Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
280 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are macrophages and neutrophils?
|
phagocytes
|
|
|
What are the cells that have digestive granules and send out chemical messengers?
|
mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils
|
|
|
What cell retains pieces (antigens) after digesting it to present it to the adaptive immune system?
|
macrophage
|
|
|
What are specialized cells which destroy forgein and native cells?
|
natural killer cells
|
|
|
How long does the adaptive immune system reside?
|
life long or long term
|
|
|
What type of adaptive immune system has antibodies that are stuck on the membranes of certain cells which attach antigens?
|
cell mediated
|
|
|
What type of adaptive immune system has antibodies that are produced and then attached?
|
humeral
|
|
|
What kind of cells do natural killer cells target?
|
microbes or cancerous cells
|
|
|
Do natural killer cells require an antigen exposure first to attack?
|
no
|
|
|
What two types of cells are considered virgins before exposure to antigen?
|
t and b lymphocytes
|
|
|
Which lymphocyte is cell mediated and which deals with antibody production?
|
cell mediated- t
antibody production-b |
|
|
What occurs after lymphocytes are exposed to their first antigen?
|
-differentiate into cells which produce effects and may form memory cells which will recognize those antigen in futire
|
|
|
What type of cells process the antigen so that the t and b cells can go to work?
|
antigen processing cells
|
|
|
What are t cells that have been exposed to an angtigen?
|
killer t cells
|
|
|
What cells recognize antigens, but act as generals to move the killer t cells?
|
helper t cells
|
|
|
What occurs when HIV interferes with helper t's?
|
They cannot effectively combat certain cell-mediated infections
|
|
|
What are proteins that are capable of recognizeing a specific antigen and then binds to it?
|
antibodies
|
|
|
What occurs when antibodies bind to antigens?
|
They get clumped and sticky so the antigen can be phagocytized or destructed
|
|
|
What shape are antibodies in and describe their structure.
|
Y shape with two heavy and two light chains with two variable regions on upper arms that bind to unique antigen.
|
|
|
What class is found on mucous membranes?
|
IgA
|
|
|
What class has a function that is not understood?
|
IgD
|
|
|
What class binds to mast cells causing allergy?
|
IgE
|
|
|
What class has 5 that bind together to form and is the first to respond to infection?
|
IgM
|
|
|
What class increases levels with each exposure and can cross the placenta?
|
IgG
|
|
|
What occurs when the body comes into contact with something it has no prior exposure to?
|
It takes a day or two to mount an effective response- why colds last 5-7 days.
|
|
|
What are antigens given in a controlled manner to elicit an immune response?
|
vaccine
|
|
|
How are vaccines effective?
|
The mechanism is already in place for rapid production of that antibody.
|
|
|
What type of immunity is obtained without the self production of antibodies?
|
passive immunity
|
|
|
How do babies have the same immunity than their mother's?
|
IgG crosses placenta, and IgA in mother's milk
|
|
|
What are some antibodies that are useful that are produced by another human or animal?
|
snakes, horse serum, and hepatitis B
|
|
|
What immunity has exposure to antigen and generation of antibodies?
|
active immunity
|
|
|
What type of immunity are vacccinations?
|
active
|
|
|
What are the two great advances in health?
|
vaccines and sanitation
|
|
|
What type of immunization requires additional exposure?
|
boasters
|
|
|
What are the pros of live vaccinations?
|
stronger and long lasting
|
|
|
What are the cons to live vaccinations?
|
may cause disease in others or in compromised host
|
|
|
What are the pros of attenuated vaccines?
|
less likely to cause disease, gives good responses
|
|
|
What are the cons of attenuated vaccines?
|
Pain and fever and requires boasters
|
|
|
What are toxoids?
|
type of immunization antigen that resembles toxins such as tetanus
|
|
|
What are live and attenuated immunizations?
|
weaker strains of the agent
|
|
|
What are subunits?
