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246 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cellulitis
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diffuse (widespread), acute infection of the skin and subQ tissue, characterized by localized heat, erythema, pain, and occasionally fever, malaise, chills, and headache.
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Gastr-
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Stomach
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Hemat-
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Blood
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Arthr-
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Joint
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-itis
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inflammation
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-emesis
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vomiting
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-dynia
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pain
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-logy
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study of
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-centesis
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surgical puncture
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-clasis
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to break; surgical fracture
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-desis
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binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)
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-ectomy
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excision, removal
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-lysis
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separation; destruction; loosening
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-pexy
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fixation (of an organ)
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-plasty
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surgical repair
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-rrhaphy
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suture
My/o/rrhapy |
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-stomy
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forming an opening (mouth)
Colostomy, Tracheostomy |
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-tome
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instrument to cut
Osteotome |
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-tomy
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incision
Tracheotomy |
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-tripsy
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crushing
Lithotripsy |
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-gram
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to RECORD, write
Electrocardiogram (Graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart) |
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-graph
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instrument/machine for RECORDING
Cardiograph (Instrument used to record electrical activity of the heart) |
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-graphy
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process of RECORDING
Angiography (Radiographic image of BVs after injection of a contrast medium) |
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-meter
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instrument/machine for MEASURING
Pelvimeter (Instrument for measuring the pelvis when pregnant) |
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-metry
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act ("doing") of MEASURING
Pelvimetry (Act or process of determining the dimension of the pelvis) |
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-scope
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instrument for EXAMINING
Endoscope (Instrument for observing the inside of a hollow organ or cavity) |
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-scopy
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visual examination
Endoscopy (Visual examination of a cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument [endoscope]) |
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-algia
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pain
Ex: Neuralgia |
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-dynia
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pain
Ex: Otodynia |
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-cele
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hernia, swelling
Ex: Hepatocele (hernia of the liver) |
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-ectasis
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dilation, expansion
Ex: Bronchiectasis (abnormal dilation of one or more bronchi) |
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-edema
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swelling
Ex: Lymphedema |
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-emesis
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vomiting
Ex: Hyperemesis (excessive vomiting) |
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-emia
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blood condition
Ex: Anemia (blood condition caused by iron deficiency or decrease in RBCs) |
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-gen
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Forming, producing, origin
Ex: Carcinogen (Substance or agent that causes the development of cancer) |
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-genesis
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forming, producing, origin
Ex: Carcinogenesis (the process of initiating/transforming normal cells into cancer) |
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-iasis
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abnormal condition (produced by something specific)
Ex: Chol/e/lith/iasis (presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct) |
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-itits
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inflammation
Ex: Gastritis |
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-lith
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stone, calculus
Ex: Cholelith (gallstone) |
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-malacia
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softening
Ex: Chondromalacia (softening of the articular cartilage- usually in the patella) |
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-megaly
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enlargement
Ex: Cardiomegaly |
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-oma
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tumor
Ex: Neuroma (tumor of the nerve cells) |
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-osis
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abnormal condition, increase
(used primarily with blood cells) Ex: Cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin or mucous membrane) |
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-pathy
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disease
Ex: Myopathy (disease of the muscle) |
