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202 Cards in this Set
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skin as an organ also called?
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integument
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integumentary system
1. composition and functions |
1. It is made up of (1) layers of skin and (2) accessory organs which are hair, nails, and glands. It performs many vital functions.
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I.S.
Skin 1. composition 2. size 3. functions (7) |
1. Consists of two distinct layers: the epidermis and the dermis.
2. It is the largest organ in the body. 3. protects underlying structures from injury (2) provides sensory information to the brain about termperature, pain and pressure, (3) protects the body against ultraviolet rays, (4) regulates body temperature (5) prevents dehydration, (6) serves as a reservoir for food and water, (7) synthesizes vitamin D. |
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I.S.
subcutaneous layer of tissue 1. purpose |
1. binds the skin to underlying structures
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I.S.
epedermis 1. composition 2. d |
1. composed of several sublayers called strata, two of which are (1) the stratum corneum, and (2) the basal layer.
2. the relatively thin outer layer of the skin, which is thickest on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. |
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I.S.
I.S. stratum corneum 1. location 2. composition 3. purpose (2) |
1. upper level of the epidermis.
2. composed of dead flat cells that lack a blood supply and sensory receptors. these cells are filled with keratin. 3. This outermost layer of skin (1) prevents body fluids from evaporating and moisture from entering the body, and (2) its thickness absorbs wear. |
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I.S.
I.S. basal layer 1. composition 2. function 3. function of specialized cells |
1. composed of living cells, and is where new cells are formed in the epidermis.
2. new cells form here which then die and become filled with a hard protien called keratin as they rise toward the stratum corneum to replace cells that have been sloughed off. This entire process from creation to sloughing off takes about 1 month. 3. in this layer of the epidermis there are specialized cells called malanocytes. |
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I.S.
melanocytes 1. location and function 2. production |
1. In the basal layer, these cells prouduce a black pigment called melanin.
2. production is genetically regulated, and, thus, inherited. |
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I.S.
melanin 1. function 2. the sun 3. skin color 4. accumulations 5. none |
1. this pigment provides a protective barrier from the damaging effects of the sun's ultraviolet radiation, which can cause skin cancer.
2. moderate sun exposure causes an increase in its production and results in a suntan. overexposure results in a sunburn due to its inability to absorb sufficient ultraviolet rays to prevent the burn. 3. differences in skin color are attributed to the amount of this pigment in each cell. dark-skinned people produce large amounts and are less likely to have wrinkles or skin cancer. 4. local accumunlations are seen in pigmented moles and freckles. 5. an absence of pigment in the skin, eyes, and hair is most likely due to an inherited inability to produce it. |
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albino
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1. An individual who cannot produce melanin, and, thus, has a marked deficiency of pigment in the eyes, hair, and skin.
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keratin
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1. a hard protein material with relatively waterproof characteristics which is found in hair, nail and stratum corneum cells.
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I.S.
dermis 1. AKA 2. location 3. composition and contains (6) |
1. also known as the corium
2. second layer of the skin. lies directly beneath the epidermis. 3. composed of living tissue and (1) contains numerous capillaries, (2) lymphatic vessels, (3) nerve endings, (4) hair follicles, (5) sebaceous (oil) glands, and (6) sudoriferous (sweat) glands. |
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I.S.
subcutaneous layer 1. AKA 2. location/function 3. composition 4. functions (3) 5. amount of fat |
1. also known as hypodermis
2. binds the dermis to underlying structures 3. composed primarily of loose connective tissue, and adipose (fat) tissue interlaced with blood vessels. 4. (1) stores fats, (2) insulates and cushions the body, and (3) regulates temperature. 5. the amount of fat in this layer varies with the region of the body and sex, age, and nutritional state. |
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I.S.
accessory organs of the skin 1. include |
1. includes integumentary glands, hair, and nails.
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I.S.
integumentary glands 1. function (2) 2. includes these 2 glands |
1. A part of the I.S., these play an important role in (1) defending the body against disease and (2) maintaining homeostasis
2. important glands in the dermis, which are sudoriferous (sweat) glands and sebaceous (oil) glands. |
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I.S.
sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands are what types of glands and why? |
These two glands are exocrine glands because they secrete substances through ducts to an outer surface of the body rather than directly into the bloodstream.
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I.S.
sudoriferous glands 1. action 2. functions (3) |
1. secrete perspiration, or sweat, onto the surface of the skin through pores.
2. functions are to (1) cool the body by evaporation, (2) excrete waste products, and (3) moisten surface cells. |
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I.S.
sebum 1. d/creation 2. function (2) 3. dysfunction 4. production/secretion 5. loss |
1. an oily secretion yielded when cells in the sebaceous gland disintegrate.