|
pieces of agent in immunization
|
|
|
When do babies begin immunization?
|
when their immune systems can respond
|
|
|
When are boasters needed?
|
to re-introduce the organism and response
|
|
|
Why may one need to get a new shot every year of the flu?
|
organisms change yearly sometmes
|
|
|
What us thimerosol?
|
in some vaccines and can be metabolized to mercury base compound
|
|
|
What has thimerosol been related to?
|
autism
|
|
|
What is a concern of vaccinations?
|
The transfer of live organisms to non-immunized people.
|
|
|
What are the two types of immunodeficiencies?
|
genetic and acquired
|
|
|
How does the genetic immunodeficiency occur?
|
rare genetic diseases that result in missing components
|
|
|
How do acquired immunodeficiencies occur?
|
Poor nutrition, responses decline after 50, hiv and chemotherapy
|
|
|
What is a disorder when the immune system gets exposed to antigens which are similar to "self" antigens?
|
autoimmunity
|
|
|
What occurs during autoimmunity?
|
Body mounts an immune response to these self antigens-this in turn may destroy self tissues and interes with normal function
|
|
|
What are some examples of auto immunity? 3
|
diabetes, arthiritis, thyroid disease
|
|
|
What is the overaction of immune system causing injury to self?
|
hypersensitivity
|
|
|
What type of hypersensitivity is IgE mediated stimulation of mast cells to release histamine in large quantities?
|
type 1
|
|
|
What type of hypersensitivity ranges from allergy to anaphylaxis such as bee stings and drug allergies?
|
type 1
|
|
|
What type of hypersensitivity has antibodies that target and destroy self cells such as blood incompatibility?
|
type 2
|
|
|
What type of hypersensitivity has antibodies that bind to self antigens and can cause destruction from accumulation of antibody/antigen complexes?
|
type 3
|
|
|
What type of hypersensitivity is delayed and develops over a few days...poison ivy?
|
type 4
|
|
|
When is RH a problem?
|
When some of babie's blood transfers to mom during birth.
|
|
|
If baby is RH positive and mother is negative, what will occur?
|
Mom will develop antibodies against baby's blood
|
|
|
What if the baby is rh + with subsequent pregnancies?
|
igg from motheer crosses placenta and targets the baby's rbcs
|
|
|
Name four things that make a good antigen?
|
1. foreign molecule
2. protein 3. large molecule 4. induces antibody response |
|
|
What are smaller molecules that have to combine with larger molecules to form antigenic molecule such as penicilin?
|
haptens
|
|
|
What are very tiny viruses containing RNA and infecting plants?
|
viroids
|
|
|
What are proteins that can reproduce?
|
prions
|
|
|
How big are viruses?
|
small 1/1000 bacteria
|
|
|
Do viruses contain enzymes or cellular components?
|
no
|
|
|
Where do viruses reproduce?
|
in living cells
|
|
|
What is the structure of a virus?
|
dna or rna core + capsid +/- lipid coat
|
|
|
What are the 2 functions of the capsid?
|
1. protects nucleic acid
2. assists in attachment |
|
|
What is a membrane outside of the capsid on some viruses?
|
envelope
|
|
|
What are they called if they lack envelope?
|
naked
|
|
|
Why are naked viruses more resistant than enveloped ones?
|
Many things can damage the envelope
|
|
|
What4 things that can damage the evelope?
|
freezing or hi temps, acid or base environments, lipid solvents, and disinfectants
|
|
|
Name 4 types of naked viruses
|
herpes-(chic pox, shingles)
Mono, polio, and common cold |
|
|
What must first occur for viral replication?
|
Living cell- tail of virus attaches to specific receptors on cell membrane
|
|
|
How do viruses get inside of cells?
|
inject DNA or use lysosomes
|
|
|
Where is the head of virus found when it inserts into cell?
|
outside while only dna enters
|
|
|
During viral transcription, how is it's info copied?
