Medical 9-Ms53-Assessment Musculoskeletal System

Front 1

Bones are classified by?

Back 1

shape and structure

Front 2

Femur is example of a _____ bone?

Back 2

long

Front 3

Long bones are cylindrical with ______ ends and often bear weight.

Back 3

rounded

Front 4

Short bones, such as the ______, are small and bear little or no weight.

Back 4

phalanges

Front 5

Flat bones, such as the ____, protect vital organs and often contain blood-forming cells.

Back 5

scapula

Front 6

Bones that have unique shapes are known as ______ bones.

Back 6

irregular

Front 7

The carpal bones in the wrist and the small bones in the inner ear are examples of _____ bones

Back 7

irregular

Front 8

The ____ bone is the least common type and develops within a tendon (ex: patella)

Back 8

sesamoid

Front 9

The cortex is the _____ layer of bone.

Back 9

outer

Front 10

The cortex is composed of dense, _____ bone tissue

Back 10

compact

Front 11

The inner layer, in the medulla, contains _____, ____ tissue

Back 11

spongy
cancellous

Front 12

The long bone typically has a shaft, or _____ , and two knoblike ends, or _____

Back 12

diaphysis
epiphyses

Front 13

What is the haversian system?

Back 13

a complex canal network containing microscopic blood vessels, which supply nutrients and oxygen to bone

Front 14

What is lacunae?

Back 14

small cavities that house osteocytes (bone cells)...the canals run longitudinally within the hard, cortical bone tissue

Front 15

What does cancellous tissue contain?

Back 15

large spaces or trabeculae, which are filled with red and yellow marrow

Front 16

What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?

Back 16

it's the production of blood cells and occurs in red marrow

Front 17

What does yellow marrow contain and how can it be life-threatening?

Back 17

fat cells, which can be dislodged and enter the bloodstream to cause fat embolism syndrome (FES), a life-threatening complication

Front 18

What do Volkmann's canals connect?

Back 18

bone marrow vessels with haversian system and periosteum

Front 19

What is periosteum?

Back 19

the outermost covering of the bone...the osteogenic cells are found in the deepest layer of the periosteum

Front 20

osteoblasts

Back 20

bone-forming cells

Front 21

osteoclasts

Back 21

bone-destroying cells

Front 22

What does the matrix (osteoid) consist of?

Back 22

collagen
mucopolysaccharides
lipids

Front 23

What are calcium salts composed of?

Back 23

carbonate and phosphate

Front 24

What provides the hardness of bone?

Back 24

deposits of inorganic calcium salts

Front 25

The estimated total blood flow of bone is between ____ and ____ mL/min

Back 25

200
400

Front 26

Each bone has a principal nutrient _____, which enters near the middle of the shaft and branches into _____ and _____ vessels

Back 26

artery
ascending
descending

Front 27

The blood vessels in the bone supply the ____, ____, and ______ system

Back 27

cortex
marrow
haversian

Front 28

The sparse nerve supply of bone is supplied by?

Back 28

sympathetic and afferent (sensory) fibers

Front 29

What controls dilation of blood vessels?

Back 29

sympathetic nerve fibers

Front 30

Which fibers transmit pain signals experienced by clients who have primary lesions of the bone?

Back 30

afferent nerve fibers

Front 31

The skeletal system provides a framework for the body and allows the body to be ___ _____, or upright

Back 31

weight bearing

Front 32

The skeletal system supports the surrounding tissues (e.g., _____ and ___)

Back 32

muscle
tendons

Front 33

The skeletal system assists in movement through ____ attachment and ____ formation.

Back 33

muscle
joint

Front 34

The skeletal system protects vital organs, such as ____ and ____

Back 34

heart
lungs

Front 35

The skeletal system manufactures blood cells in ___ ___ ____.

Back 35

red bone marrow

Front 36

The skeletal system provides storage for mineral salts (e.g., ____ and _____ )

Back 36

calcium
phosphorus

Front 37

Which minerals and hormones affect bone growth and metabolism?