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-penia
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decrease, deficiency
Ex: Erythropenia (abnormal decrease in RBCs) |
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-phagia
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swallowing, eating
Ex: Dysphagia (inability or difficulty in swallowing) [DYS = bad; painful; difficult] |
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-phasia
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speech
Ex: Aphasia (absence or impairment of speech) |
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-phobia
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fear
Ex: Hemophobia (fear of blood) |
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-plasia
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formation, growth
Ex: Dysplasia (abnormal growth/development of cells, tissues, or organs) |
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-plasm
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formation, growth
Ex: Neoplasm (a new and abnormal formation of tissue, such as a tumor or growth) [NEO = new] |
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-plegia
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paralysis
Ex: Hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body [usually caused by a brain injury or stroke]) [HEMI = half] |
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-rrhage
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bursting (of)
Ex: Hemorrhage (loss of a large amount of blood in a short period) |
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-rrhagia
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bursting (of)
Ex: Menorrhagia (profuse discharge of blood during menstruation) |
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-rrhea
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discharge, flow
Ex: Diarrhea (abnormally frequent discharge or flow of fluid fecal matter from the bowel) [DIA = through, across] |
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-rrhexis
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rupture
Ex: Arteriorrhexis (Arterial rupture) |
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-spasm
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involuntary contraction, twitching
Ex: Blepharospasm (twitching of the eyelid) [BLEPHAR/O = eyelid] |
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-stenosis
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narrowing, stricture
Ex: Arteriostenosis (abnormal narrowing of an artery [such as in artherosclerosis]) |
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-toxic
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poison
Ex: hepatotoxic (toxic to the liver) |
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-trophy
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nourishment, development
Ex: dystrophy (abnormal condition caused by defective nutrition or metabolism) [DYS = bad; painful; difficult] |
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-ac
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pertaining to, relating to
Ex: Cardiac |
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-al
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pertaining to, relating to
Ex: Neural (pertaining to a nerve) |
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-ar
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pertaining to, relating to
Ex: Muscular |
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-ary
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pertaining to, relating to
Ex: Pulmonary |
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-eal
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pertaining to, relating to
Ex: Esophageal |
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-ic
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pertaining to, relating to
Ex: Thoracic (pert. to the chest) |
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-ical
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pertaining to, relating to
Ex: Pathological (pert. to the study of disease) [PATH/O = disease] [LOG = study of] |
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-ile
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pertaining to, relating to
Ex: Penile (pert. to the penis) |
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-ior
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pertaining to, relating to
Ex: Posterior (pert to the back of the body) [POSTER = back (of body), behind, posterior] |
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-ous
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pertaining to, relating to, COMPOSED OF, PRODUCING
Ex: Cutaneous (pert. to the skin) |
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-tic
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pertaining to, relating to
Ex: acoustic (pert. to hearing) |
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-esis
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condition
Ex: diuresis (abnormal secretion of large amounts of urine) [DI = double] [UR = urine] |
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-ia
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condition
Ex: pneumonia (condition of lung infection, usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or diseases) |
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-ism
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condition
Ex: hyperthyroidism (condition of overactivity of the thyroid gland) [HYPER = excessive, above normal] |
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-iatry
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medicine; treatment
Ex: Podiatry (medicine/treatment of the foot) [POD = foot] |
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-ician
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specialist
Ex: Obstetrician (specialist in pregnancy and childbirth) [OBSTETR = midwife] |
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-ist
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specialist
Ex: Hematologist (specialist in treatment of disorders of blood and blood-forming tissues) |
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-y
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condition; process
Ex: Neuropathy (disease of the nerves) [NEURO = nerve] [PATH = disease] [Y = process/condition] |
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-icle
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small, minute
Ex: Ventricle (small cavity, as of the brain or heart) [VENTR = belly, belly side] |
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-ole
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small, minute
Ex: Arteriole (Minute artery [the smallest of the arteries]; the arteries narrow to form arterioles [small arteries], which branch into capillaries [the smallest blood vessels]) |
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-ule
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small, minute
Ex: Venule (small vein [continues to become a capillary]) |
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epi-
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above, upon
Ex: Epidermis (outermost layer of skin) [DERM = skin] [-IS = NOUN suffix) |
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hypo-