|
Uses cell's enzymes to copy it's dna into mrna- makes cell process these enzymes and proteins and they replicate viral dna
|
|
|
What are the four reasons why animal viruses are different?
|
1. cell membrane has no receptors for attachment
2. Virus is taken in by endocytosis 3. Rna transcribed by Rna polymerase 4. Dna transcribed by Dna polymerase |
|
|
What is special about rna viruses?
|
do not require transcription first to produce dna
|
|
|
What are the 3 ways that release new viral particles?
|
lysis of cell, host cell continuously releases particles, viral dna and rna becomes part of host's genome
|
|
|
What is the exchange of genetic material via viruses?
|
transduction
|
|
|
What is when viruses specific to host?
|
host specific
|
|
|
What are the 3 characteristics of acute viral infections?
|
1.short
2. self limited 3. permanent damage |
|
|
What are the 3 characteristics of persistant viral infections?
|
1. viral particles present
2. potentially infectios to others 3. aids |
|
|
What are the 2 characterisitcs of latent viral infections?
|
1. virus particles present in body, but can't be detected
2. reactivation occurs, viral particles can be defective |
|
|
Give two examples of latent infections?
|
hsv-1 cold sores
hsv 2 - genital herpes |
|
|
What are the 3 viruses?
|
rna,dna,oncogenic
|
|
|
What is an intitial infection of cold sores that lives within nerve cells with periodic activations?
|
Herpes Simplex 1
|
|
|
What is an infection in liver cells that is transmitted sexually via blood products and is a chronic infection last for a year that can result in death from liver failure or cancer?
|
hepatitis B chronic
|
|
|
What is abnormal growth of cells and tissue?
|
neoplasms
|
|
|
What type of cancer gene turns on gene transcription?
|
proto-oncogenes
|
|
|
What is the type of cancer genes that limit abnormal growth?
|
tumor supression genes
|
|
|
What are slow infections?
|
Viral infections that develop over years?
|
|
|
Give an example of a slow infection?
|
aids
|
|
|
What kind of virus is HIV and what is its symptoms?
|
Rna virusthat does not have reliable replication and may result in protein changes which makes it difficult for immune system to attack.
|
|
|
Name four ways to turn on and off virus and cancer genese?
|
mutations,mutagens,damage to dna repair mechs,and incorporate viral dna
|
|
|
With RNA viruses-how do they work?
|
Rna into dna and then inserted in host's dna..where it turns on and off the oncogenes and tumor supression genes?
|
|
|
Name the two viruses that issue proof for genes and viruses?
|
kaposi sarcoma
leukemin |
|
|
What percentage of cancers have viral causes?
|
15
|
|
|
What percentage of problems ith oncogenes?
|
30
|
|
|
What percentage of cancers with tumor supressor genes?
|
15
|
|
|
What causes brain infection which results in tissue degeneration?
|
prion
|
|
|
Do prions contain dna and rna and what are they made of?
|
no dna and rna
-proteins |
|
|
How do prions reproduce?
|
The prions believed that are similar to native brain protein-when they come into contact, they cause it to change shape which is similar to prion's
|
|
|
Name the five types of oncoviruses.
|
1. hpv
2. epstein bar virus 3. hsv 2 4. human t cell leukemia 5. hiv |
|
|
What is tumor seen in lower jaw in Africa?
|
Burkitt's syndrome, a epstein bar
|
|
|
Which onco is respon for warts/cerv cancer and genial herpes/cerv cancer?
|
w-hpv
hsv-genital herpes |
|
|
Are prions inherited?
|
yes
|
|
|
Name two types of diseases that prions cause.
|
neurologic diseases:
1. spongiform encephalopathies- sheep scrapie 2. creutzfeldt-jacob disease,mad cow disease, kuru 3. some similarities to alzheimer's |
|
|
How many people are infected with parasitic worms?
|
3.5 billion
|
|
|
What promotes poverty among 3rd world countries?