2. its acidic nature (1) helps destroy harmful organisms on the skin, thus preventing infection. (2) lubricates the skin 3. congested sebum causes formation of pimples of whiteheads, or blackheads if it is dark colored. 4. sex hormones, particularly androgens, regulate its production and secretion. secretions increase during adolescence and decrease with subsequent aging. 5. loss of it is associated with the formation of wrinkles. |
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I.S.
sebaceous glands 1. composition 2. dysfunction 3. locations |
1. filled with cells, the centers of which contain fatty droplets.
2. when ductules of these glands become blocked, acne may result 3. are present over the entire body except on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands. especially prevelant on the scalp and face; around such openings as the nose, mouth, external ear, and anus; and on the upper back and scrotum. |
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I.S.
pores 1. most prevelant locations |
1. pores are most plentiful on the palms, soles, forehead, and axillae (armpits).
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I.S.
hair 1. locations 2. parts |
1. found on nearly all parts of the body except for the lips, nipples, palms of the hands, soles of the feet and parts of the external genitalia.
2. hair shaft, and hair root. |
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I.S.
hair shaft |
1. the visible part of the hair
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I.S.
hair root |
1. the part of hair that is embedded in the dermis.
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I.S.
hair follicle |
1. formed by the root and its coverings.
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I.S.
papilla |
1. a covering that encloses a loop of capillaries at the bottom of the follicle.
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I.S./hair
epithelial cells 1. d 2. function |
cluster of cells lying over the papilla that reproduces
2. is responsible for the eventually formation of the hair shaft. as long as these cells remain alive, hair will regenerate even if it is cut, plucked, or otherwise removed. |
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alopecia
1. AKA 2. d |
1. also known as baldness
2. occurs when the hairs of the scalp are not replaced because of death of the papillae (singular, papilla) |
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I.S.
hair color 1. related to? |
1. related to the amount of pigment produced by epidermal melanocytes located at the base of the hair follicle.
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I.S./hair
melanin 1.role 2. aging |
1. ranges in color from yellow to reddish brown to black. varying amounts produce hair rnaging in color from blond to brunette to black. the more abdundant, the darker the hair.
2. heredity and aging affect its levels. a decrease or an absence causes loss of hair color. |
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I.S.
nails 1. function 2. composition 3. parts 4. growth |
1. protect the tips of the fingers and toes from bruises and injuries.
2. composed of karatinized stratified squamous epithelial cells, which produce a tough covering. 3. includes nail root, nail bed, nail body, and lunula. 4. as it grows from the nail root it stays attached and slides forward over the layer of epithelium called the nail bed. |
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I.S.
nail bed 1. d |
1. epithelial layer below nail, which is continuous with the epithelium of the skin.
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I.S.
nail body 1. color |
1. appears pink because of the underlying vascular tissue.
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I.S.
lunula 1. d |
1. half-moon-shaped area at the base of the nail where new growth occurs.
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I.S.
androgen |
generic term for an agent (usually a hormone, such as testosterone and androsterone) that stimulates development of male characteristics.
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I.S.
ductule |
very small duct
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I.S.
homeostasis |
state in which the regulatory mechanisms of the body maintain an internal environment within tolerable levels, despite changes in the external environment.
3rd side: regulatory mechanisms control? (3) |
The regulatory mechanisms of the body control temperature, acidity, and the concentration of salt, food, and waste products.
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I.S.
scrotum |
Pouch of skin in the male that contains the testicles.
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I.S.
synthesis |
formation of a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements.
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skin synthesizes vitamen D (needed by bones for calcium absorption)
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I.S.
synthesize |
to produce by synthesis
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I.S.
relationship between the skin and the blood, lymph, and immune system |
1. skin is the first line of defense against the invasion of pathogens in the body.
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I.S.
relationship between the skin and the cardiovascular system |
1. cutaneous blood vessels dilate and constrict to help regulate body temperature.
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I.S.
relationship between the skin and the digestive system (2) |
1. skin absorbs vitamin D (produced when skin is exposed to sunlight) needed for intestinal absorption of calcium.
2. excess caolires are stored as subcutaneous fat. |
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I.S.
relationship between the skin and the endocrine system |
1. subcutaneous layer of the skin stores adipose tissue when insulin secretions cause excess carbohydrate intake to fat storage.
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I.S.
relationship between the skin and the female reproductive (2) |
1. subcutaneous receptors provide pleasurable sensations associated with sexual behavior.
2. skin stretches to accommodate the growing fetus during pregnancy. |
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I.S.
relationship between the skin and the genitourinary system (2) |
1. receptors in the skin respond to sexual stimuli.
2. skin provides an alternative route for excreting salts and nitrogenous wastes in the form of perspiration. |
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I.S.
relationship between the skin and the musculoskeletal system (2) |
1. skin synthesizes vitamin D needed for absorption of calcium essential for muscle contraction.
