Medical Mycology Exam 1

Front 1

fungi that are unicellular are?

Back 1

yeasts

Front 2

fungi that are multi cellular are?

Back 2

molds

Front 3

fungi lack what cellular structure? what
replaces this structure?

Back 3

1. Centrioles/ 2. spindle pole bodies

Front 4

centrioles are important for what?

Back 4

organizing the microtubules involved in mitosis however fungi still undergo mitosis

Front 5

most fungi have a rigid cell wall which consists of what two layers what is the compostion of these layers.

Back 5

the innner structural layers composed of polysaccharides:chitin (poly-nag), Glucans(polymer of glucose)
the outer a-morphous layer composed of polysaccharides,protiens and lipids:Mannans(polymer of mannose)

Front 6

what is the predominant sterol in the cell membrane of fungi?

Back 6

ergosterol

Front 7

what charectirsitics differentiate fungi from most eukaryotes?

Back 7

they are usually haploid
they have few introns
they have few repetitive DNA
some contain plasmids

Front 8

T/F fungi are predominately aquatic and motile

Back 8

False fungi are predominately terrestrial and non-motile

Front 9

what class of feeders are fungi and descrine how they feed.

Back 9

they are heterotrophs that obtain food by absorption they penetrate the substrate, secrete depolymerases and absorb the resulting small membranes.

Front 10

list the characteristics of a yeast?

Back 10

unicellular, reproduce by budding (polar/multi-lateral) some reproduce by fission, some produce pseudohyphae

Front 11

list characteristics of a mold?

Back 11

grow through development of hyphae which grow by apical extension, mass of hyphae is mycellium, which may be septae(cross-wall),aseptae(no cross-wall). it has two types of mycelium as it grows Vegatative responisble for growth and aerieal used for reproduction

Front 12

list all the a sexual spores

Back 12

blastospore
chlamydospore
arthospore
conidiospore
sporangiospore

Front 13

what are the two examples of dimorphic fungi discussed in class (hint they are human pathogens)

Back 13

Histoplasma capsulatum
Coccidioides immitis

Front 14

this spore is may appear in singles or clusters and are simple buds from parent hyphae

Back 14

blastospore

Front 15

this spore is a round thick walled spore produced by swelling of hyphae

Back 15

Chlamydospores

Front 16

what is unusual about the mistosis of most fungi?

Back 16

the nuclear envelope does not break down

Front 17

this spore is a barrel shaped spore and produced by fragmentation of hyphae

Back 17

Arthrospores

Front 18

this spore may be large or small and is produced at the tip or sides of the hyphae

Back 18

conidiospores

Front 19

this spore is formed within the sporangium

Back 19

sporangiospore

Front 20

T/F asexual spores are resistant to heat but not to desiccation and uv light

Back 20

False asexual spores are resistant to dessication and uv light but not to heat

Front 21

what are the two types of sexual reproducing fungi are there and what is there meaning

Back 21

homothallic which means self-fertile
heterothalic which means self-sterile

Front 22

list the process of fungal sexual reproduction in order

Back 22

1.plasmogamy
2.karyogamy
3.meiosis

Front 23

list the sexual spores and where they come from

Back 23

zygospore-comes from the zygote
ascospore comes from the ascus
basidiospore comes from the basidium

Front 24

T/F sexual spores are resistant to desiccation,uv light, and heat

Back 24

True

Front 25

carl von linne

Back 25

proposed a two kingdom animal system plantae and animalia (fungi were plants)

Front 26

robert whittaker

Back 26

proposed the five kingdom system based on cell-type,level of organization,and nutrititional type it assumes eukaryotes came from prokaryotes

Front 27

carl woese

Back 27

proposed a three-domain based on rRNA it assumes a common ancestor for all organisms

Front 28

the fungi are part of what domain and kingdom

Back 28

the domain is eukarya and the kingdom fungi it is believed to constitue a monophyletic group refered to as eumycota

Front 29

what are the four divsions of the kingdom fungi and which is the simplest

Back 29

1.chytridiomycota ,zygomycota, ascomycota,basidiomycota,
2.zygomycota

Front 30

what do division names,class names,order, and family names end with

Back 30

division-mycota
class-mycytes
order-ales
family-aceae

Front 31

what are mitosporic fungi?what did they used to be called which is no longer valid

Back 31

fungi who produce asexual spores but lack a sexual phase
deuteromycotoa or fungi imperfecti this is no longer valid because molecular systematics allow them to be placed with thier closest relative.