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under, below, deficient
Ex: hypodermic (under or inserted under the skin, as in a hypodermic injection) [-IC = pertaining to, relating to] |
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infra-
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under, below
Ex: infracostal (below the ribs) [COST = ribs] [-AL = pertaining to, relating to] |
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sub-
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under, below
Ex: sub/nas/al (below the nose) [NAS = nose] [-AL = pertaining to, relating to] |
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inter-
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between
Ex: inter/cost/al (between the ribs) [COST = ribs] [-AL = pertaining to, relating to] |
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post-
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after, behind
Ex: post/nat/al (pertaining to after birth) [NAT = birth] [-AL = pertaining to, relating to] |
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pre-
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before, in front of
Ex: pre/nat/al (pertaining to before birth [NAT = birth] [-AL = pertaining to, relating to] |
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pro-
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before, in front of
Ex: Prognosis (prediction of the course and end of a disease, and the estimated chance of recovery) [-GNOSIS = knowing] |
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retro-
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backward, behind
Ex: retroversion (tipping backward of an organ [such s the uterus] from its normal position) [-VERSION = turning] |
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bi-
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two
Ex: bi/later/al (pertaining to two sides) |
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dipl-
diplo- |
double
Ex: Dipl/opia (double vision) Ex: Diplo/bacteri/al (bacterial cells linked together in pairs) |
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hemi-
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one half
Ex: Hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body) |
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a-
an- |
without, not
Ex: amastia (without a breast) [MAST = breast] [-IA = condition] |
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anti-
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against
Ex: Anti/bacteri/al (against bacteria; pertaining to agents that destroy or stop the growth of bacteria) |
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contra-
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against
Ex: Contra/ception (prevention of conception or impregnation) [-CEPTION = conceiving] |
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brady-
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slow
Ex: bradycardia (slow heart rate) |
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dys-
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bad; painful; difficult
Ex: Dystocia (difficult childbirth) [-TOCIA = childbirth, labor] |
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eu-
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good, normal
Ex: Eu/pnea (normal breathing) [-PNEA = breathing] |
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hetero-
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different
Ex: hetero/graft (transplant of tissue from one species to a different species, aka xeno/graft) [-GRAFT = transplantation] |
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homo-
homeo- |
same
Ex: homograft (transplant of tissue between the same species, aka allograft) [-GRAFT = transplantation] Ex: homeo/plasia (formation of new tissue similar to that already existing in a part) [-PLASIA = formation, growth] |
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mal-
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bad
Ex: malnutrition (any disorder of nutrition) |
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pan-
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all
Ex: Pan/arthr/itis (abn condition of inflammation of many joints of the body) [ARTHR = joint] |
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pseudo-
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false
Ex: pseudo/cyesis (condition in which a woman believes she is pregnant when she is not) [-CYESIS = pregnancy] |
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syn-
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union, together, joined
Ex: Syn/dactyl/ism (congenital anomaly of fusion of the fingers or toes) [DACTYL = fingers, toes] [-ISM = condition] |
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tachy-
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rapid, fast
Ex: tachy/pnea (abnormally rapid rate of breathing) [-PNEA = breathing] |
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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DNA
Molecule that holds genetic info and makes an exact copy of itself whenever the cell divides |
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Etiology
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Study of the cause of disease
Eti/o = cause -logy = study of |
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Fluoroscope
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Instrument consisting of an x-ray machine and a fluorescent screen used to view the internal organs of the body
Fluor/o = fluorescent, luminous -scope = instrument for examining |
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Idiopathic
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Pertaining to conditions without clear pathogenesis, or disease without recognizable cause, as of spontaneous origin or origin still unknown
Idi/o = unknown, peculiar path = disease -ic = pertaining to, relating to |
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Metabolism
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Chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism and produce energy and basic materials needed for all life processes.
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Sign
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Any OBJECTIVE evidence of manifestation of an illness or a disordered function of the body
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Symptom
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Any SUBJECTIVE change in the body or its functions, as perceived by the patient
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Epithelial tissue
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Epithelial tissue covers surfaces of organs; lines cavities and canals; forms tubes, ducts, and secreting portions of glands; and makes up the epidermis of the skin. It is composed of cells arranged in a continuous sheet consisting of one or several layers.
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Connective tissue
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Connective tissue supports and connects tissues and organs and is made up of diverse cell types, including fibroblasts, fat cells, and blood.
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Muscle tissue
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Muscle tissue provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement.