Back 37

androgens
calcitonin
calcium
estrogens
glucocorticoids
growth hormone
insulin
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
phosphorus
thyroxine
vitamin D

Front 38

What percentage of calcium in the body does bone account for?

Back 38

99%

Front 39

What percentage of phosphorus in the body does bone account for?

Back 39

90%

Front 40

The serum concentrations of calcium and phosphorus maintain an _____ relationship.

Back 40

inverse...so as serum levels of calcium increase, phosphorus levels decrease

Front 41

What maintains equilibrium when serum levels of calcium and phosphorus are altered?

Back 41

calcitonin and PTH

Front 42

If the calcium level of the blood is decreased, the bone, which stores calcium, releases calcium into the _____ system in response to ____ stimulation

Back 42

vascular
PTH

Front 43

Calcitonin is produced by?

Back 43

thyroid gland

Front 44

Calcitonin decreases?

Back 44

the serum calcium concentration if it is increased above its normal level

Front 45

Calcitonin _______ bone resorption and ______ renal excretion of calcium and phosphorus as needed to maintain equilibrium?

Back 45

inhibits
increases

Front 46

Vitamin D and its metabolites are produced in the body and transported in the 1______ to promote the absorption of 2_____ and 3_____ from the small intestine

Back 46

1 blood
2 calcium
3 phosphorus

Front 47

Vitamin D and its metabolites seems to enhance 1____ activity in the release of calcium from the bone

Back 47

1 PTH

Front 48

A decrease in the body's vitamin D level can result in?

Back 48

osteomalacia in the adult...so offer an external sourse of Vitamin D if this is the case

Front 49

When serum calcium levels are lowered, _1_____ secretion increases and stimulates 2_____ to promote osteo-3______ activity and RELEASE calcium to the blood.

Back 49

1 PTH
2 bone
3 -clastic

Front 50

PTH _____ the renal excretion of calcium and facilitates its absorption from the intestine

Back 50

reduces

Front 51

When serum calcium levels increase, PTH secretion 1_____to preserve the bone calcium supply

Back 51

1 diminishes

Front 52

1____ hormone secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary gland is responsible for 2____ bone length and determining the amount of bone matrix formed before puberty.

Back 52

1 Growth
2 increasing

Front 53

If too much growth hormone is secreted during childhood, _____ can occur

Back 53

gigantism

Front 54

If not enough growth hormone is secreted during childhood, _____ can occur.

Back 54

dwarfism

Front 55

In the adult, an increase causes _____, which is characterized by bone and soft-tissue deformities

Back 55

acromegaly

Front 56

What regulates protein metabolism?

Back 56

adrenal glucocorticoids

Front 57

How do adrenal glucocorticoids regulate protein metabolism?

Back 57

by either increasing or decreasing catabolism to reduce or intensify the organic matrix of bone...glucocorticoids also aid in regulating intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption

Front 58

How do estrogens affect osteoblastic and PTH activity?

Back 58

stimulates osteoblastic activity

inhibits PTH activity

Front 59

When estrogen levels decline at menopause, women are susceptible to low serum 1_____ levels with subsequent bone loss (osteoporosis).

Back 59

1 calcium

Front 60

Androgens, such as testosterone, promote _____ and increase bone mass.

Back 60

anabolism

Front 61

External sources of _____ and ______ may be prescribed for clients at risk for or diagnosed with osteoporosis.

Back 61

estrogen
testosterone

Front 62

_______is one of the principal hormones secreted by the thyroid gland.

Back 62

Thyroxine

Front 63

Thyroxine's primary function is to increase the rate of _____ synthesis in all types of tissue, including bone.

Back 63

protein

Front 64

Insulin works together with ______ hormone to build and maintain healthy bone tissue.

Back 64

growth

Front 65

What is a joint (articulation)?

Back 65

a space in which two or more bones come together

Front 66

What is the primary function of a joint?

Back 66

to provide movement and flexibility in the body

Front 67

The three types of joints are?