2. Skin also synthesizes vitamin D needed for growth, repair, and maintenance of bones. |
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I.S.
relationship between the skin and the nervous system |
1. cutaneous receptors detect stimuli related to touch, pain, pressure, and temperature.
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I.S.
relationship between the skin and the respiratory system (2) |
1. skin temperature may influence respiratory rate. As temperature increases, respiratory rate may also increase.
2. hairs of the nasal cavity filter particles from inspired air before it reaches the lower respiratory tract. |
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adip/o
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fat
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adiposis: abnormal condition of fat
adiposis is an abnormal accumulation of fatty tissue in the body. |
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lip/o
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fat
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lipocele: hernia containing fat.
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steat/o
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fat
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steatitis: inflammation of fatty (adipose) tissue
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cutane/o
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skin
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subcutaneous: pertaining to beneath the skin.
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dermat/o
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skin
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dermatoplasty: surgical repair of the skin
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derm/o
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skin
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hypodermic: pertaining to under the skin
A hypodermic injection is one in which the needle is inserted under the skin. |
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hidr/o
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sweat
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hidradenitis: inflammation of the sweat glands.
Do not confuse hidr/o (sweat) with hydro/o (water) |
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sudor/o
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sweat
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sudoresis: profuse sweating
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ichthy/o
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dry, scaly
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ichthyosis: abnormal condition of dry or scaly skin
Ichthyosis can be any of several dermatological conditions in which the skin is dry and hardened (hyperkeratotic), resembling fish scales. A mild form of ichthyosis, called winter itch, is commonly seen on the legs of older patients, especially during the winter months. |
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kerat/o
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horny tissue; hard; cornea
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karatosis: abnormal condition of horny tissue
Keratosis is a thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin, such as a callus or wart. |
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melan/o
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black
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melanoma: black tumor
Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes that commonly begins in a darkly pigmented mole and can metastasize widely. |
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myc/o
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fungus (plural, fungi)
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dermatomycosis: fungal infection of the skin
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onych/o
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nail
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onychomalacia: softening of the nails
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ungu/o
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nail
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ungual: pertaining to the nails
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pil/o
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hair
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pilonidal: pertaining to hair in a nest
A pilonidal cyst commonly develops in the skin at the base of the spine. It develops as a growth of hair in a dermoid cyst. |
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trich/o
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hair
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trichopathy: disease involving the hair.
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scler/o
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hardening; sclera (white of eye)
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scleroderma: hardening of the skin
Scleroderma is an autoimmu edisorder that causes the skin and internal organs to become preogressively hardened due to deposits of collagen. It may occur as a localized form or as a systemic disease. |
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seb/o
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sebum, sebaceous
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seborrhea: discharge of sebum.
Seborrhea is an excessive secretion of sebum from the sebaceous glands. |
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squam/o
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scale
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squamous: pertaining to scales (or covered with scales)
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xen/o
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foreign, strange
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xenograft: skin transplantation from a foreign donor (usually a pig) for a humna; also called heterograft.
Xenografts are used as a temporary graft to protect the patient against infection and fluid loss. |
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xer/o
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dry
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xeroderma: dry skin.
Xeroderma is a chronic skin condition characterized by dryness and roughness and is a mild form of ichthyosis |
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-cyte
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cell
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lipocyte: fat cell
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-derma
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skin
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pyoderma: pus in the skin
Pyoderma is an acute, inflammatory, purulent bacterial dermatitis. It may be primary, such as impetigo, or secondary to a previous skin condition. |
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-logist
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specialist in the study of
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dermatologist: specialist in treatment of skin disorders.
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-logy
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study of
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dermatology: study of the skin and its diseases.
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-therapy
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treatment
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cryotherapy: use of cold in the treatment (of disease)
Cryotherapy is used to destroy tissue by freezing with liquid nitrogen. Cutaneous warts and actinic keratosis are common skin disorders that respond well to cryotherapy treatment. |
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an-
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without, not
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anhidrosis: abnormal condition of absence of sweat
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dia-
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through, across
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diaphoresis: excessive or profuse sweating; also called sudoresis or hyperhidrosis
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epi-
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above, upon
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epidermis: above the skin
Epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. |
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homo-
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same
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homograft: transplantation of tissue between individuals of the same species; also called allograft.
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hyper-
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excessive, above normal
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hyperhidrosis: excessive or profuse sweating; also called diaphoresis or sudoresis
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sub-
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under, below
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subungual: pertaining to beneath the nail of a finger or toe.
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abscess
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Localized collection of pus at the site of an infection (characteristically a staphylococcal infection)
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When a localized abscess originates in a hair follicle, it is called a furuncle, or boil. A cluster of furuncles in the subcutaneous tissue results in the formation of a carbuncle.
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acne
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Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristic lesions that include blackheads (comedos), inflammatory papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts; usually associated with seborrhea; also called acne vulgairs.