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Nervous tissue
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Nervous tissue transmits electrical impulses
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Midsagittal plane
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Divides the body into right and left halves
aka median plane |
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Coronal plane
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Divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) aspects
aka frontal plane |
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Transverse plane
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Divides the body into superior and inferior aspects
aka horizontal plane |
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Dorsal cavity
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Dorsal cavity consists of the cranial cavity (holding the brain) and the spinal cavity (holding the spinal cord)
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Cranial cavity
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holds the brain
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Dorsal cavity
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holds the spinal cord
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Ventral cavity
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Consists of the thoracic cavity (holds the heart, lungs, and associated structures) and the abdominopelvic cavity (holds the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs and structures)
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Thoracic cavity
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holds the heart, lungs, and associated structures
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Abdominopelvic cavity
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holds the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs and structures
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Parietal
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pertaining to the outer wall of the internal body cavity
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Visceral
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pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs
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prone
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lying horizontal with the face downward; or indicating the hands with the palms downward
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supine
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lying on the back with the face upward; or indicating the position of the hand or foot with the palm or foot facing upward
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in/version
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turning inward or inside out
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e/version
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turning outward
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palmar
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pertaining to the palm of the hand
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plantar
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pertaining to the sole of the foot
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cyt/o
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cell
Ex: cytotoxic (poisonous to cells) |
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hist/o
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tissue
Ex: histology (study of microscopic structures of tissues) |
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kary/o
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nucleus
Ex: karyolysis (destruction of the nucleus, resulting in cell death) [-LYSIS = separation; destruction; loosening] aka nucle/o |
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anter/o
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anter/ior, front
Ex: anterior |
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caud/o
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tail
Ex: caud/ad (toward the tail; in a posterior direction) [-AD = toward] |
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crani/o
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cranium (skull)
Ex: crani/al (pert. to the cranium |
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dist/o
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far, farthest
Ex: dist/al (pert. to a point further from the center (trunk) of the body |
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dors/o
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back (of body)
Ex: dors/al (pert to the back of the body) |
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infer/o
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lower, below
Ex: infer/ior (pert to the undersurface of a structure; underneath; beneath) |
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later/o
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side
Ex: later/al |
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medi/o
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middle
Ex: mediastinum |
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poster/o
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back (of body), behind, posterior
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ventr/o
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belly, belly side
Ex: Ventr/al (pert to the belly side or front of body) |
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cervic/o
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cervix = neck
cervix uteri = neck of uterus |
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ili/o
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ilium (lateral, flaring portion of hip bone)
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inguin/o
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groin
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lumb/o
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loins, lower back
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umbilic/o
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navel
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pelv/i
pelv/o |
pelvis
Ex: pelv/i/meter (instrument for measuring the pelvix) |
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thorac/o
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chest
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albin/o
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white
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leuk/o
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white
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chlor/o
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green
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chrom/o
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color
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cirrh/o
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yellow
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jaund/o
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yellow
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xanth/o
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yellow
Ex: Xanthocyte (cell containing yellow pigment) |
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cyan/o
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blue
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erythr/o
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red
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melan/o
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black
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poli/o
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gray; gray matter (of brain or spinal cord)
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acr/o
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extremity
Ex: acr/o/cyan/osis (pertaining to blueness of the extremities) |
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eti/o
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cause
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fasci/o
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band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)
Ex: fasciitis |
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idi/o
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unknown, peculiar
Ex: idiopathic |
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morph/o
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form, shape, structure
Ex: morphology (study of form, shape, and structure, especially of cells) |
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path/o
