Medical Ethnobotany Midterm Topic 3

Front 1

Tryptamines

Back 1

serotonin

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Catecholamines

Back 2

norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine

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Histimine

Back 3

endogenous CNS neurotransmitter, present in hypothalamus neurons, formed from histidine

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Glutamate

Back 4

endogenous CNS neurotransmitter, main excitatory neurotransmitter in brain stem & spinal cord

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Glycine

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endogenous CNS neurotransmitter, inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain

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Dopamine

Back 6

prominent in midbrain neurons, released from hypothalamus, metabolized by MAO and COMT, 5 dopamine receptors, many enhancers (nicotine, morphine/opiates, amphetamines, cocaine, levodopa, bromocriptine/pergolide

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Nicotine

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in CNS, activates nucleus accumbens reward system, increases dopamine levels, can also stimulate release of endogenous opioids

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Opiates

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morphine and others, interaction with dopamine pathways through stimulation of nucleus accumbens of pathway, contributes to opioid-induced reward

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Amphetamines

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adderall, methylphenidate (Ritalin), MDMA (ecstasy), MDA, methamphetamine, Mech: increases pre-synaptic release of dopamine from nerve terminus, inhibits MAO enzyme (increases levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, melatonin)

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Parkinson’s disease

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disease of dopaminergic system, stooped posture, tremors, akinesia, slow/stiff movement, lack of facial expression, often treated with levodopa to increase dopamine levels

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MACUNA

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pruriens (cow itch in tropical Asia), bennettii (new guinea), deeringuana (Bengal bean in florida), Ethno uses in India: increases nerve functioning, lessens irritability, nerve tonic, Active compound = levodopa [metabolic precurser to dopamine by decarboxylation]

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Levadopa

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metabolic precurser to dopamine by decarboxylation

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CLAVACEPS PURPURA

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ergot fungus, Europe, ‘St. Anthony’s fire’ = ppl ate infected rye and hallucinate because of similar ergot alkaloids to LSD, Active compound = ergine, isoergine, ergometrine, lysergol, ergotamine,, chemical derivatives = bromocriptine & pergolide [dopamine receptor agonists], Use = tx of Parkinson’s

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Bromocriptine/pergolide

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dopamine receptor agonists, from st. Anthony’s fire

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CITRUS AURUNTIUM

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bitter orange, China/Vietnam, Uses = stimulant and appetite suppressant, production of marmalades/food flavorings/perfumes, Active molecules = synephrine, octapamine, N-methyltyramone (similar to ephedrine), Mech = direct agonist on alpha 1 receptors & beta 3 receptors of adrenergic system, Uses = stimulant

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MAO inhibitor

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prevents breakdown of molecules, increase receptor levels of norepinephrine (as well as epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, melatonin) Mech for cathinone, methamphetamines, harmine/harmaline, same mech as some synthetic anti-depressants

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CATHA EDULIS

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qat/khat/cafta/miraa, Ethiopia/Eritrea/Somalia/yemen, Ethno uses = leaves chewed orally as stimulant, Active molecule = cathine and cathinone, Mech = cathinone is MAO inhibitor which results in increased levels of norepinephrine and other catecholamines, tryptamines, melatonin

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Cathine/cathinone

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in catha edulis (khat), MAO inhibitor which results in increased levels of norepinephrine

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Caffeine CNS stimulant Mech

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1: norepinephrine enhancer by increasing release of norepinephrine from the nerve terminus, 2: blocker of adenosine receptors

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Sources of caffeine

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Coffee robusta, Camellia sinensis, Theobroma cacao, Cola acuminata, Paullinia cupana

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Coffee robusta

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NE Africa, blocks adenosine receptor

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Camellia sinensis

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China, blocks adenosine receptor

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Theobroma cacao

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S America, blocks adenosine receptor

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Cola acuminata

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W Africa, blocks adenosine receptor

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Paullinia cupana

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S America, blocks adenosine receptor

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Adenosine receptor blockers

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enhancement of receptors results in CNS inhibition, blockage of receptors results in CAN stimulation, caffeine blocks receptors, results in CNS stimulation

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PAULLINIA CUPANA

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S America Amazon/rainforest, Tupi/Guarani cultures, active molecule = caffeine (twice concentration of coffee)

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ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS

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mate, from S America, contains cholinergic acids which has stimulating effect on CNS, leaf taken orally as stimulant

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COLEUS FORSKOHLII/PLECTRANTHUS BARBATUS

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S Asia, active molecule = forskalin, Mech = increases adenylate cyclase which increases cAMP which stimulates lipase to burn fat, Use = stimulant and to loose weight

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Forskalin

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increases cAMP, stimulates weight loss

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RAUVOLFIA SERPENTINA

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rauvolfia, India, Ayurvedic ethno use = sedative,

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Serotonin

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high concentrations in brain, converted to melatonin in pineal gland, contributes to feeling good, metabolized by MAO, treatment of depression (reuptake inhibitors)

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HYPERICUM PERFORATUM

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St. John’s wort, Eurasia, naturalized in N America, Ethno uses = orally for depression, topically as wound healing, diabetes mellitus, active compounds = hyperforin (antidepressant/antidiabetic), hypericin (wound healing), flavanoids, xanthones, Mech = inhibits serotonin reuptake, fewer side-effects than conventional pharmaceuticals, causes multiple drug interactions, results in increased metabolism of certain drugs, decreases effects of those drugs

