Medical Immunology Exam 1

Front 1

Name 5 clinical problems associated with Hematopoiesis.

Back 1

1) Leukemia
2) Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia from lymphoid progenitors
3) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia from pre-B and B-1 lymphocytes
4) Hodgkin's lymphoma from a germinal center B cell
5) Anemia

Front 2

Life span of Neutrophil

Back 2

2-3 days (provide immediate response to antigenic challenge)

Front 3

Life span of T cell

Back 3

20-30 years (provide immunological memory)

Front 4

Why is the thymus called a lymphoepithelial organ?

Back 4

contains both: immature thymocytes + epithelial cells (nurse cells; cortical and medullary epithelial cells)

Front 5

How many T cells die while in the thymus?

Back 5

>95%!

Front 6

Cells in the thymic cortex?

Back 6

1) thymocytes (proliferative and densely packed-->greater than 95% die however)

2) nurse cells=epithelial cells that envelope thymocytes to play a role in T cell maturation and differentiation)

Front 7

Where can you see hassal's corpuscules?

Back 7

in the thymic medulla

(degenerating epithelial cells)

Front 8

What happens with thymic atrophy?

Back 8

Increased incidence of autoimmunity or malignancy

Front 9

What are lymph nodes the juncture points of?

Back 9

Blood and lymph vessels

Front 10

Describe how lymphocytesand antigen travel through lymph nodes? Contrast with blood-borne pathogens.

Back 10

Lymphocytes and Ag:
1) enter via afferent lymphatics and pass into the subcapsular sinus
2) travel through the cortex, paracortex, and medulla--but on path get trapped by phagocytes
3) exit via efferent lymphatic vessel and re-enter into circulation via thoracic duct

Blood-born:
1) enter via AFFERENT ARTERY
2) enter PARACORTEX via HEVs
3) after passing through cortex, paracortex, and medulla, exit via EFFERENT LYMPHATIC VESSEL

Front 11

2 functions of the spleen in immune system?

Back 11

1) collect antigen from BLOOD (not lymph)

2) site of Ab synthesis to blood-borne Ag

Front 12

Describe the structure of spleen.

Back 12

2 areas separated by marginal zone

1) Red pulp-sinusoids with macrophages that remove old RBCs

2) White pulp-surrounds splenic artery forming PALS with many T cells

3) Marginal Zone-b/w PALS and red pulp; B cells organized into primary follicles that develop into secondary follicles

Front 13

Describe how antigens circulate through the spleen.

Back 13

1) enter via SPLENIC A. that empties into marginal zone
2) Ag is trapped by APCs, which carry the Ag to the PALS

Front 14

What does splenomectomy in children predispose them to?

Back 14

Bacterial Sepsis

(less severe in adults but may pre-dispose to blood-borne pathogens)

Front 15

Identify three examples of GALT.

Back 15

1) tonsils
2) appendix
3) Peyer's patches in small intestine

Front 16

Difference between serum and plasma.

Back 16

Serum=isolated from coagulated blood; used as a source of Ab

Plasma=isolated from blood treated with anti-coagulant

Front 17

What cells come from the myeloid lineage?

Back 17

1) neutrophils
2) eosinophils
3) basophils
4) mast cells
5) macrophages
6) monocytes

Front 18

Name the polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes.

Back 18

polymorphonuclear==>neutrophils

mononuclear==>macrophages and monocytes

Front 19

Name the polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Back 19

PMNS=neutrophils

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes-neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Front 20

3 cells from lymphoid lineage

Back 20

1) NK
2) B cells
3) T cells

Front 21

Why are HEVs important in the immune response?

Back 21

Specialized cuboidal endothelium that express homing receptors to facilitate diapedesis of leukocytes from blood to tissue

Front 22

What 2 events occur in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid follicles?

Back 22

1) Somatic Hypermutation
2) Affinity Maturation

Front 23

Primary and secondary granules of neutrophils.

Back 23

Primary (azurophilic): endolysosomes (acid hydrolases and myeloperoxidases that produce HClO4-)

Secondary: lysoyme, lactoferrin (free radical generation), alkaline phosphatase

*have respiratory burst oxidase

Front 24

how do neutrophils arrive at a site of tissue damage and phagocytose bacteria?

Back 24

-attracted by complement and chemokines
-must bind to foreign material to begin phagocytosis (use Fc receptors)

Front 25

2 important proteins of Eosinophils

Back 25

1) major base protein
2) peroxidase

-help kill parasites!!

Front 26

What cell plays an immediate role in immediate (type 1) hypersensitivity rxns?

Back 26

Basophils!!

Front 27

three important cells that impart innate immunity

Back 27

1) monocytes
2) neutrophils
3) NK cells

Front 28

3 important features of marginal zone of spleen

Back 28

1) supplied by RADIAL ARTERIOLES
2) site where immune response is initiated
3) where lymphatics exit the bloodstream

Front 29

5 components of splenic (billroth) cords

Back 29

1) macrophages
2) plasma cells
3) lymphocytes
4) RBCs
5) fibroblasts and reticular cells that produce stromal meshwork

Front 30

Blood flow through spleen

Back 30

Splenic artery-->trabecular arteries-->central arteries (radical arterioles branch into marginal zone)-->pencillar arterioles-->splenic venous sinusoids-->trabecular veins-->splenic vein

Front 31

Overwhelming Post-splenectomy sepsis reults in a lack of the production of what types of Ab isotypes?

Back 31

1) IgG
2) IgM

-more susceptible to blood-borne pathogens

Front 32

Most commonly involved pathogens of bacterial septicemia?

Back 32

1) streptococcus pneumoniae
2) haemophilus influenzae
3) Neisseria meningitides

Front 33

Neonatal thymectomy

Back 33

-impairs CMI
-somewhat diminishes humoral immunity b/c CD4 HTL function compromised
-SMALL lymph nodes and spleen

Front 34

Congenital Thymic Aplasia

Back 34

-aka DiGeorge Syndrome
-X dvlpmt of pharangeal pouches 3 and 4
-NO thymus of PT gland==>NO T Cells and hypocalcemic

Front 35

AIDS

Back 35

-selective destruction of CD4 T cells