Front 32

what are the two fungi that are not true fungi and what kingdoms are they in

Back 32

slime molds of kingdom protozoa and water molds of kingfom chromista

Front 33

what are the divisions of the slime molds of the kingdom protozoa describe them

Back 33

division dictyosteliomycota cellular slime molds
division myxomycota
acellular slime molds

Front 34

how do slime molds differ from true fungi

Back 34

they lack cell walls and their mode of nutrition is ingestive

Front 35

what is the division of water molds of the chromista kingdom

Back 35

oomycota

Front 36

how do water molds differ from fungi?

Back 36

they produce zoospores that are biflagellated their cell walls polysaccharides consist of cellulose,and their protiens contain hydroxyproline

Front 37

give an example of a fungi that grows as a yeast

Back 37

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Front 38

give an example of a fungi that grows as a mold

Back 38

Aspergillus spp.

Front 39

give an example of a slime mold from the dictyostelimycota division

Back 39

Dictyostelium discoideum

Front 40

give an example of a slime mold of the myxomycota division

Back 40

Physarum polycephalum

Front 41

give example of oomycota

Back 41

Phytophthora infestans, Saprolegnia sp.

Front 42

give examples of fungi of the chytridiomycota division

Back 42

Synchytrium endobioticum, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Front 43

what are the characteristics of innate immunity?

Back 43

innate immunity is found in all animals acts early after infection (quick) has limited specificty(relatively non-specific) this is born with

Front 44

what are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?

Back 44

it is found only in vertebrates, it is induced during infection (slower) and is very specific. this is acquired

Front 45

what is the epidermis?

Back 45

physical barrier of the immune system it is the thin outer layer of the skin.
keratin-tough protien
desquanation-shedding

Front 46

what is the dermis?

Back 46

physical barrier of the immune system it is the thick, inner layer of the skin and contains sweat glands and sebaceous glands

Front 47

what is the mucous membrane and more specifically the mucociliary escalator

Back 47

another physical barrier of the innate immunity composed of epithelial cells that secrete mucus and covered with cilia the mce(mucociliary escalator) lines either the rt,ugt,git, it traps and moves the intruder into your mouth you swallow it ingest it then digest it.

Front 48

what are lysozymes?

Back 48

a chemical barrier of the innate immunity it is a hydrolytic enzyme that breaks the beta-1,4 between NAG and NAM and is found in human secretions

Front 49

what is lactoferrin and transferrin?

Back 49

these are iron binding molecules which hosts have that pathogens must acquire iron from

Front 50

what is siderophores

Back 50

these are iron carriers which pathogens use to withdraw iron from human protien iron complexes (lactoferrin, transferrin)

Front 51

what is lipocalin?

Back 51

mammals use this protien to steal siderophores it is found in tears and respitory secretions.

Front 52

what is interferon?

Back 52

antiviral inducible glycoprotien (note lysozyme is largely antibacterial) this is a chemical barrier of the innate immune system it works by ifn bieng secreted by infected cell and the nieghboring cells produce antiviral protiens which stop viral replication.

Front 53

what additional role does IFN(interferon) play in the immune system

Back 53

increses ability of tissue macrophafe to killfungi and augments the activity of NK cells

Front 54

differentiate the three types of complement activation

Back 54

classical pathway initiated by binding of c1 to antigen antibody complex
alternative pathway binding of c3b to microbial cell walls
lectin pathway binding of mannose binding lectin to surface of pathogen

Front 55

what do all three pathways for complement activation lead to

Back 55

all three pathways lead to proteolytic cleavage of c5 into c5a and c5b

Front 56

the final steps are what after c5 is cleaved into c5a and c5b

Back 56

c5b binds to c6 and c7 this c5bc6c7 inserts into the cell membrane c8 joins and many c9 molecules are inserted into the membrane this structure is called the MAC (membrane attack complex) which causes cell lysis by leakage of cellular components

Front 57

activation of inflamatory response is done by what complement components

Back 57

c3a and c5a

Front 58

opsonization is done how in the complement system

Back 58

c3b is coated on pathogen and is recognized by complement receptors cr1-cr4 by phagocytes

Front 59

what is a collectin?

Back 59

part of the complement system they are protiens with collagen like domains that include MBL-mannose binding lectin,SPA and SPD (surfactant protiens a and d) and CL-P1 (colectin placenta 1)

Front 60

what is a ficolin

Back 60

include h-ficolin and l-ficolin activate complement via lectin pathway.

Front 61

AMP (antimicrobial peptides) what are they?