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Acne results from thickening of the follicular openinng, increased sebum production, and the presence of bacteria. It is associated with an inflammatory response. The face, neck, and shoulders are common sites for this condition.
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alopecia
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Partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anticancer medication, or a skin disease; commonly called baldness.
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Bowen disease
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Form of intraepidermal carcinoma (squamous cell) characterized by redbrown scaly or crusted lesions that resemble a patch of psoriasis or dermatitis; also called Bowen precancerous dermatosis.
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Treatment for Bowen disease includes curettage and electrodesiccation.
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cellulitis
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Diffuse (widespread), acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
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Cellulitis is characterized by a light glossy appearance of the skin, localized heat, redness, pain, swelling, and occasionally, fever, malaise, and chills.
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chloasma
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Pigmentary skin discoloration usually occurring in yellowish brown patches or spots.
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comedo
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Typical small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin.
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The closed form of comedo, called a whitehead, consists of a papulre from which the contents are not easily expressed.
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dermatomycosis
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Infection of the skin caused by fungi.
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A common type of dermatomycosis is called ringworm.
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ecchymosis
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Skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from blue-black to greenish brown or yellow; commonly called a bruise.
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eczema
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Chronic skin inflammation characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, scabs, and possibly, itching.
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Symptoms of eczema may occur alone or in combination.
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erythema
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Redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries.
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An example of erythema is a mild suburn or nervous blushing.
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eschar
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Damaged tissue folllowing a severe burn.
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impetigo
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Bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture.
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keratosis
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Thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growht on the skin (such as a callus or wart)
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lentigo
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Small brown macules, especially on the face and arms, brought on by sun exposure, usually in a middle-aged or older person
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These pigmented lesions of the skin are benign and no treatment is necessary unless cosmetic repair is desired.
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pallor
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Unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin.
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pediculosis
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Infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushes, combs or headgear.
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petechia
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Minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin.
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A petechia is a smaller verision of an ecchymosis.
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pressure ulcer
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Skin ulceration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in bedridden patients; also known as decubitus ulcer.
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Pressure ulcers are most commonly found in skin overlying a bony projection, such as the hip, ankle, hell, shoulder, and elbow.
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pruritus
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Intense itching.
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psoriasis
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Chronic skin disease characterized by circumscribed red pathes covered by thick, dry, silvery, adherent scales, caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis.
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New psoriasis lesions tend to appear at the sites of trauma. They may be found in any location but commonly on the scalp, knees, elbows, umbilicus, and genitalia. Treatment includes topical application of various medications, keratolytics, phototherapy, and ultraviolet light therapy in an attempt to slow hyperkeratosis.
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purpura
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Any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into tissues, particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae.
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Hemorrhage into the skin shows red darkening into purple and then brownish yellow and finally disappearing in 2 to 3 weeks. Areas of discoloration do not disappear under pressure.
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scabies
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Contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact.
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Scabies manifests as papules, vesicles, pustules, and burrows, and causes intense itching commonly resulting in secondary infections. The axillae, genitalia, inner aspect of the thighs, and areas between the fingers are most commonly affected.
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tinea
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Fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected; also called ringworm.
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Examples include tinea barbae (beard), tinea corporis (body), tinea pedis (althete's foot), tinea versicolor (skin), tinea cruris (jock itch).
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urticaria
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Allergic reaction of the skin chracterized by the eruption of pale red elevated patches called wheals or hives.
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verruca
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Epidermal growth caused by a virus; also known as warts. Types include plantar warts, juvenile warts, and venereal warts.
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Verrucae may be removed by cryosurgery, electrocautery, or acids; however they may regrow if the virus remains in the skin.
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vitiligo
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Localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches.
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skin test (ST)
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Any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patient's sensitivity to it.
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Most commonly used skin tests are the intradermal, patch, and scratch tests used for allergy testing. The intensity of the response is determined by the wheal-and-flare reaction after the suspected allergen is applied. Positive and negative controls are used to verify normal skin reactivity.
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intradermal skin test
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Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction.
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Intradermal skin tests are used to determin immunity to diphtheria (Schick test) or tuberculosis (Mantoux test).
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patch skin test
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Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by topical application of the substance to be tested (such as food, pollen, and animal fur), usually on the forearm and observing for a subsequent reaction.
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After the patch is removed, a lack of noticeable reaction indicates a negative result; skin reddening of swelling indicates a positive result.
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scratch (prick) skin test
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Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin.
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Redness or swelling at the scratch sites within 10 minutes indicates an allergy to the substances, or a positive test result. If no reaction occurs, the test result is negative.
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biopsy
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Representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination.
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Skin biopsies are used to establish or confirm a diagnosis, estimate prognosis, or follow the course of disease. Any lesion suspected of malignancy is removed and sent to the pathology laboratory for evaluation.
