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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aorta |
Largest artery in the body |
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Apex of the heart |
Lower tip of the heart |
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Arteriole |
Small artery |
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Artery |
Largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body |
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Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) |
Specialized muscle fibres connecting the Atria with the ventricles and transmit electrical impulses between them |
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Atrioventricular node (AV node) |
Specialized tissue in the wall of the Atria. Electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (SA node) through the AV node and the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His toward the ventricles |
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Atrium (plural; Atria) |
One of two upper chambers of the heart |
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Capillary |
Smallest type of blood vessel. Materials passed to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary walls |
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Carbon dioxide (Co2) |
Gas (waste) released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation |
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Carotid arteries |
Two common carotid arteries located on each side of the neck Branch from the aorta and provide Blood to the Head, Neck and brain |
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Coronary arteries |
Blood vessels that Branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle |
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Deoxygenated blood |
Blood that is oxygen-poor |
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Distole |
Relaxation phase of the heartbeat |
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Electrocardiogram |
Record of the electrical activity of the heart. The electricity is represented by ways of deflections called; (P, QRS, or T) |
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Endocardium |
Inner lining of the heart |
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Endothelium |
Innermost lining of blood vessels |
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Mitral valve |
Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve |
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Murmur |
Abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves |
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Myocardium |
Muscular middle layer of the heart |
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Normal sinus rhythm |
Heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a rate in patients at rest of 60 to 100 beats per minute |
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Oxygen |
Gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells |
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Pacemaker (Sinoatrial node) |
Specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat. An artificial cardiac pacemaker is an electrical apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning |
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Pericardium |
Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart |
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Pulmonary artery |
Artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs |
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Pulmonary circulation |
Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart |
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Pulmonary valve |
Valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery |
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Pulmonary vein |
One of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart |
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Pulse |
Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries |
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Septum (plural; septa) |
Partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the right and left Atria (interatrial septum) and right and left ventricles (interventricular septum) |
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Sinoatrial node (SA node) |
Pacemaker of the heart |
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Sphygmomanometer |
Instrument to measure blood pressure |
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Systemic circulation |
Flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to the body tissues |
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Systole |
Contraction phase of the heartbeat |
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Tricuspid valve |
Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle it has three (tri-) leaflets, or cusps |
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Valve |
Structure in veins or in the heart that temporary closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction |
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Vein |
Thin walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart. Veins contain valves to prevent backflow of blood |
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Vena cava (plural; venae cavae) |
Largest vein in the body. The superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of the heart |
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Ventricle |
One of two lower chambers of the heart |
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Venule |
Small vein |
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Angi/o |
Vessel |
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Aort/o |
Aorta |
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Arter/o Arteri/o |
Artery |
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Ather/o |
Yellowish plaque, fatty substance |
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Atri/o |
Atrium, upper heart chamber |
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Brachi/o |
Arm |
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Cardi/o |
Heart |
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Cholesterol/o |
Cholesterol |
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Coron/o |
Heart |
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Cyan/o |
Blue |
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Myx/o |
Mucus |
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Ox/o |
Oxygen |
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Pericardi/o |
Pericardium |
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Phleb/o |
Vein |
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Rrhythm/o |
Rhythm |
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Sphygm/o |
Pulse |
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Steth/o |
Chest |
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Thromb/o |
Clot |
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Valvul/o Valv/o |
Valve |
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Vas/o |
Vessel |
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Ven/o Ven/i |
Vein |
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Ventricul/o |
Ventricle, lower heart chamber |
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Arrhythmias |
Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias) |
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Bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block) |
Failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) |
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Flutter |
Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the Atria |
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Fibrillation |
Very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute) |
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Congenital heart disease |
Abnormalities in the heart at Birth |