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disease
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radi/o
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radiation, x-ray
radius (lower arm bone on thumb side) |
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somat/o
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body
Ex: somatic (pert to the body) |
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son/o
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sound
Ex: sonography (process of recording an image or photograph of an organ or tissue using ultrasound [inaudible sound]; also called ultrasonography) |
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viscer/o
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internal organs
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xer/o
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dry
Ex: xerosis (xer/osis = abnormal dryness of the skin, mucous membranes, or conjunctiva) [-OSIS = abnormal condition] |
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-gnosis
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knowing
Ex: prognosis |
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-pathy
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disease
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ab-
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away from
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ad-
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toward
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peri-
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around
Ex: peri/cardi/al (pert to the area around the heart) |
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super-
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upper, above
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trans-
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across, through
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ultra-
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excess, beyond
Ex: ultrasonic (pert to sound frequencies too high to be perceived by the human ear) |
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adhesion
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abnormal fibrous band that holds normally separated tissues together (usually occuring withing a body cavity)
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contrast medium
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In radiology, a substance that is injected into the body, introduced via catheter, or swallowed to facilitate radiographic imaging of internal structures that otherwise are difficult to visualize on x-ray films
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homeostasis
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relative consistency in the internal environment of the body, which is maintained by the every-changing processes of feedback and regulation in response to external or internal changes
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inflammation
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body defense against injury, infection, or allergy
marked by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and sometimes loss of function |
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nuclear medicine
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branch of medicine concerned with the use of radioactive substances for dx, tx, and research
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suppurative
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producing or associated with generation of pus
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laparoscopy
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visual examination of the organs of the pelvis and abdomen through very small incisions in the abdominal wall
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thoracoscopy
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examination of the lungs, pleura, and pleural space with a scope inserted through a small incision between the ribs
(often performed for lung biopsy, repairing perforations in the lungs, and diagnosing pleural disease) |
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computed tomography scan
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CT scan
Imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles (formerly called computerized axial tomography; CAT) In a CT scan, the computer generates a detailed cross-sectional image that appears as a slice. Tumor masses, bone displacement, and accumulations of fluid may be detected. During a period of two held breaths, as many as 50 continuous images can be produced in a single-slice mode. This technique may be used with or without a contrast medium. |
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Doppler
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Ultrasound technique used to detect and measure blood-flow velocity and direction through the cardiac chambers, valves, and peripheral vessels by reflecting sound waves off of moving blood vessels.
Doppler is used to identify ireegularities in blood flow through the heart and its valves as well as peripheral vascular problems, such as blood clots, venous insufficiency, and arterial blockage |
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magnetic resonance imaging
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MRI
Noninvasive imaging technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images MRI is the method of choice for dx-ing a growing number of diseases because it provides superior soft tissue contrast, allows multiple plane views, and avoids the hazards of ionizing radiation. MRI commonly proves superior to CT scan for most CNS images, particularly those of the brainstem and spinal cord as well as the musculoskeletal and pelvic area. Usually does not require use of a contrast medium. |
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positron emission tomography
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PET scan
Scan using computed tomography to record the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical, producing a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity in body tissues to determine the presence of disease. PET is especially useful in scanning the brain and nervous system to dx disorders that involve abnormal tissue metabolism, such as schizophrenia, brain tumors, epilepsy, stroke, and Alzheimer disease as well as cardiac and pulmonary disorders. |
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tomography
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radiographic technique that produces an image representing a detailed cross-section or "slice" of an area, tissue, or organ at a predetermined depth.
Includes CT, PET, and SPECT |
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Needle biopsy
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removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe.
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Punch biopsy
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Removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow instrument (punch)
An anesthetic and suturing are usually required for a punch biopsy, and minimal scarring is expected |
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Shave biopsy
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Removal of tissue using a surgical blade to shave elevated lesions
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Frozen section biopsy
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ultra-thin slice of tissue cut from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination
Frozen section biopsy is used for rapid dx of malignancy, while the pt awaits surgery |
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Ablation
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removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radiofrequency
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anastamosis
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surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
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cauterize
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destroy tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals
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curettage
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scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curet)
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I & D
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incision and drainage
incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a wound or cavity |
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radical dissection