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needle biopsy
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Removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow neddle, usually attached to a syringe.
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punch biopsy
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Removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch.
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shave biopsy
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Removal of elevated lesions using a surgical blade.
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frozen section (FS) biopsy
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Ultrathin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination.
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FS is commonly used for rapid diagnosis of malignancy after the patient has been anesthetized to determine treatment options.
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chemical peel
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Chemical removal of the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratoses; also called chemabrasion.
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Chemical peels are also commonly used for cosmetic purposes to remove fine wrinkles on the face.
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debridement
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Removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents.
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Debridement is used to promote healing and prevent infection.
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dermabrasion
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Rubbing (abrasion) using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away (abrade) the epidermis.
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This procedure is commonly used to remove acne scars, tattoos, and scar tissue.
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fulguration
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Tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current; also called electrodessication.
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cryosurgery
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Use of subfreezing temperature (commonly liquid nitrogen) to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumors, warts, and unwanted, cancerous, or infected tissue.
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incision and drainage (I&D)
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Process of cutting through a lesion such as an abscess and draining its contents.
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skin graft
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Surgical procedure to transplant healthy tissue by applying it to an injured site.
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Human, animal, or artificial skin can be used to provide a temporary covering or permanent layer of skin over a wound or burn.
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allograft
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Trnasplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called homograft
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In an allograft, the skin donor is usually a cadaver. This type of skin graft is termporary and is used to protect the patient against infection and fluid loss. The allograft is frozen and stored in a skin bank until needed.
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autograft
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Transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual.
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synthetic
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Transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers arranged in a lattice pattern.
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The recipient's body does not reject synthetic skin (produced artificially) and healing skin grows into it as the graft gradually disintegrates.
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xenograft
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Trnasplantation is used as a temporary graft to protect the patient against infection and fluid loss.
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treating mild, localized skin disorders
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because of their superficial nature and location, many skin disorders respond well to topical drug therapy.
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severe skin disorders
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Treating widespread or particularly severe dermatological disorders may require systemic treatment. For example, a prescription oral steroid or antihistamine might be prescribed to relieve inflammation and severe itching.
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antifungals
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Alter the cell wall of fungi or disrupt enzyme activity, resulting in cell death.
When topical antifungals are not effective, oral or intravenous antifungal drugs may be necessary. |
nystatin: Mycostatin, Nyston
itroconazole: Sporanox |
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antihistamines
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Inhibit allergic reactions of inflammation, redness, and itching caused by the release of histamine.
In a case of severe itching, they may be given orally. As a group, these drugs are also known as antipruritics (pruritus means itching). |
diphenhydramine: Benadryl
loratadine: Claritin |
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antiseptics
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Topically applied agents that inhibit growth of bacteria, thus preventing infections in cuts, scratches, and surgical incisions.
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ehtyl or isopropyl alcohol
hydogen peroxide |
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corticosteroids
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Decrease inflammation and itching by suppressing the immune system's inflammatory response to tissue damage.
Topical ______ are used to treat contact dermatitis, poison ivy, insect bites, psoriasis, seborrhea, and eczema. Oral _____ may be presribed for systemic treatment of severe or widespread inflammation or itching. |
hydrocortisone: Certacort, Cortaid
triamcinolone: Azmacord, Kenalog |
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keratolytics
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Destroy and soften the outer layer of skin so that it is sloughed off or shed.
Strong ______ remove warts and corns and aid in penetration of antifungal drugs. Milder ______ promote shedding of scales and crusts and in eczema, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, and other dry, scaly conditions. Weak ______ irritate inflammed skin, acting as a tonic to accelerate healing. |
tretinoin: Retin-A, Vesanoid
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parastiticides
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Kill insect parasites, such as mites and lice.
_______ are used to treat scabies (mites) and pediculosis (lice). The drug is applied as a cream or lition to the body and as a shampoo to treat the scalp. |
lindane: Kwell, Thion
permethrin: Nix |
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protectives
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Cover, cool, dry, or soothe inflammed skin.
______ do not penetrate the skin or soften it. Rather, they allow the natural healing process to occur by forming a long-lasting film that protects the skin from air, water, and clothing. |
lotions: Cetaphil moisturizing lotion
ointments: Vaseline |
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topical anesthetics
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Block sensation of pain by numbing the skin layers and mucous membrances.
These topical drugs are administered directly by means of sprays, creams, gargles, suppositories, and other preparations. They provide temporary symptomatic relief of minor burns, sunburns, rashes, and insect bites. |
lidocaine: Xylocaine
procaine: Novocain |
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Bx, bx
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biopsy
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BCC
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basal cell carcinoma
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CA
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cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest
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cm
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centimeter
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decub
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decubitus (ulcer)
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derm
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dermatology
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FS
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frozen section
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ID
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intradermal
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I&D
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incision and drainage
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IMP
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impression (synonymous with diagnosis)
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IV
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intravenous
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subcu, Sub-Q, subQ
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subcutaneous (injections)
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ung
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ointment
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XP, XDP
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xeroderma pigmentosum
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Tumor Grading
Grade I |
Tumor cells well differentiated.