Back 61

are cationic and amphipathic they are antifungal.bacterial,protozoa,and enveloped virus AMPs form pores that disrupt membranes

Front 62

what are defensins?

Back 62

are a large family of human AMP they enhance phagocytosis and directly kill pathogens.(produced by lots of cells including epithelial and phagocytes)

Front 63

what is a germ free animal called?

Back 63

Gnotobiotic animal

Front 64

what is the biological barrier in innate immunity

Back 64

the normal microflora which prevent colonization by potential pahogens like lactobacillus if it dies cadida proliferates.

Front 65

name all the phagocytes

Back 65

neutrophils,monocytes,macrophages are the professionals non-proffesional include dendritic,fibroblasts and bcells

Front 66

what are the characteristics of neutrophils

Back 66

they are polymorhonucluear released as mature from the bone marrow and predominate early in infection

Front 67

what are monocytes?

Back 67

example of mononuclear leukocytes released from bone marrow into the blood

Front 68

what are macrophages?

Back 68

professional phagocyte predominate late in infection and are free/wandering circulate through blood and tissue or fixed remain in strategic point where microbial invasion are likely

Front 69

what are the four stages of phagocytosis

Back 69

chemotaxis attraction of phagocyte
adherence of phagocyte
ingestion of microorganism by phagocyte in a phagosome
digestion of phagosome by fusion of lysosome and phagosome forming phagolysosome

Front 70

what are the three types of mechanisms of phagocytosis

Back 70

oxygen independent (enzymes)
oxygen dependent (include H2o2 oh- and o2-)
reactive nitrogen intermediates(no,onoo-)

Front 71

what fungi produce capsule to prevent phagocytosis

Back 71

cyrptococcus neoformsisas

Front 72

what microorganism inhibit fusion of phagosome and lysosome

Back 72

mycobacterium

Front 73

what microorganism lyse phagosomal membrane

Back 73

listeria

Front 74

what microorganism can survive in phagolysosome

Back 74

histoplasma capsilatum

Front 75

leukotrienes and prostoglanidines do what

Back 75

lipids released by macrophage that promote inflamation

Front 76

what are the five cardinal signs of inflammation

Back 76

rubor(redness),tumor(swellling),calor(heat),dolor(pain),functio laesa(loss of function)

Front 77

what are nsaids

Back 77

they cause a reduction in antiinflammatory mediators

Front 78

what is continous fever

Back 78

daily elevated temperature with little temperature fluctuations

Front 79

what is remittent fever?

Back 79

daily elevated temperature with large temperature fluctuations temperature returns to baseline but not to normal

Front 80

what is intermittent fever

Back 80

intermittently elevated temperatures temperatures return to baseline and to normal

Front 81

what are pamps

Back 81

pamps are pathogen associated molecular patterns that are essential to function of pathogen which the immune systems percieve as molecular signatures of infection

Front 82

what are toll-like receptors?

Back 82

the are involved in induction of anti-fungal genens tlr2 recognizes glucans and tlr4 recognize mannans

Front 83

what is active immunity

Back 83

acquired immunity that individual gets by thier own antibodies there are two types natural and artificial in natural an infection produces antibodies in artificial its vaccination

Front 84

what is passive immunity

Back 84

immunity acquired through anothers antibodies they also have natural which could be from the mother and artificial which for example is snake antivenom

Front 85

what are some properties of adaptive immunity

Back 85

memory,specificity,recognition of self vs non,heterogenity (immune system can respond to billions of molecules)

Front 86

what is antigen?

Back 86

any substance the body recognizes as foriegn

Front 87

what is an epitope

Back 87

a specifi part if an antigen that is recognized and bound by an antibodyz

Front 88

what is an antibody

Back 88

a protien produced in response to an antigen

Front 89

what are the charcteristic of the immunoglobulin igm

Back 89

it is the first produced it is not an opsinin it is the biggest onez

Front 90

what are the charcteristic of the immunoglobulin igg

Back 90

it is the smallest it is the only one tht crosses the placenta it is second after infectionz it is an opsinin it is the largest in concentration.

Front 91

what are the charcteristic of the immunoglobulin iga

Back 91

it exists as a monomer or dimer it is the major one in secretion

Front 92

what are the charcteristic of the immunoglobulin igd

Back 92

it functions as an antigen receptor it is present mostly on b-cell surface

Front 93

what are the charcteristic of the immunoglobulin ige

Back 93

it is bound to mast cells and blood basophils it is involved in allergic reactions and improtant agaisnt parasitic infection. smallest in concentration