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surgical removal of tissue in an extensive area surrounding the surgical site in an attempt to excise all tissue that may be malignant to decrease the chance of recurrence (such as radical mastectomy)
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resection
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partial excision of a bone, organ, or other structure
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Abbreviation:
AP |
anteroposterior
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Abbreviation:
Bx, bx |
biopsy
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Abbreviation:
LLQ |
left lower quadrant
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Abbreviation:
LUQ |
left upper quadrant
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Abbreviation:
RLQ |
right lower quadrant
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Abbreviation:
RUQ |
right upper quadrant
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Abbreviation:
Sx |
symptom
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Abbreviation:
US |
ultrasound
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androgen
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an agent, usually a hormone (testosterone) that stimulates activity of the accessory male sex organs or stimulates the development of male characteristics
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ductule
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a very small duct
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steat/o
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fat
Ex: steatitis (infl. of adipose (fatty) tissue |
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hidr/o
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sweat
(hidr/o NOT hydr/o) Ex: hidradenitis (infl of the sweat glands) [ADEN = gland] |
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sudor/o
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sweat
Ex: sudor/esis (profuse sweating) [ESIS = condition] |
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ichthy/o
[ik-thE-O] |
dry, scaly
ichthyosis (when skin is dry and hyperkeratotic [hardened], resembling fish scales) [-OSIS = abnormal condition; increase] |
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kerat/o
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hard tissue
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myc/o
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fungus
Ex: Dermat/o/myc/osis (fungal infection of the skin) |
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onych/o
ungu/o |
nail
Ex: Onychomalacia Ex: Ungual |
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pil/o
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hair
Ex: pil/o/nid/al (growth of hair in a cyst or other internal structure) [NID = nest] |
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trich/o
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hair
Ex: trichopathy (any disease involving the hair) |
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scler/o
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2 meanings:
hardening (Ex: Scleroderma) sclera (white of eye) |
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seb/o
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sebum, sebaceous
Ex: seborrhea (excessive secretion or discharge of sebum [oily secretion of glands]) |
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squam/o
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scale
Ex: squamous (relating to or covered with scales) |
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xen/o
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foreign, strange
Ex: xenograft (surgical graft of tissue from an individual of another species, aka heterograft) |
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xer/o
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dry
Ex: xeroderma (dryness and roughness of the skin) |
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decubitus ulcer
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pressure ulcer - skin ulceration caused by prolonged pressure, usually in a person who is immobile, aka bedsore. Most commonly found over bony prominences, such as the hip, ankle, heel, shoulder, and elbow.
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eschar
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[es-kar]
damaged tissue following a severe burn |
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furuncle
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bacterial infection of a hair follicle or sebaceous gland that produces a pus-filled lesion, aka boil. Caused by S. aureus.
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hirsutism
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condition characterized by excessive growth of hair or presence of hair in unusual places, especially in women.
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impetigo
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inflammatory skin disease characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture. Caused by Staphylococcus or beta-hemolytic streptococci.
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folliculitis
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bacterial infection of the hair follicle, usually caused by S. aureus. Lesions appear as pustules with erythema. Contributing factors include prolonged skin moisture, skin trauma, and poor hygiene.
Tx: topical antibiotics |
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candidiasis
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caused by fungus Candida albicans. Normally found on mucous membranes, on the skin, in the GI tract, and in the vagina. Changes to a pathogen, causes infection, when: 1) in local environment of moisture, warmth, maceration, or occlusion (traps yeast inside and provides good environment for yeast growth); 2) systemic administration of antibiotics (changes normal flora of body, especially vagina); 3) pregnancy (hormonal changes); 4) diabetes mellitus; 5) Cushing disease; 6) debilitated states; 7) infants younger than 6 months of age (decreased immune reactivity); 8) immunosuppressed people (can't fight infection); 9) certain neoplastic diseases of the blood and monocyte/macrophage system.
Normal bacteria on the skin inhibit proliferation of C. albicans, unless the environment is changed. Candidiasis affects only the outer layers of mucous membranes and skin and occurs in the mouth, vagina, uncircumcised penis, and large skin folds. Tx: topical or systemic antifungal agents |
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pediculosis
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infestation with lice
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petechiae
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minute, pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin
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psoriasis
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chronic skin disease characterized by circumscribed red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery, adherent scales that are the result of excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis.
New lesions appear at sites of trauma, commonly on the scalp, knees, elbows, umbilicus, and genitalia. Tx: topical application of keratolytics, phototherapy, and UV light therapy to slow hyperkeratosis. |
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scabies
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contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact.
Scabies manifests as papules, vesicles, pustules, and burrows, and causes intense itching commonly resulting in secondary infections. Most commonly affects axillae, genitalia, inner aspect of the thighs, and area between the fingers. |
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tinea
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ringworm (fungal infection), named by body part affected
Ex: tinea barbae (beard), tinea corporis (body), tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea versicolor (skin), tinea cruris (jock itch) |
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urticaria
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hives (pale red elevated patches called wheals)
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vitiligo
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[vit-il-I-gO]
localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches |
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verruca
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warts
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