Medical Term For Health Professions 7Th Ed Chapter 10

Front 1

Central Nervous System

Back 1

includes brain and spinal cord. the functions of CNS are to recieve and process information

Front 2

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 2

includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves extending outward from the spinal cord

Front 3

Sensory organs

Back 3

eyes,ears,nose, skin and tongue

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Nerve

Back 4

is one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and the spinal cord with other parts of the body

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Tract

Back 5

is a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord.

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Ascending nerve tracts

Back 6

carries nerve impulses toward the brain.

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Descending nerve tracts

Back 7

carries nerve impulses away from the brain

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Ganglion

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is a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system.

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Innervation

Back 9

means the supply of nerves to specific body part.

Front 10

Plexus

Back 10

is a network of intersecting spinal nerves.

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Receptors

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are the sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation.

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Stimulus

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anything that excites a nerve and causes an impulse

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Reflex

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is an automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body

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Neurons

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are the basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other

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Afferent Neurons

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also known as sensory neurons, these neurons emerge from sensory organs and carry the impulses from the sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord.

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Connecting Neurons

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also known as associative neurons, these link afferent and efferent neurons

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Efferent Neurons

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also known as motor neurons, these neurons carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and toward the muscles and glands

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Dendrites

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are root like processes that receives impulses and conduct them to the cell body

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Axon

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is a process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell.

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Terminal end fibers

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are branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous from the axon to the synapse

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Synapse

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is the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ

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Neurotransmitters

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are chemical substances that it make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor

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Acetylcholine

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is released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions; it influences muscle action.

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Dopamine

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is released in brain. It is believed to be involved in mood and thought disorders and in abnormal movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease.

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Endorphins

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are naturally occurring substances that are produced by the brain to help relieve pain

Front 26

Norepinephrine

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affects alertness and arousal, increasing blood pressure and heart rate and releasing stores of glucose in response to stress

Front 27

Serotonin

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is release in the brain, has roles in sleep, hunger and pleasure recognition

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Glial Cells

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provide support and protection for neurons, and their four main functions( to surround and hold in place, to supply nutrients and oxygen, to insulate one neuron from another and to destroy and remove dead neurons)

Front 29

Myelin Sheath

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is the protective white sheath made up of Glial cells. This sheath forms the white matter of the brain and covers some parts of the spinal cord and the axon of most peripheral nerves

Front 30

Meninges

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are the system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord. There are three layers.

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Dura Mater

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is the thick,tough, outermost membrane layer of the meninges

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Epidural space

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is the inner surface of the vertebral column. This space ,which is located between the walls of the vertebral column and dura mater of the meninges, contains fat and supportive connective tissues to cushion the dura mater

Front 33

Subdural space

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is in both the skull and vertebral column. is located between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane

Front 34

Arachnoid Membrane

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resembles a spiderweb, is the second layer of the meninges.

Front 35

Subarachnoid space

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is located below the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater. it contains cerebrospinal fluid

Front 36

Pia Mater

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is the third innermost layer of the meninges is located nearest the brain and spinal cord. It consists of delicate connective tissue and has a rich supply of blood vessels

Front 37

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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also know as spinal fluid, is produced by special capillaries within the 4 ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum. This is a clear watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord.

Front 38

Cerebrum

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is the largest and uppermost portion of the brain. it is responsible for all thought ,judgement, memory,and emotion as well as controlling and integrating motor ans sensory functions

Front 39

Cerebral Hemispheres

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the cerebrum is divided into 2 parts called this. They are connected at the lower midpoint by the corpus callosum

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left cerebral hemisphere

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controls the majority of the functions on the right side of the body.

Front 41

right cerebral hemisphere

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controls the majority of the functions on the left side of the body

Front 42

Cerebral Lobes

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the cerebral hemisphere is subdivided to create pairs of these

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Frontal lobe

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is the lobe that controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior

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Parietal lobe

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is the lobe that receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin, and muscles

Front 45

Occipital lobe

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lobe that controls eyesight

Front 46

Temporal lobe

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lobe that controls senses of hearing and smell, and the ability to create, store and access new information

Front 47

Thalamus

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located below the crerbrum, produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and sense organs

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Hypothalamus

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is located below the Thalamus. controls all vital bodily functions. This regulates heart rate, respiratory, digestive, emotional response, body temp, hunger,thirst, sleep cycles, and pituitary and endocrine activity.

