Medical Immunology Dugan Bacteria Lectures

Front 1

fimbriae and pili are interchangeable terms (true/false)

Back 1

true (wikipedia may tell you otherwise, but we'll go with Dugan for now)

Front 2

____________ often carry genes for antibiotic resistance and toxin production.

Back 2

plasmids

Front 3

in bacteria, ____S + ____S subunits yield ____S ribosomes. In eukaryotes, ___S + ____S subunits yield ____S ribosomes (hint: these are numbers)

Back 3

30; 50; 70; 40; 60; 80 (PROTIP: 'E'ukaryote = 'E'ven first digits, 4, 6, 8)

Front 4

Medically, why is it useful that bacteria have differently structured ribosomes?

Back 4

we can target antibiotics toward them

Front 5

The peptidoglycan or murein layer is also known as what?

Back 5

The cell wall

Front 6

Endotoxin is unique to Gram-_______ bacteria. What is the shock-inducing counterpart in the other type?

Back 6

negative; lipoteichoic acid

Front 7

Murein layer is unique to bacteria (true/false)

Back 7

true

Front 8

What does lysozyme target?

Back 8

peptidoglycans in the cell wall

Front 9

Gram-_______ bacteria have an outer membrane. What is its function?

Back 9

negative; protects cell from toxic material and forms periplasm which contains digestive enzymes

Front 10

What are the three compnents of lipopolysaccharide?

Back 10

O-specific side chain, core polysaccharide, Lipid A

Front 11

Gram-________ has a thick murein layer

Back 11

positive

Front 12

Bacterial capsule is usually composed of ____________

Back 12

polysaccharides

Front 13

bacterial capsule: ___________ strains are referred to as smooth. __________ strains are referred to as rough

Back 13

encapsulated; nonencapsulated

Front 14

In the gram stain, gram-_______ show up purple, and gram-______ show up pink

Back 14

positive; negative

Front 15

Conjugation occurs through what structure formed by bacteria?

Back 15

sex pili

Front 16

What drives movement of flagella?

Back 16

proton motive force

Front 17

What is the function of common type bacterial pili?

Back 17

attachment

Front 18

What is chemotaxis?

Back 18

the process by which bacteria direct their movement according to the chemical gradients in their environment

Front 19

Counterclockwise rotation of flagella causes ___________. Clockwise rotation causes ___________

Back 19

swimming (forward); tumbling (backward)

Front 20

What induces sporulation and what type of bacteria will you find them in?

Back 20

starvation; Bacillus and Clostridium

Front 21

_____________: one organism lives at the expense of the other and may do harm (pathogen)

Back 21

parastitism

Front 22

_____________: one organism may benefit but neither is harmed (most normal flora organisms)

Back 22

commensalism

Front 23

______________: a mutually beneficial association (some normal flora organisms)

Back 23

mutualism

Front 24

What are the major groups of pathogenic bacteria?

Back 24

Gram+, Gram-, Acid fast, Wall less, Intracellular

Front 25

What is the morphology of this bacteria?

Back 25

Spirochete

Front 26

What is the morphology of this bacteria?

Back 26

Coccus

Front 27

What is the morphology of this bacteria?

Back 27

Bacillus

Front 28

What is the morphology of this bacteria?

Back 28

Spirillum

Front 29

What is the morphology of this bacteria?

Back 29

Vibrio

Front 30

What is the morphology of this bacteria?

Back 30

Fusiform bacillus

Front 31

The electron transport chain drives H+ into or out of the cell?

Back 31

out

Front 32

What is the main source of electrons feeding the electron transport chain?

Back 32

Reducing power (NADH)

Front 33

Bacteria divide by ___________ __________

Back 33

binary fission

Front 34

What are the four phases of growth in bacteria?

Back 34

lag, exponential(log), stationary, death(log)

Front 35

If culture doubles every 30 minutes, how many cells would you have after 8 hours?

Back 35

2^16

Front 36

All bacteria are heterotrophic (true/false)

Back 36

true

Front 37

Some bacteria require only inorganic salts and nitrogen (true/false)

Back 37

true (eg. E.coli)

Front 38

What are fastidious bacteria?

Back 38

Those that require a very enriched medium to grow

Front 39

What are siderophores?

Back 39

iron chelating compounds secreted by bacteria

Front 40

What are the four steps of bacterial cell wall synthesis?

Back 40

Bactoprenol phosphate transport ppg monomers across cell membrane
Autolysins break the glycosidic bonds of the ppg and peptide cross linkages
Transglycosidase (TG) enzyme insert and link monomers into the new ppg
Transpeptidase (TP) enzymes reform the peptide cross links

Front 41

Fosfomycin and cycloserine act in what compartment of the bacteria to block cell wall synthesis?

Back 41

cytoplasm

Front 42

Vancomycin and betalactams act in what compartment of the bacteria to block cell wall synthesis?

Back 42

periplasm

Front 43

What are the three points of attack for antibiotics targeting the bacterial ribosomal cycle?

Back 43

initiating complex, 30S inhibitors, 50S inhibitors

Front 44

What are the five ways bacteria resist antibiotics discussed by Dugan?

Back 44

antibiotic degradation, antibiotic efflux pump, reduced antibiotic uptake, overproduction of antibiotic target, alteration of antibiotic target

Front 45

Approximately how many genes does E. coli have?

Back 45

2000-3000

Front 46

Mutations are considered _________ gene transfer. Recombination is considered ___________ gene transfer

Back 46

vertical; horizontal

Front 47

__________: the process of gene transfer from one bacterial cell to another by means of a phage

Back 47

transduction

Front 48

_____________: carry both insertion sequences plus other genes and often carry a selective advantage

Back 48

transposons