|
socio-economic load
|
|
|
How many were infected in Milwaukee and what was the microbe?
|
400,000 and cryptospiridium
|
|
|
What symptoms does cryptospiridium give?
|
nausea,vomiting,and diahrrea,severe dehydration and loss of electrolytes
|
|
|
How many people died from cryptospiridium, and who?
|
200 ppl...old,young,aids
|
|
|
What are the ways you can get a parasite, and which is the worst?
|
eat,drink,vector..vector is the worst
|
|
|
Which is the single cell organism and what does it cause?
|
plasmodium,malaria
|
|
|
Why are worms studied with microbio?
|
have a single cell life stage
|
|
|
Which kind of parasites live on the host?
|
ectoparasites
|
|
|
What is the name for elephantisis?
|
lymphatic filariasis
|
|
|
How many ppl are infected with elephantisis?
|
100 million
|
|
|
How dows swelling result in elephantiasis?
|
obstruction of lymph vessels by a round worm
|
|
|
How is elephantiasis transmitted?
|
mosquitos
|
|
|
Why is elephantiasis hard?
|
dif to diagnose early and dif to cure later
|
|
|
Why are parasites a global problem? 4 reasons
|
1. imports of food
2. mobile society 3. not confined to tropics 4. Can come to us |
|
|
What is the sushi parasite?
|
anisakiasis
|
|
|
What kind of parasite is a round worm found in fish?
|
anisakiasis
|
|
|
What kind of worms are flat and segmented?
|
tape worms
|
|
|
How are tape worms acquired?
|
Eating uncooked flesh of animals that have larva..specific tape worm for each type of meat
|
|
|
What is the ingested egg of the pork tape worm hatches and larva migrate to brain?
|
neurocystocerosis
|
|
|
What are the results of neurocystocerosis?
|
leaves holes in brain, seizures
|
|
|
Where is neurocystocerosis found?
|
San Diego and Phoenix
|
|
|
What is the leading cause of immigrants with seizures in communities?
|
neurocystocerosis
|
|
|
What is the photogenic parasite?
|
Giardia lamdia
|
|
|
Where is giardia found?
|
clear mountain streams
|
|
|
What causes giardiasis?
|
intestinal upset
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of non-bacteria diahrrea in US?
|
giardia lamdia
|
|
|
How can you kill and treat giardia?
|
Boil water and antibiotics
|
|
|
What is major concern of muncipal water supplies?
|
giardia
|
|
|
What causes dracunculiasis?
|
guinea worm
|
|
|
Where does the guinea worm found?
|
Africa and tropics
|
|
|
What type of agent and condition has the larva in water that grows in fleas to be ingested by humans?
|
guinea worm-dracunculiasis
|
|
|
What type of organism causes blood flukes and schistosomiasis?
|
schistosome
|
|
|
What organism burrows into bloodstream to mate and release continual stream of eggs in stream?
|
schistosome
|
|
|
What organism causes bloody urine?
|
schistosome
|
|
|
What character played a part in Menorah's revenge in Egypt and Monopole?
|
schistosome
|
|
|
How is onchceriasis transmitted?
|
black fly
|
|
|
What is river blindness?
|
Onchoceriasis
|
|
|
What type of organism is caught by breeding black flies in streams, and the larva enters body?
|
onchoceriasis river blind
|
|
|
What disease results in baggie skin and blindness?
|
onchoceriasis river blind
|
|
|
What is plasmodium falciparum?
|
malaria
|
|
|
How was malaria originally believed to be caught?
|
BAD AIR around swamps
|
|
|
How many people are infected and die from malaria a year?
|
300-500 mil infected, 1-3 mil deaths
|
|
|
What type of symptoms does malaria cause? 5
|
fever,shiver,nausea,anemia,coma
|
|
|
How can Malaria be treated?
|
No vaccine.