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Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) |
Congenital abnormality; narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta |
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Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) |
Congenital abnormality; passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remain open (patent) after birth |
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Septal defects |
Congenital abnormality; small holes in the wall between the Atria (atrial septal defect) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defect) |
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Tetralogy of fallot |
Congenital malformation involving four (Tetra-) distinct heart defects, (pulmonary artery stenosis; pulmonary artery is narrow or obstructed) (ventricular septal defect; large hole between the two ventricles let's venous blood pass from the right to the left ventricle and out to the aorta without oxygenation) (shift of the aorta to the right; aorta overrides the interventricular septum. Oxygen-poor blood passes from the right ventricle to the aorta) (hypertrophy of the right ventricle. Myocardium Works harder to pump blood through a narrowed pulmonary artery) |
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Congestive heart failure (CHF) |
Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood |
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Coronary artery disease (CAD) |
Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart |
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Endocarditis |
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart |
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Hypertensive heart disease |
High blood pressure affecting the heart |
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Mitchell valve prolapse (MVP) |
Improper closure of the mitral valve |
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Murmur |
Extra heart sound, heard between normal beats |
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Pericarditis |
Inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart |
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Rheumatic heart disease |
Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever |
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Aneurysm |
Local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall |
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Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) |
Blood clot kthrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in the lower limb |
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Hypertension (HTN) |
High blood pressure |
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Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) |
Blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs |
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Raynaud disease |
Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in the fingers and toes |
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Varicose veins |
Abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs |
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BNP test |
Measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood |
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Cardiac biomarkers |
Chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack |
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Lipid test (lipid profile) |
Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample |
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Lipoprotein electrophoresis |
Lipoproteins (combination of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample |
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Angiography |
X-ray Imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material |
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Computed tomography angiography (CTA) |
Three-dimensional x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using a computed tomography |
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Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) |
Video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels |
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Electron Beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT) |
Electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early (CAD) |
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Doppler ultrasound studies |
Sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels |
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Echocardiography (ECHO) |
Echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart |
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Positron emission tomography (PET) scan |
Images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose |
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Technetium tc 99m sestamibi scan |
Technetium tc 99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning |
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Thallium 201 scan |
Concentration of radioactive thallium is is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle |
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Cardiac MRI |
Images of the heart are produced using radio wave energy in a magnetic field |
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Cardiac catheterization |
Thin, flexible tube is guided Into the Heart via a vein or an artery |
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Electrocardiography (ECG) |
Recording of electricity flowing through the heart |
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Holter monitoring |
An ECG device is worn during prolonged period to detect cardiac arrhythmias |
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Stress test |
Exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart's response to physical exertion (stress) |
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Catheter ablation |
Brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to ablate (remove) areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias |
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Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) |
Arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages |
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Defibrillation |
Brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation) |
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Endarterectomy |
Surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery |
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Extracorporeal circulation |
Heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired |
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Heart transplantation |
Donor heart is transferred to a recipient |
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Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) |
Balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place |
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Thrombolytic therapy |
Drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis |
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Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) |
Placement of a balloon expandable aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter |
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Atheroma |
Atheromas are collections of plaque that protrude into the Lumen (opening) of an artery, weakening the muscle lining |
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Atherosclerosis |
The major form of atherosclerosis in which deposits of yellow plaque (atheromas) containing cholesterol and lipids are found within the lining of an artery |
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Cardiomyopathy |
