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Ease with which lung tissue can be stretched.
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Low compliance means lungs are less elastic; therefore, more effort is required to inflate the lungs.
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coryza
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Head cold; upper respiratory infection (URI)
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crackle
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Abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; also called rale.
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croup
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Common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages, and sometimes, lungs.
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Signs and symptoms include a resonant, barking cough with suffocative, difficult breathing; laryngeal spasms, and sometimes, the narrowing of the top of the air passages.
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deviated nasal septum
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Displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils.
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epiglottits
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Severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between 2 and 12 years of age.
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Signs and symptoms of epiglottitis include fever, dysphagia, inspiratory stridor, and severe respiratory distress. Intubation or tracheostomy may be required to open the obstructed airway.
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epistaxis
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Nosebleed; nasal hemorrhage.
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finger clubbing
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Enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, commonly associated with pulmonary disease.
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hypoxemia
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Deficiency of oxygen in the blood.
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Hypoxemia is usually a sign of respiratory impairment.
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hypoxia
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Deficiency of oxygen in tissues.
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Hypoxia is usually a sign of respiratory impairment.
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pertussis
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Acute infections disease characterized by a cough that has a "whoop" sound; also called whooping cough.
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Immunization of infants as part of the diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccination is effective in the prevention of pertussis.
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pleurisy
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Inflammation of the pleural membrance characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing; also called pleuritis.
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pneumonconiosis
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Disease caused by inhaling dust particles, including coal dust (anthracosis), stone dust (chalicosis), iron dust (siderosis), and asbestos particles (asbestosis).
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pulmonary edema
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Accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, caused most commonly by heart failure.
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Excessive fluid in the lungs induces coughing and dyspnea.
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pulmonary embolus
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Blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria)
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rhonchus
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Abnormal breath sound heard on auscultation.
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A rhonchus is described as a course, rattling noise that resembles snoring, commonly suggesting secretions in the larger airways.
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stridor
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High-pitched, harsh, adventitious breath sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway.
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The presence of stridor requires immediate intervention.
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sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
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Completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal healthy infant, usually less than 12 months of age; also called crib death.
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The rate of SIDS has decreased more than 30% since parents have been instructed to place babies on their backs for sleeping rather than on their stomachs.
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wheeze
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Whistling or sighing sound heard on auscultation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway.
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Wheezing is a characteristic of asthma, croup, hay fever, obstructive emphysema, and other obstructive respiratory conditions.
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Mantoux test
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Intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area around the test site becomes red and swollen.
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A positive test suggests a past or present exposure to TB or past TB vaccination. However, the Mantoux test does not differentiate between active and inactive infection.
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oximetry
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Noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen; also called pulse oximetry.
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In oximetry, a probe is attached to the patient's finger or ear lobe and linked to a computer that displays the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen.
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polysomnography
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Test of sleep cycles and stages using continuous recordings of brain waves (EEGs), electrical activity of muscles, eye movement (electro-oculogram), respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm and, sometimes, direct observation of the person during sleep using a video camera.
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pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
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Multiple tests used to evaluate the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane.
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spirometry
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Measurement of ventilatory ability by assessing lung capacity and flow, including the time necessary for exhaling the total volume of inhaled air.
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A spirometer produces a graphic record for placement in the patient's chart.
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bronchoscopy
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Visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope (flexible fiberoptic or rigid) inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures or for projection on a monitor.
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Attachments on the bronchoscope can be used to suction mucus, remove foreign bodies, collect sputum, or perform biopsy.
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laryngoscopy
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Visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities.
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mediastinoscopy
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Visual examination of the mediastinal sctructures including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymp nodes.
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The mediastinoscope is inserted through a small incision made above the sternum. The attached camera projects images on a monitor. Additionaly incisions may be made if nodes are removed or other diagnostic or therapeutic procedures are performed.
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arterial blood gas (ABG)
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Test that measures partial pressure of oxygen (Po2), carbon dioxide (Pco2), pH (acidity or alkalinity), and bicarbonate level of an arterial blood sample.
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ABG analysis evaluates pulmonary gas exchange and helps guide treatment of acid-base imbalances.
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sputum culture
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Microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonias.
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sweat test
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Measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat.
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A sweat test is used almost exclusively in children to confirm cystic fibrosis.
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throat culture
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Test used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci.
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Untreated streptococcal infections may lead to serious secondary complications, including kidney and heart disease.
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radiography
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Process of producing images using an x-ray passed through the body or area and captured on a film.
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thoracic (chest)
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Images of the chest taken from anteroposterior (AP) projection, posteroanterior (PA) projection, lateral projection, or a combination of these projections.
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Chest radiography is used to diagnose rib fractures and lung diseases, including atelectasis, masses, pneumonia, and emphysema.
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scan
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Imaging procedure that gathers information about a specific organ or structure of the body. In some cases, small amounts of injected radionuclide (tracer) are used to enhance images.
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lung scan
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Nuclear scanning test primarily used to detect pulmonary emboli.