Back 67

synarthroidial
amphiarthrodial
diarthrodial

Front 68

What is an example synarthrodial (completely immovable) joints found?

Back 68

cranium

Front 69

What is an example of an amphiarthrodial (slightly movable) joint?

Back 69

pelvis

Front 70

What is an example of a diarthrodial (synovial), or freely movable joint?

Back 70

elbow
knee

Front 71

Which type of 3 joints is most commonly affected by disease or injury?

Back 71

diarthrodial (synovial)

Front 72

Why are synovial joints so named?

Back 72

because they are the only type lined with synovium

Front 73

What is synovium?

Back 73

a membrane that secretes synovial fluid for lubrication and shock absorption

Front 74

What does the synovium line?

Back 74

the internal portion of the joint capsule

Front 75

Where does the synovium NOT extend?

Back 75

onto the surface of the cartilage at the spongy bone ends

Front 76

Articular (joint) cartilage consists of a ______ fiber matrix impregnated with a complex ground substance

Back 76

collagen

Front 77

Clients with inflammatory types of arthritis often have ____

Back 77

synovitis (synovial inflammation) and breakdown of the cartilage

Front 78

What are bursae?

Back 78

small sacs lined with synovial membrane, are located at joints and bony prominences to prevent friction between bone and structures adjacent to bone...inflamed bursa is called BURSITIS

Front 79

The shoulders and hip permit motion in any direction and are called?

Back 79

ball-and-socket joints

Front 80

The elbow allows motion in one plane, flexion, and extension and is called?

Back 80

hinge joint

Front 81

The knee is often classified as a HINGE joint, but it rotates slightly, as well as flexes and extends and is best described as a _____ type of synovial (diarthrodial) joint.

Back 81

condylar

Front 82

The gliding movement of the wrist is characteristic of the _____ joint.

Back 82

biaxial

Front 83

_____ joints permit rotation only, as in the radioulnar area

Back 83

Pivot

Front 84

There are 3 types of muscle in the body?

Back 84

smooth
cardiac
skeletal

Front 85

ANS controls smooth, or non-striated, involuntary muscle which is responsible for?

Back 85

contractions of organs and blood vessels

Front 86

Where in the organs is smooth muscle found?

Back 86

intestines (peristalsis)
uterus (contractions)
throat (swallowing)
bladder (contraction)
blood vessels (dilation and
constriction)
respiratory tubes
(contraction and dilation)

Front 87

How does smooth muscle regulate integumentary system?

Back 87

Smooth muscles around blood vessels regulate the flow of blood to the superficial dermis

smooth muscles of the arrector pili elevate hairs.

Front 88

How does smooth muscle regulate cardiovascular system?

Back 88

Smooth muscles encircling blood vessels control the distribution of blood and help regulate blood pressure.

Front 89

How does smooth muscle regulate respiratory system?

Back 89

Smooth muscle contraction or relaxation alters the diameters of the respiratory passageways and changes the resistance to airflow.

Front 90

How does smooth muscle regulate digestive system?

Back 90

Extensive layers of smooth muscle in the walls of the digestive tract play an essential role in moving materials along the tract. Smooth muscle in the walls of the gallbladder contract to eject bile into the digestive tract.

Front 91

How does smooth muscle regulate urinary system?

Back 91

Smooth muscle tissue in the walls of small blood vessels alters the rate of filtration at the kidneys. Layers of smooth muscle in the walls of the ureters transport urine to the urinary bladder; the contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder forces urine out of the body.

Front 92

How does smooth muscle regulate reproductive system?

Back 92

Layers of smooth muscle help move sperm along the reproductive tract in males and cause the ejection of glandular secretions from the accessory glands into the reproductive tract. In females, layers of smooth muscle help move oocytes (and perhaps sperm) along the reproductive tract, and contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the uterus expels the fetus at delivery.

Front 93

Striated or non-striated?
What is cardiac muscle?

Back 93

striated

Front 94

Striated or non-striated?
What is smooth muscle?