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Close resemblance to tissue of origin, thus, retaining some specialized functions.
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Tumor Grading
Grade II |
Tumor cells moderately differentiated.
side 3: what does that mean? (3) |
(1) Less resemblence to tissue of origin.
(2) More variation in size and shape of tumor cells. (3) Increased mitoses. |
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Tumor Grading
Grade III |
Tumor cells poorly to very poorly differentiated.
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Only remotely resembles tissue of origin.
Marked variation in shape and size of tumor cells. Greatly increased mitoses. |
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Tumor Grading
Grade IV |
Tumor cells very poorly differentiated.
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Little or no resemblance to tissue of origin.
Extreme variation in size and shape of tumor cells. |
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Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) System of Staging
Designation: Tumor: T0 |
No evidence of tumor
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(TNM) System of Staging
Designation: Tumor: Tis |
Stage I
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Carcinoma in situ indicates the tumor is in a defined location and shows no invasion into surrounding tissues.
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(TNM) System of Staging
Designation: Tumor: T1, T2, T3, T4 |
Stage II
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Primary tumor size and extent of local invasion, where T1 is small with minimal invasion and T4 is large with extensive local invasion into surrounding organs and tissues.
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(TNM) System of Staging
Designation: Node N0 |
Regional lymph nodes show no abnormalities.
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(TNM) System of Staging
Designation: Node N1, N2, N3, N4 |
Stage III
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Degree of lymph node involvement and spread to regional lymph nodes, where N1 is less involvement with minimal spreading and N4 is more involvement with extensive spreading.
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(TNM) System of Staging
Designation: Metastasis M0 |
No evidence of metastasis.
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(TNM) System of Staging
Designation: Metastasis M1 |
Stage IV
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Indicates metastasis.
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Using skin diagnostically?
1. importance 2. pale 3. red, flushed, very warm 4. rash 5. chewed fingernails. |
1. General appearance and condition of the skin are clinically important because they may provide clues to body conditions or dysfunctions.
2. may indicate shock 3. may indicate fever and infection 4. may indicate allergies or local infections 5. may by a clue to emotional problems. |
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I.S.
dermatology 1. d |
1. The medical specialty concerned with diseases that directly affect the skin and systemic diseases that manifest their effects on the skin.
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I.S.
dermatologist 1. d |
1. physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.
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I.S.
lesions 1. d 2. size (2) 3. degree (2) 4. importance 5. additional ways to describe lesions |
1. areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection.
2. (1) may affect tissue over an area of a definite size (localized), or (2) may be widely spread throughout the body (systemic). 3. lesions are described as primary or secondary. 4. evaluation of skin lesions, injuries, or changes to tissue helps establish the diagnosis of skin disorders. 5. are also described by their appearance, color, location, and size as measured in centimeters. |
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I.S.
primary skin lesions 1. d |
1. are the initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue and may be flat or elevated.
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I.S.
secondary skin lesions 1. d |
1. are changes that take place in the primary lesion due to infection, scratching, trauma, or various stages of a disease.
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I.S.
flat lesions 1. degree of lesions 2. d |
1. primary lesion
2. flat, discolored, circumscribed lesions of any size. |
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I.S.
macule 1. degree, elevation 2. d 3. examples |
1. flat, primary lesions
2. flat, pigmented, circumscribed area less than 1 cm in diameter. 3. examples are freckle, flat mole, or rash that occurs in rubella. |
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I.S.
elevated lesions 1. types of composition 2. degree |
1. solid or fluid-filled
2. primary lesions. |
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I.S.
papule 1. degree, elevation, compostion 2. d 3. examples |
1. primary, elevated, solid
2. solid, elevated lesion, less than 1 cm in diameter that may be the same color as the skin or pigmented. 3. examples are nevus, wart, pimple, ringworm, psoriasis, eczema |
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I.S
nodule 1. degree, elevation, composition 2. d 3. examples |
1. primary, elevated, solid
2. palpable, circumscribed lesion; larger and deeper than a papule (.6 to 2 cm in diameter); extends into the dermal area. 3. examples are intradermal nevus, benign or malignant tumor |
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I.S.
tumor 1. degree, elevation, composition 2. d 3. examples |
1. primary, elevated, solid
2. slid, elevated lesion larger than 2 cm in diameter that extends into the dermal and subcutaneous layers. 3. examples are lipoma, steatoma, dermatofibroma, hemangioma. |
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I.S.