-Chloroquine |
|
|
What is a good pesticide against mosquito?
|
DDT
|
|
|
When was DDT banned from the US, synthesized and nobel prize?
|
1970 banned
1874 synthesized 1939 discovered insect |
|
|
How did ddt reduce fatalities?
|
from 192 per 100,000 to 7 per 100,000
|
|
|
What causes toxoplasmosis?
|
protozoa-toxoplasma gondii
|
|
|
What is the host of toxoplasmosis?
|
cat and uncooked meat
|
|
|
What are round worms found in children?
|
pin worm
|
|
|
What organism lives in small intestines and does not migrate into blood stream of other organs?
|
pin worms
|
|
|
Where are eggs laid on body of pinworms?
|
peri anal area
|
|
|
What does pin worms cause?
|
itching
|
|
|
How are pinworms diagnosed?
|
collected on piece of tape
|
|
|
How must the treatment of pin worm eggs work?
|
drugs are very effective, but must be couple with sanitary habits
|
|
|
What type of symptoms does toxoplasmosis cause?
|
mild and flu-like..in IC patient..very bad
|
|
|
What may form cysts in brain and eyes?
|
toxoplasmosis
|
|
|
What organism can be transferred to the fetus and form cysts?
|
toxoplasmosis
|
|
|
What is trichomonas vaginalis?
|
pathogenic parasitic human infection
|
|
|
What is the most common infection in humans in industrial world?
|
trichomonas vaginalis
|
|
|
How is trichomonas vaginalis spread?
|
Direct contact with protozoan- can survive for short periods on moist objects
|
|
|
What organism has symptoms such as thick yellow discharge in femals?
|
trich vaginalis
|
|
|
What org is asymptomatic but are carriers in males?
|
trich vaginalis
|
|
|
How is trich treated?
|
metronidazole (flagyl)
|
|
|
What are antibiotics considered against?
|
bacteria
|
|
|
What was traditionally associated with agents from living organisms--mainly fungi?
|
antibiotics
|
|
|
What are man made or synthetic drugs?
|
chemotherapeutic
|
|
|
Where are antibiotics made from in common use?
|
man made
|
|
|
How were wounds treated in the past?
|
mosses, herbs, plants, oils
|
|
|
What herb has antibacterial properties?
|
garlic
|
|
|
How were sore throats treated in middle ages?
|
hold toad in mouth
|
|
|
What toxic substances were used at antibs?
|
cyanide, arsenic, strychnine
|
|
|
Who noticed that antibs took different stains?
|
Erlich
|
|
|
Who reasoned that toxic agents could be found that would be taken in by offending organisms and kill them without killing the host?
|
Erlich
|
|
|
What is a major cause of M/m?
|
syphillis
|
|
|
Who found syphillis an arsenic compound that killed it but not the organism?
|
Erlich
|
|
|
What is salvation plus arsenic?
|
Salavarsan
|
|
|
When was infections soon to be a things of the past?
|
the 40's
|
|
|
Why was there aggressive research during the 30's and 40's on infection?
|
WAR
|
|
|
What produces substances which are toxic to other organisms, but are not selective-so they may kill favorable cells?
|
molds/bacteria
|
|
|
What are most antibiotics from other microbes come from?
|
Prokaryotic steptomyces, eukaryotic molds, gram pos bacillus
|
|
|
What are antifungal and antiprotozoans dif to eliminate?
|
eukaryotic
|
|
|
How do antiviral agents work?
|
Interfere with dna/rna synthesis
|
|
|
What generally works by exploiting differences between the offending organism and the host?
|
antimicrobial agents
|
|
|
What are 5 differences that antimicrobial agents exploit between the offending organism and host?
|
1. metabolic pathways
2. protein synthesis 3. transport of drug 4. cell wall/membrane 5. nucleic acid synthesis |
|
|
What is amount of drug described?
|
dose
|
|
|
What is the time between dosing?
|
interval
|
|
|
What is the duration of treatment?