Back 94

non-striated

Front 95

Striated or non-striated?
What is skeletal muscle?

Back 95

striated

Front 96

Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle and is controlled by?

Back 96

central and peripheral nervous systems

Front 97

The autonomic nervous system is comprised of (2)?

Back 97

sympathetic and parasympatheic nervous system

Front 98

What is the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system?

Back 98

?

Front 99

The junction of a peripheral motor nerve and the muscle cells that it supplies is sometimes referred to as a _____ ____ _____

Back 99

motor end plate

Front 100

Muscle fibers are held in place by ____ _____ in bundles, or fasciculi.

Back 100

connective tissue

Front 101

The entire muscle is surrounded by dense, fibrous tissue, or _____, which contains the muscle's blood, lymph, andn nerve supply.

Back 101

fascia

Front 102

During the aging process, muscle tissue fibers _____ in size and number, even in well-conditioned people.
Also, bone density decreases.

Back 102

decrease

Front 103

What kind of cartilage is found in joints?

Back 103

articular

Front 104

What kind of cartilage connects sternum to rib cage?

Back 104

costal

Front 105

What kind of cartilage is in the septum of the nose, larynx, and trachea?

Back 105

hyaline

Front 106

What kind of cartilage is found in the external ear and epiglottis?

Back 106

yellow

Front 107

Tendons are bands of tough, fibrous tissue that attach ____ to _____.

Back 107

muscles to bones

Front 108

Ligaments attach ______ to ____ at joints.

Back 108

bones to bones

Front 109

What does a decrease in bone density cause in elders?

Back 109

postural changes

Front 110

What can age-related postural changes predispose a person to?

Back 110

fractures (osteoporosis)

Front 111

As a person ages, synovial joint cartilage can become less 1______ and 2______ as a person ages...these changes can cause trauma to joint cartilage...resulting in 3_____

Back 111

1 elastic
2 compressible
3 osteoarthritis

Front 112

Genetic defects in cartilage may contribute to _____ disease.

Back 112

joint

Front 113

The most common joints affected are ____-____ joints of the hip, knee, and cervical and lumbar spine, but joints in the shoulder and upper extremity , feet, and hands can be affected.

Back 113

weight-bearing

Front 114

African American men typically have _____ bones than African American women.

Back 114

denser

Front 115

_____ women have the least amount of bone density of any group, which makes them more likely to have osteoporosis.

Back 115

White

Front 116

What is lactose intolerance and which foods are high in lactose?

Back 116

inability to convert lactose to glucose and galactose

milk and dairy products

Front 117

Lactose intolerant individuals should get their calcium from the following?

Back 117

dark, green leafy vegetables

Front 118

What are 7 changes in the musculoskeletal system related to aging?

Back 118

1. decreased bone density
2. increased bone prominence
3. kyphotic posture; widened
gait, shift in the center
of gravity
4. cartilage degeneration
5. decreased ROM
6. muscle atrophy, decreased
strength
7. slowed movement

Front 119

Elderly with decreased bone density are at increased risk for fractures and should?

Back 119

learn safety tips to prevent falls...
exercise, esp. weightbearing

Front 120

Elderly with increased bone prominence are at risk for skin breakdown due to less soft tissue and should?

Back 120

prevent pressure on bone prominences

Front 121

Elderly with kyphotic posture (widened gait, shift in center of gravity) are at increased risk for further deformity and should?

Back 121

learn proper body mechanics esp, by sitting in supportive chairs with arms

Front 122

Elderly with cartilage degeneration can be helped by?

Back 122

providing moist heat, such as shower or warm, moist compresses as moist heat increases blood flow to the area

Front 123

Elderly with decreased ROM can be helped by?

Back 123

assessing the client's ability to perform ADLs and mobility...the client may need assistance with self-care skills

Front 124

Elderly with muscle atrophy and decreased strength can increase strength by?

Back 124

performing isometric exercises

Front 125

Elderly develop slowed movements...help them by?

Back 125

not rushing them as they become frustrated if hurried