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Lung scan is commonly performed to detect the presence of a blood clot that may be interfering with blood flow in or to the lung.
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aerosol therapy
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Lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways. Techniques include nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), and dry powder inhalers (DPIs).
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Nebulizers change liquid medications into droplets to be inhaled through a mouth-piece. MDIs deliver a specific amount when activated. Children and the elderly can use a spacer to synchronize inhalation with medication release. A DPI is activated by a quick inhalation by the user.
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lavage
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Irrigating or washing out of an organ, stomach, bladder, bowel, or body cavity with a stream of water or other fluid.
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Lavage of the paranasal sinuses is unusually performed to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressed patient or one with known sinusitis that has failed medical management.
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antral lavage
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Irrigation of the antrum (maxillary sinus) in chronic or nonresponsive sinusitis.
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postural drainage
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Positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs.
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pleurectomy
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Excision of part of the pleura, usually parietal.
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Pleurectomy i sperformed to reduce pain caused by a tumor mass or to prevent the recurrence of pleural effusion but is generally ineffective in the treatment of malignancy of the pleura.
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pneumectomy
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Excision of a lung.
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The removal of a lobe of the lung is called a lobectomy.
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rhinoplasty
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Reconstructive surgery of the nose to correct deformities or for cosmetic purposes.
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septoplasty
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Surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures.
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Common complications of a deviated septum include interference with breathing and a predisposition to snus infections.
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thoracentesis
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Surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity; also called pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis.
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Thoracentesis is peformed as a diagnostic procedure to determine the nature and cause of an effusion or as a therapeutic procedure to relieve the discomfort caused by the effusion.
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tracheostomy
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Surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted.
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antihistamines
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Block histamines from binding with histamine receptor sites in tissues.
Histamines cause sneezing, runny nose, itchiness, and rashes. |
fexofenadine: Allegra
loratadine: Claritin |
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antitussives
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Relieve or suppress coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the medulla of the brain.
Antitussives alleviate nonproductive dry coughs and should not be used with productive coughs. |
hydrocodone: Hycodan
dextromethorphan: Vicks Formula 44 |
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bronchodilators
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Stimulate bronchial muscles to relax, thereby expanding air passages, resulting in increased air flow.
Bronchodilators are used to treat chronic sypmtoms and prevent acute attacks in respiratory diseases, such as asthma and COPD. Pharmacological agents may be delivered by an inhaler either orally or intravenously. |
albuterol: Proventil, Ventolin
salmeterol: Serevent |
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corticosteroids
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Act on the immune system by blocking production of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions.
Corticosteroids are available as nasal sprays, in metered-dose-inhalers (inhaled steroids) and in oral forms (pills or syrups) to treat chronic lung conditions such as asthma and COPD. |
beclomethasone dipropionate: Vanceril, Beclovent
triamcinolone: Azmacort |
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decongestants
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Constrict blood vessels of nasal passages and limit blood flow, which causes for swollen tissues to shrink so that air can pass more freely through the passageways.
Decongestants are commonly prescribed for allergies and colds and are usually combined with antihistamines in cold remedies. They can be administered orally or topically as nasal sprays and nasal drops. |
oxymetazoline: Dristan
pseudoephedrine: Drixoral, Sudafed |
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expectorants
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Liquify respiratory secretions so that they are more easily dislodged during coughing episodes.
Expectorants are prescribed for productive coughs. |
guaifenesin: Robitussin, Organidin
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ABG
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arterial blood gas(es)
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AFB
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acid-fast bacillus (TB organism)
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AP
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anteroposterior
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ARDS
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acute respiratory distress syndrome
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CO2
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carbon dioxide
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COPD
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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CPAP
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continuous positive airway pressure
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CPR
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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CT
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computed tomography
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CXR
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chest x-ray, chest radiograph
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DPI
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dry power inhaler
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DPT
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DIPHTHERIA, PERTUSSIS, TETANUS
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EEG
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encephalogram, encephalography
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FVC
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forced vital capacity
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Hb, Hgb
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hemoglobin
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HMD
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hyaline membrance disease
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Hx
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history
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IPPB
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intermittent psoitive-pressure breathing
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IRDS
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infant respiratory distress syndrome
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MDI
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metered dose inhaler
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MRI
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magnetic resonance imaging
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NMT
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nebulized mist treatment
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O2
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oxygen
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PA
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posteroanterior; pernicious anemia
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Pco2
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partial pressure of carbon dioxide
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PCP
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Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; primary care physician; phencyclidine (hallucinogen)
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PFT
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pulmonary function test
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pH
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symbol for degree of acidity or alkalinity
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PND
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paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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PO2
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partial pressure of oxygen
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PO2
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partial pressure of oxygen
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RD
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respiratory distress
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RDS
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respiratory distress syndrome
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SaO2
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arterial oxygen saturation
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SIDS
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sudden infant death syndrome
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SOB
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shortness of breath
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T&A
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tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
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TB
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tuberculosis
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TPR
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temperature, pulse, and respiration
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URI
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upper respiratory infection
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VC
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vital capacity
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