Front 49

Cerebellum

Back 49

is the second largest part of the brain. it is located at the back of the head. The general functions are to produce smooth and coordinated movements, to maintain equilibrium, and to sustain normal postures

Front 50

Brainstem

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is the stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It is made up of three parts midbrain, pons, and the medulla oblongata.

Front 51

Midbrain/Pons

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provide conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain

Front 52

Medulla oblongata

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is located at the lowest part of the brain stem, is connected to the spinal cord. It controls basic survival functions, including the muscles that make possible heart rate, blood pressure as well as reflexes for couching,sneezing

Front 53

Spinal Cord

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is a long fragile tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brainstem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal column.

Front 54

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 54

consists of the 12 pairs of the cranial nerves that extend from the brain, plus 31 pairs of spinal nerves that extend from the spinal cord.

Front 55

Autonomic Nerve Fibers

Back 55

carry instructions to the organs and glands

Front 56

Sensory Nerve Fibers

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receive external stimuli, such as how something feels, and it transmits it to the brain where it is interpreted

Front 57

Somatic Nerve Fibers

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also known as motor nerve fibers, they convey information that controls the bodys voluntary muscular movements

Front 58

Cranial Nerves

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are 12 pairs of nerves that originate under the surface of the brain.

Front 59

Peripheral Spinal Nerves

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are the 31 pairs of nerves grouped together and are named based on the region of the body they innervate

Front 60

Autonomic Nervous System

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is organized into two divisions. this system controls the involuntary actions of the body such as the functioning of the internal organ. to maintain homeostasis within the body. The two division are sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

Front 61

Sympathetic Nerves

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prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the breathing rate, heart rate and blood flow to muscles

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Parasympathetic Nerves

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return the body to normal after a response to stress.

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Anesthesiologist

Back 63

is a physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery

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Anesthetist

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is not a physician but a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia

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Neurologist

Back 65

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the nervous system

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Neurosurgeon

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a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system

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Psychiatrist

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a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness

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Psychologist

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has a doctoral degree but is not a medical doctor. treats and evalutes emotional problems and mental illness

Front 69

Cephalalgia

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also known as a headache, pain in the head.

Front 70

Migraine headache

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throbbing pain on one side of the head. Sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light or sound

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Cluster headaches

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are intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and may be associated with tearing of eyes and nasal congestion

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encephalocele

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also known as craniocele, is congenital herniation of brain tissue through gap in the skull

Front 73

meningocele

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is congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column

Front 74

Hydrocephalus

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condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain

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Meningioma

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is a common, slow growing and usually benign tumor of the meninges

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Meningitis

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inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord

Front 77

Cognition

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the mental activities associated with thinking,learning and memory.

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dementia

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is a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, memory, thinking and judgement, that is often accompanied by personality changes

Front 79

Vascular dementia

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is a form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain

Front 80

Encephalitis

Back 80

inflammation of the brain, can be caused by a viral infection such as rabies

Front 81

Reyes syndrome

Back 81

is a potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion.

Front 82

Tentanus

Back 82

is an acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin produced by tetanus bacteria, lockjaw.

Front 83

Tourette syndrome

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a complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics,grunts and compulsive utterances

Front 84

Neurodegenerative disease

Back 84

an umbrella term for disorders in which there is a progressive loss of structure or functions of the neurons

Front 85

Alzheimers disease

Back 85

is a group of disorders involving parts of the brain that control thought,memory and language. It is the leading cause of dementia

Front 86

Parkinsons disease

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a chronic degenerative cns disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors,rigidity and a shuffling gate

Front 87

Amnesia

Back 87

is a memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences

Front 88

Concussion

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is the violent shaking up or jarring of the brain

Front 89

Cerebral Contusion

Back 89

is the bruising of brain tissue as a result a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the skull

Front 90

Cranial Hematoma

Back 90

collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain

Front 91

Traumatic brain injury

Back 91

is a blow to the head or penetrating head injury that damages the brain

Front 92

Shaken baby syndrome

Back 92

is the result of a child being shaken by someone