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Hyperforin

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reuptake of serotonin, antidepressant/antidiabetic

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Tryptamine receptors

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in CNS, endogenous neurotransmitter = serotonin

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CLAVICEPS PURPUREA

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contains ergot alkaloid ergotamine = LSD, agonistic effect on serotonin receptors

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IPOMOEA TRICOLOR

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heavenly blue from central America/mexico, contains ergine, agonistic effect on serotonin receptors

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TURBINA CORYMBOSA

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from tropical America, contains ergoline alkaloids, agonistic effect on serotonin receptors

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PSILOCYBE

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from central America/mexico, mushroom with psilocin, agonistic effect on serotonin receptors

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LOPHOPHORA WILLIAMSII

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peyote, cactus from mexico, contains mescaline, agonistic effect on serotonin receptors

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ECHINOPSIS PACHANOI

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San Pedro cactus from S America (andes mountains), contains mescaline, agonistic effect on serotonin receptors

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TABERNANTHE IBOGA

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iboga/iboka, central Africa, contains ibogaine, agonistic effect on serotonin receptors, also enhances kappa opioid receptors

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PSYCHOTRIA VIRIDIS

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Amazon rainforest, active molecule = DMT (dimethyltryptamine, similar to structure of serotonin/meltonin), low endogenous levels in brain, agonistic effect on serotonin receptors, ethno use = psychoactive hallucinogen shamanic purposes

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DMT

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agonistic effect on serotonin receptors

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BANISTERIOPSIS CAAPI

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caapi from amazon rainforest, active molecules = harmine/harmaline, Mech = MAO inhibitor, slows breakdown of neurotransmitters (serotonin, melatonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)

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Harmine

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MAO inhibitor

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Ayahuasca

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mixture of plants with Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis

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Kappa opioid receptors

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in CNS, dynorphin is endogenous neurotransmitter, agnoists = Salvia divinorum from Mexico (contains salvinorin A), Tabernanthe iboga (contains ibogaine, also a tryptamine receptor agonist)

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GABA

Back 49

synthesized from glutamate, major inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS, receptor protein = site of sedatives/anti-seizure medications (barbituates/benzodiazepines), enhancers = gabitril (betelnut), kava, valeriana officinalis,,,, antagonists = picrotoxin (Anamirta cocculus, treats barbituate/benzodiazepine overdose), thujone (artmisia absinthium)

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Picrotoxin

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GABA antagonist, CNS stimulant, treats barbituate/benzodiazepine overdose

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ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM

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absinthe/wormwood, Europe, active compound = thujone, ethno use = stimulant, Mech = GABA antagonist, CNS stimulant

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Pacific Island ethnobotany

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Polynesian arrivals via boats, Europeans later, indigenous/native plants introduced by water/wind/birds, not humans, originate from asia/Europe/America

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Greek medicine

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precursor to many modern medical philosophies/nomenclature, Alcmaeon wrote about medicine related to theory that disease is a disruption of equilibrium b/w qualities of body components, Democritus presented theory of atoms being fundamental unit of universe, Empedocles put forth theories about 4 humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile), asclepias was patron of guild of physicians and established god of disease/healing (staff/holy snake = symbol of AMA), hippocrates wrote much on medicine/disease, emphasis on treating patient, not the disease, physis = nature has its own strong healing force, physician should simply assist nature, eucrasia = harmonic mixture of humors, dyscrasia = faulty mixture of humors, surgery was considered last resort

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PIPER METHYSTICUM

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kava/kawa, Melanasia, Tahiti/Hawaii (Polynesian), ethno use = important beverage served to visitors as symbol of friendship, also consumed during community meetings to contribute to harmony/communication (similar to tea/coffee, elaborate ceremonies), reduces anxiety, restful sleep, sooth infants, chemistry = lactones attached to 13-carbon molecules, 15 diff lactones, pharmacology = kavain and dihydrokavain lactones most easily pass through BBB, Mech = enhances GABA neurotransmitters in CNS

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LAVANDULA ANGUSTIFOLIA

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lavender, Europe, ethno use = aromatherapy to enhance sleep, reduce anxiety, relaxant

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Emetic response

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vomiting response centered in chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in medulla of brainstem, dopamine and serotonin are neurotransmitters that mediate emetic signals/motor reflexes in stomach

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PSYCHOTRIA IPECACUANHA

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ipecacuanha/ipecac/brazil root, Brazil/S America, ethno uses = emetic, expectorant, intestinal amoebas, active compounds = emetine/cephaeline/emetamine, Mech = effect CTZ, local irritation of GI tract

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Alzheimer’s disease

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death of nerve cells in cerebral cortex, clusters of thickened neuritic plaques, association with free radical mediated excessive lipid peroxidation/cell damage, treated with ginkgo biloba, leafy greens, blueberries, caffeine, omega-3 fatty acids, folic acid, Vitamin E, rivastigmine, curcumin, cannabis sativa

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Antioxidants

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free radicals can oxidize, bad in body, free radical scavengers chemically neutralize oxidative effects of free radicals

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Rivastigmine

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derived from physistigmine, used to treat alzheimer’s, from Physostigmus veneosum in Africa

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RAUVOLFIA SERPENTINA;

Back 61

rauvolfia, India, Ayurvedic ethno use = sedative,
tranquilizer, antipsychotic, antihypertensive, active compound = reserpine, Mech = binds/damages storage vesicles, can’t store neurotransmitter, USED to treat psychosis, mania, hypertension