One type of cardiomyopathy is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, abnormal thickening of heart muscle, usually in the left ventricle. The ventricle has to work harder to pump the blood. The condition may be inherited or developed over time because of high blood pressure or ageing. Often the cause is unknown (idiopathic) |
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Bradycardia |
Slower than 60 beats per minute. Normal pulse is about 60 to 100 beats per minute |
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Tachycardia |
Faster than 100 beats per minute. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) involves rapid beats coming from the Atria (above the ventricles) and causing palpation (abnormal Sensations in the chest) |
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Cardiogenic shock |
Results from failure of the heart and it's pumping action. Shock is circulatory failure associated with inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to body tissues |
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Hypercholesterolemia |
Statins are drugs that work by blocking a key enzyme in the production of cholesterol by the liver |
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Coronary arteries |
These arteries come down over the top of the Heart Like a crown |
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Cyanosis |
This bluish discoloration of the skin indicates diminished oxygen content of the blood |
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Myxoma |
A benign tumour derived from connective tissue, with cells embedded in soft mucoid stromal tissue. These rare tumours occur most frequently in the left atrium |
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Hypoxia |
Inadequate oxygen in tissues. Anoxia is an extreme form of hypoxia |
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Pericardiocentesis |
Removal of excess fluid from the pericardial space |
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Phlebotomy |
A phlebotomist is trained in opening veins for phlebotomy |
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Thrombophlebitis |
Often shortened to phlebitis. If the affected vein is deep within a muscle, the condition is deep vein thrombosis (DVT) |
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Arrhythmia |
Dysrhythmias is also used to describe an abnormal heart rhythm |
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Sphygmomanometer |
A Sphygmomanometer measures pressure |
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Stethoscope |
A misnomer because examination is by ear, not by eye. Auscultation means listening to sounds within the body, typically using a stethoscope |
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Valvuloplasty |
A balloon-tipped catheter dilates a cardiac valve |
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Mitral valvulitis |
Commonly associated with rheumatic fever, and inflammatory disease caused by inadequate treatment of a streptococcal infection. An autoimmune reaction occurs, leading to inflammation and damage to heart valves |
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Vasoconstriction |
Construction means to tighten or narrow |
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Venous |
A venous cut-down is a small surgical incision to permit access to a collapsed vein. An intravenous infusion is delivery of fluids into a vein |
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Venipuncture |
This procedure is performed for phlebotomy or to start an intravenous infusion |
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RBBB and LBBB |
Right and left bundle branch block, common types of heart block. They involve delay or failure of impulses travelling through the right and left bundle branches to the ventricles |
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Atrial fibrillation (AF) |
The most common type of cardiac arrhythmia, electrical impulses move randomly throughout the Atria causing the Atria to quiver instead of contract in a coordinated rhythm |
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Palpitations |
Uncomfortable Sensations in the chest from missing Heartbeats |
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Paroxysmal AF |
Irregular heartbeats occur periodically and episodically |
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Permanent or persistent AF |
Irregular heartbeats continue indefinitely |
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Ventricular fibrillation VF |
Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles. This life-threatening situation may result in sudden cardiac death or cardiac arrest (sudden stoppage of heart movement) |
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Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) |
A small electrical device that is implanted inside the chest near the collarbone to sense arrhythmias and terminate them with an electric shock |
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Automatic external defibrillator (AED) |
Are used in an emergency situation to reverse ventricular fibrillation |
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Catheter ablation |
Is a minimally invasive treatments to treat cardiac arrhythmias |
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Systolic CHF |
There is reduced ejection fraction the amount of blood that leaves the left ventricle. Less blood is pumped from the heart. In diastolic CHF fluid backs up in the lungs and other parts of the body |
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Pulmonary edema |
Fluid accumulation in the lungs |
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Ventricular assist device |
Is a booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a cannula tube inserted into the left ventricle |
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Thrombotic occlusion |
Blocking of the coronary artery by a clot |
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Ischemia |
Blood flow is decreased or stopped entirely leading to death necrosis of a part of The myocardium |
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Myocardial infarction |
Heart attack |
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Acute coronary syndromes |
Conditions caused by myocardial ischemia, these conditions are unstable angina chest pain at rest or (chest pain of increasing frequency) and myocardial infarction heart attack |
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Bacterial endocarditis |
Damage to the heart valves from infection produces lesions called vegetations, that break off into the bloodstream as in Bully the mbali can Lodge and other vessels leading to a transient ischemic attack, or a stroke or in small vessels of the skin, where multiple pinpoint hemorrhages are known as petechiae |
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A bruit |
Is a murmur heard on auscultation. It is a turbulent flow of blood through a vessel. A thrill, which is a vibration felt on palpation of the chest, often accompanies a murmur |
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Pericardial friction rub |
Heard of the scraping or grating sound. Compression of the heart caused by collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity is cardiac tamponade |
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Pulmonary embolism |
Clot travels to the lung |
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Essential hypertension and secondary hypertension |
Most high blood pressure is essential hypertension, secondary hypertension is the increase in pressure caused by another Associated lesion, such as glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, or vascular disease, or disease of the adrenal glands |
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Intermittent claudication |
Absence of pain or discomfort in a leg at rest, but pain, tension, and weakness after walking has begun |
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Troponin-i troponin-t |
Troponin is a heart muscle protein released into circulation after myocardial injury |