wheal 1. degree, elevation, composition 2. d 3. examples |
1. primary, elevated, solid
2. elevated, firm, rounded lesion with localized skin edema (swelling) that varies in size, shape, and color; paler in the center than its surrounding edges; accompanied by itching. 3. hives, insect bites. |
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I.S.
vesicle 1. degree, elevation, composition 2. d 3. examples |
1. primary, elevated, fluid-filled
2. elevated, circumscribed, fluid-filled lesion less than .5 cm in diameter. 3. examples are poision ivy, shingles. |
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I.S.
pustule 1. degree, elevation, composition 2. d 3. examples |
1. primary, elevated, fluid-filled
2. small, raised, circumscribed lesion that contains pus; usually less than 1 cm in diameter. 3. examples are acne, furuncle, postular, psoriasis, scabies. |
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I.S.
bulla 1. degree, elevation, composition 2. d 3. examples |
1. primary, elevated, fluid-filled
2. a vesicle or blister larger than cm in diameter. 3. examples are second degree burns, severe poison oak, poison. |
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I.S.
secondary lesions 1. d |
1. depressed lesions caused by loss of skin.
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I.S.
excoriations 1. degree, elevation 2. d 3. examples |
1. secondary, depressed
2. linear scratch marks or traumatized abrasions of the epidermis. 3. examples are scratches, abrasions, chemical or thermal burns. |
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I.S.
fissure 1. degree, elevation 2. d |
1. secondary, depressed
2. small slit or crack like sore that extends into the dermal layer; could be caused by continuous inflammation and drying. |
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I.S.
ulcer 1. degree, elevation 2. d 3. examples |
1. secondary, depressed
2. an open sore or lesion that extends to the dermis and usually heals with scarring. 3. examples are pressure sore, basal cell carcinoma. |
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I.S.
burns 1. d 2. areas of occurence 3. 2 degrees of occurence 4. three degrees of classification 5. determinents of a burn's classification |
1. tissue injuries caused by contact with thermal, chemical, electrical, or radioactive agents.
2. generally occur on the skin, but they can also affect the respiratory and digestive tract linings. 3. (1) local are not as serious as those that have a (2) systemic effect, which are life threatening and may include dehydrations, shock and infection. 4. first-, second-, and third-degree burns. 5. extent and injury and degree of severity determine its classification |
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I.S.
first-degree burn 1. d 2. causes 3. types of injury 4. healing |
1. a superficial burns that is the least serious type of burn because they injure only the top layers of the skin, the epidermis.
2. most often caused by brief contact with (1) either dry or moist heat (thermal burn), (2) spending too much time in the sun (sunburn), or (3) exposure to chemicals. 3. injury is limited to local effects, such as (1) skin redness (erythema), and (2) acute sensitivity to sensory stimuli (hyperesthesia), such as touch, heat, or cold. 4. generally blisters do not form and the burn heals without scar formation. |
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I.S.
thermal burn 1. caused by |
1. caused by dry or moist heat
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I.S.
suburn 1. caused by |
1. caused by spending too much time in the sun.
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I.S.
erythema 1. d |
1. skin redness
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I.S.
hyperesthesia 1. d |
1. acute sensitivity to sensory stimuli
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I.S.
second-degree burns 1. d 2. causes 3. types of injury 4. healing |
1. partial-thickness burns that damage both the epidermis and part of the dermis.
2. may be caused by contact with (1) flames, (2) hot liquids, or (3) chemicals. 3. injury mimics those of first-degree burns, but fluid filled blisters form. 4. the burn may heal with little or no scarring. |
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I.S.
third-degree burns 1. d/extend of injury 2. causes 3. healing |
1. full-thickness burns in which the epidermis and dermis are destroyed and some of the underlying connective tissue is damaged, leaving the skin waxy and charred with insensitivity to touch. The underlying bones, muscles, and tendons may also be damaged.
2. may be caused by corrosive chemicals, flames, electricity or extremely hot objects; immersion of the body in extremely hot water, or clothing that catches fire. 3. because of the extensiveness of tissue destruction, ulcerating wounds develop and the body attemps to heal itself by forming scar tissue. skin grafting (dermatoplasty) is commonly required to protect the underlying tissue and assist in recovery. |
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I.S.
the Rule of Nines 1. d 2. how it works 3. variations 4. importance |
1. formula for estimating the percentage of adult body surface area affected by burns
2. assigns values of 9% or 18% of surface areas to specific regions. 3. the formula is modified in infants and children because of the proportionately larger head size. 4. to determine the treatment it is important to know the amount of the burned surface area because IV fluids for hydration are required to replace fluids lost from tissue damage. |
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I.S.
neoplasms 1. d 2. classifications |
1. abnormal growths of new tissue.