|
course
|
|
|
What are undesirable responses which are temporary from antimicrobial agents?
|
side effects
|
|
|
What are severe and often permanent effects of antimicrobial agents?
|
toxic effects
|
|
|
What are 5 properties that would make an ideal antibiotic?
|
1. quickly kill org 100%
2. no interaction with host tissues 3. be able to reach infection site 4. be non-allergenic 5. lack resistance |
|
|
What is effective against a wide range of organisms?
|
broad spectrum
|
|
|
What is effective against a very selective range of organisms?
|
narrow spectrum
|
|
|
What is the dose at which the drug is effective against in a particular organism?
|
effective dose
|
|
|
What is the dose of the agent which results in toxic side effects?
|
toxic dose
|
|
|
What is the ratio of toxic dose to effective dose?
|
therapeutic index
|
|
|
What does a high therapeutic index indicate?
|
A drug which is less toxic than a low index.
|
|
|
What is blood concentration between minimal effective and toxic ranges?
|
therapeutic range
|
|
|
What occurs when there are changes to the normal flora of intestine?
|
diahrrea
|
|
|
What is the disruption of normal flora allowing other organisms to grow?
|
opportunisitic infections
|
|
|
What are the 3 possible side effects of antibiotics?
|
allergy infection, diahrrea, opportunistic infection
|
|
|
What are some of the differences that are exploited 5 in antibiotics?
|
1. cell wall
2. cell membrane 3. 70s 80s ribosome 4. nucleotide replication 5. diff metabolic pathways |
|
|
How is eukaryotic cells including algae fungi and protozoans similar to your cells a problem?
|
Some differences do exist, such as ergosterol found in fungi cell walls
|
|
|
How is prokaryotic cells 70s and eukaryotic cells 80s a problem?
|
Mitochondria also have 70s ribosomes, so may be affected by antibiotics targeting the bacterial 70s ribosome
|
|
|
What are 4 problems with viruses?
|
1. have few components to target
2. hijack e's cell's machinery so this limits targets 3. no cell wall, ribosomoes, or metabolic pathways |
|
|
How can viruses be defeated?
|
Agents can be directed against the attachemnt, reproduct, and release mech of viruses
|
|
|
What can an organism do once it develops resistance?
|
It can transfer it to other organisms.
|
|
|
What are 8 adverse reactions to antibiotics?
|
1. allergy
2. toxicity 3. damage kidney 4. depress bone marrow 5. blood cell production 6. deafness 7.developing teeth and cartilage 8.supress normal flora |
|
|
What can be used to damage the cell wall?
|
penicillins and cephalosporin
|
|
|
What can damage protein synthesis of 70s ribosomes?
|
tetracyclines
|
|
|
What can disrupt cell membranes unique to prokaryotes?
|
polymoxin B
|
|
|
What can damage metabolic pathways?
|
sulfa drugs
|
|
|
Name 4 ways that a microbe developes resistance?
|
1. develop enzymes
2. develop additional targets to overwhelm antibiotic 3. over prescribing 4. taking it incorrectly |
|
|
What occurs when folic acid production enzymes are poisoned by sulfa drugs?
|
cell produces excess enzymes
|
|
|
What is in aminogylcosides?
|
gentamycin
|
|
|
What is in penicillions?
|
amoxicillin
|
|
|
What is in cephlasporins?
|
keflex and ceclor
|
|
|
What is in glycopeptides?
|
vancomycin
|
|
|
What is in macrolides?
|
Zithromax
|
|
|
What is in polypeptides?
|
Bacitracin
|
|
|
What is in quinolones?
|
Levaquin
|
|
|
What is in sulfonamides?
|
bactrim
|
|
|
What is used against tb?
|
isoniazid
|
|
|
What do penicillins target?
|
gram pos usually
|
|
|
What do different penicillin structures design for?
|
increase absorption, spectrum,resistance
|
|
|
What works by inhibiting the cross-linking in the cell wall and leads to defective or weakened walls?