2. classified as benign or malignant. |
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I.S.
benign neoplasms 1. d 2. harmful? 3. not removed 4. is removed |
1. noncancerous growths composed of the same type of cells as the tissue in which they are growing
2. they harm the individual only insofar as they place pressure on surrounding structures. 3. if it remains small and places no pressure on adjacent structures, it commonly is not removed. 4. when it becomes excessively large, causes pain, or places pressure on other organs or structrues, excision is necessary. |
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I.S.
malignant neoplasms 1. d 2. characteristics 3. progression |
1. composed of cells that are invasive and spread to remote regions of the body.
2. show altered function, altered appearance, and uncontrolled growth. 3. invade surrounding tissue and ultimately, some of the malignant cells from the primary tumor may enter blood and lymph vessels and travel to remote regions of the body to form secondary tumor sites (metastasis). |
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I.S.
metastasis 1. d |
1. When some of the malignant cells from a primary tumor enter blood and lymph vessels and travel to remote regions of the body to form secondary tumor sites.
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I.S.
cancer 1. d 2. distinguishing feature 3. need for treatment 4. treatment (4) |
1. The presence of a malignant growth (tumor).
2. the ability to invade surrounding tissues and spread to remote regions of the body is a distinguishing feature. 3. if left untreated, is usually progressive and generally fatal. 4. treatment includes (1) surgery, (2) chemotherapy, (3) immunotherapy, and (4) radiation therapy. |
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I.S.
immunotherapy 1. AKA 2. d |
1. also called biotherapy
2. a recent treatment that stimulates the body's own immune defenses to fight tumor cells. |
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I.S.
combined modality treatment 1. d |
1. a physicians decision to use a combination of individual treatments.
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I.S.
tumor grading system 1. d 2. how it works 3. explanation of grades |
1. a grading system used to evaluate the appearance and maturity of malignant cells in a tumor.
2. pathologists commonly describe tumors by four grades of severity based on the microscopic appearance of their cells. 3. a patient with a grade I tumor has the best prognosis; one with a grade IV tumor has the poorest prognosis. |
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I.S.
The tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) system of staging 1. d 2. importance 3. three basic criteria for staging a tumor 4. role of numbers |
1. used to identif the invasiveness of the malignant tumor.
2. helps the oncologist determine the most effective method of treatment. 3. the three basic criteria for staging a tumor are (1) T - size and invasiveness of the primary tumor, (2) N - nodal involvement, and (3) M - spreading of the primary tumor to remote regions of the body (metastasis). 4. numbers are used to indicate size or spread of the tumor. The higher the number, the great the extent or spread of the malignancy. |
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I.S.
squamous cell carcinoma 1. d 2. persons most at risk? 3. what increases the risk? 4. what are predisposing factors? (5) 5. two types? 6. treatment (4) 7. treatment depends on? (5) |
1. an invasive tumor with potential for metastasis that arises from skin that undergoes pathological hardening (keratinizing) of epidermal cells.
2. occurs most commonly in fair-skinned white men over age 60. 3. repeated overexposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays greatly increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma. 4. predisposing factors associated with this type of cancer include (1) radiation therapy, (2) chronic skin irritation and inflammation, (3) exposure to cancer causing agents (carcinogens), including tar and oil, (4) hereditary diseases (such as xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism), (5) and the presence of premalignant lesions (such as actinic keratosis or Bowen disease). 5. two types are 'in situ' (confined to the original site) and 'invasive' (penetrate the surrounding tissue) 6. treatment may consist of (1) surgical excision; (1) curettage and electrodesiccation, which provide good cosmetic results for smaller lesions; (3) radiation therapy, usually for older or debilitated patients; (4) and chemotherapy 7. treatment depends on the (1) location, (2) size, (3) shape, (4) degree of invasion, and (5) condition of underlying tissue. a combination of these treatments may be required for a deeply invasive tumor. |
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I.S.
malignant melanoma 1. d 2. common or rare? 3. lethal or not very harmless? 4. risk of metastasizing 5. persons most at risk based on complexion 6. increases the risk 7. diagnosis 8. treatment |
1. a neoplasm comosed of abnormal melanocytes that commonly begin in a darkly pigmented mole.
2. although relatively rare, the incidence is rising more rapidly than any other malignancy. 3. it is the most lethal of the skin cancers 4. can metastasize extensively to the liver, lungs or brain. 5. persons most at risk have fair complexions, blue eyes, red or blonde hair, and freckles. 6. excssive exposure to sunglight and severe sunburn during childhood are believed to increase the risk of melanoma in later life. avoiding and using sunscreen have proved effective in preventing the disease. 7. are diagnosed by bipsy along with histological examination. 8. treatment requires surgery to remove the primary cancer, along with adjuvant therapies to reduce the risk of metastasis. the extent of surgery depends on the size and location of the primary tumor and is determined by staging the disease. |
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