|
penicillin
|
|
|
What is resistant to penicillins?
|
beta-lactamase
|
|
|
What are side effects to penicillin?
|
allergy/hypersensitivity
|
|
|
What is used for gram- organisms?
|
aminoglycosides
|
|
|
What binds to ribosome to interfer with mRNA and protein production?
|
aminoglycosides
|
|
|
What is given iv because of poor gut absorption?
|
aminogylcosides
|
|
|
What can cause major toxicites of deafness and kidney damage?
|
aminoglycosides
|
|
|
How is aminoglycosides toxicity watched?
|
Blood levels measured
|
|
|
What has a similiar mechanism to penicillin?
|
cephalosporin
|
|
|
What antibiotic interferes with peptidoglycan in cell wall production?
|
glycopeptide
|
|
|
What is used in patients that are sensitive to penicillin and cephalsporins?
|
glycopeptide
|
|
|
What ab is very selective against gram + cocci?
|
glycopeptide
|
|
|
What is given slowly by pump infusion?
|
glycopeptide
|
|
|
What does a Z pack consist of?
|
erthromycin and zithromycin -macrolides
|
|
|
What has a coverage wider than penicillin and is more oftnely used in patients allergic to penicillin?
|
macrolides
|
|
|
What covers unusual organisms such as chlamydia and mycoplasma?
|
macrolides
|
|
|
What binds to ribosomes to prevent protein synthesis?
|
macrolides
|
|
|
What has side effects of gi upset, nausea, and vomitiing because of wide coverages?
|
macrolides
|
|
|
What is produced from bacillus subtilis?
|
polypeptides
|
|
|
What AB interferes with cell wall construction?
|
polypeptides
|
|
|
What is toxic orally, but great topically?
|
polypeptides
|
|
|
What is neosporin?
|
polypeptide
|
|
|
What AB interferes wutg bacteria dna transcription and replication?
|
quinolones
|
|
|
What AB has side effect of increased risk of tendon rupture?
|
quniolones
|
|
|
What AB Has rapidly developing resistance?
|
quniolones
|
|
|
What intereferes with the production of folic acid?
|
sulfonamides
|
|
|
What ab has side effects of allergies annd hemopoetic disorders?
|
sulfonamides
|
|
|
What is used to treat UTI?
|
sulfonamides
|
|
|
What is tetracycline commonly used for? 4
|
-uti
-respiratory infections -middle ear infections -acne |
|
|
What AB binds to ribosome and prevents TRNA from attaching?
|
tetracycline
|
|
|
What is the first line drug for TB?
|
isoniazid
|
|
|
What inhibits the construction of mycobacterium cell wall?
|
isonizad
|
|
|
What are the side effects of isonizad and limits?
|
-liver damage and hepatitis-cant drink alcohol
|
|
|
What are 4 disorders antifungals used for?
|
athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), and cryptococcal meningitis
|
|
|
What interferes with fungal cell wall synthesis?
|
anti-fungal agents
|
|
|
What are 3 otc anti-fungal creams?
|
lotrimin,monistat,lamisil
|
|
|
How come anti-viral agents offer few targets?
|
They require few naive cells
|
|
|
What is designed to allow the body to attack the virus before it begins reproducing?
|
vaccines
|
|
|
What are the steps for viral replication?
|
1.binding 2.entry 3. dna/rna replication 4. assembly and release
|
|
|
What prevents dna/rna synthesis by using fake nucleotide which jams the replication mechanism?
|
azt
|
|
|
What are 7 ways that antiviral agents work?
|
1. inhibit cell binding
2. entry and release of dna/rna 3. prevent dna/rna synthesis 4. interefere with rna reverse transcription 5.attack special enzymes required by the virus 6. prevent release of assembled particles 7. enzymes cut apart specific viral rna |
|
|
What works as poison by paralyzing to protozoan cell?
|
antiprotozoan agent
|
