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241 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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mitosis
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cell division
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growth that causes tissue to increase in size by enlarging each cell
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hypertrophy
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growth that causes tissue to increase in size by increasing number of cells
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hyperplasia
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any new or continued cell growth not needed for normal development or replacement of dead and damaged tissue
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neoplasia
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Diet teaching tip is to limit dietray fat, smoked _____, and ___ meats
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meat
red |
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without shape or differentiation, small and round
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anaplastic
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more or less than the normal number of chromosomes
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aneuploid
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the finite life span of normal cells, "programmed cell death"
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apopotosis
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new, nonmalignant cell growth not needed for normal growth or replacement
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benign
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transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell
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carcinogenesis
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amount of time it takes for a tumor to double in size by mitotic cell divisions
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doubling time
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the normal chromosome number
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euploid
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large extracellular, tranformation-sensitive cell surface protein present on normal cells that allows normal cells to adhere tightly together
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fibronectin
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activation , or "turning on", of a specific gene to extent that it synthesizes a specific protein that influences the activity of a cell or group of cells
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gene suppression
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period of time necessary for one cell to enter and
complete one round of cell division by mitosis |
initiation
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period of time between when a carcinogenic agent or substance damaged the DNA of a normal cell (initiated it) and when an overt cancer is present
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latency
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cancerous, new growth of cells by invasion that is not needed for normal development or tissue replacement
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malignant
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invasive growth of cancer cells from the original tumor into distant areas
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metastasis
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cell division by exact duplication
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mitosis
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appearance of shape
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morphology
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an undifferentiated cell that has multiple potential for maturation and differentiation (also called totipotent and pluripotent)
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multipotent
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new cell growth not needed for normal body growth or replacement of dead or missing tissue
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neoplasia
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a development gene (proto-oncogene) expressed at an inappropriat time, capable of transforming a normal cell into a cancer cell
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oncogene
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chromosome content of a cell
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ploidy
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chromosome content of a cell that is greater or lesser than the normal chromosome number for the species
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aneuploid ploidy
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normal chromosome content of a cell for species (e.g.> human cells have 46 chromosomes {23 pairs} per cell)
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diploid (euploid) ploidy
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tumor formed in a specific tissue as a result of a carcinogenic agent or event
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primary tumor
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enhancement of cell division in a cell initiated by a carcinogen
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promotion
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development gene expressed during early embryonic development
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proto-oncogene
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tumor formed as a result of breaking off from a primary tumor and spreading to distant sites (metastasis)
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secondary tumor
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a gene that suppresses the expression of an oncogene
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suppressor gene
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changing of a normal cell into a cancer cell by a carcinogenic agent or event
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transformation
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cell division of a normal cell
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none or slow
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cell division of an embryonic cell
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rapid, continuous
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cell division of a benign tumor cell
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continuous or inappropriate
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cell division of a malignant cell
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rapid or continuous
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appearance of a normal cell
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specific morphologic features
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appearance of an embryonic cell
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anaplastic
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appearance of a benign tumor cell
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specific morphologic features
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appearance of a malignant cell
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anaplastic
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nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of a normal cell
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small
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nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of an embryonic cell
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large
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nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of a benign tumor cell
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small
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nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of a malignant cell
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large
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differentiated functions of normal cell
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many
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differentiated functions of embryonic cell
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none
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differentiated functions of benign tumor cell
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many
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differentiated functions of malignant cell
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some or none
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adherence of normal cell
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tight
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adherence of embryonic cell
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none
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adherence of benign tumor cell
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tight
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adherence of malignant cell
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some or none
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migratory of normal cell
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no
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migratory of embryonic cell
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yes
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migratory of benign tumor cell
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no
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migratory of malignant cell
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yes
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growth of normal cell
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well regulated
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growth of embryonic cell
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well regulated
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growth of benign tumor cell
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expansion
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growth of malignant cell
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invasion
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chromosomes of normal cell
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diploid (euploid)
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chromosomes of embryonic cell
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diploid (euploid)
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chromosomes of benign tumor cell
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diploid (euploid)
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chromosomes of malignant cell
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aneuploid
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mitotic index of normal cell
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low
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mitotoic index of embryonic cell
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high
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mitotic index of benign tumor cell
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low
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mitotic index of malignant cell
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high
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Neoplastic cells originate from ____ body cells
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normal
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transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell involves mutation of the _____ ( ) of the normal cell
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genes (DNA)
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Early embryonic genes that are _________ can cause a cell to develop into a tumor
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overexpressed
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Only one cell has to undergo ______ transformation for cancer to begin
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malignant
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Benign tumors grow by _____, whereas malignant tumors grow by invasion
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expansion
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Most ____ arise from cells that are capable of cell division
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tumors
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A key feature of cancer cells is the loss of _____. These cells have an "infinite" life span
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apoptosis
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_______ prevention of cancer involves avoiding exposure to known causes of cancer
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Primary
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______ prevention of cancer involves screening for early detection
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Secondary
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______ use is a causative or permissive factor in 30% of all malignant neoplasms
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30%
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Tumors that metastasize from the _____ site into another organ are still designated as tumors of the originating tissue
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primary
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Carcinogen for?
breast colon esophagus liver mouth pharynx rectum |
alcoholic beverages
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Carcinogen for?
liver |
anabolic steroids
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carcinogen for?
lung skin |
arsenic
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carcinogen for?
lung pericardium peritoneum pleura |
asbestos
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carcinogen for?
myelogenous leukemia |
benzene
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carcinogen for?
acute leukemia lymphoma |
chemotherapy drugs
alkylating agents anthracycline antibiotics antimetabolites |
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carcinogen for?
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma |
cyclosporine
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carcinogen for?
lung |
diesel exhaust
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carcinogen for?
nasopharynx |
formaldehyde
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carcinogen for?
bladder |
hair dyes
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carcinogen for?
bone marrow many organs thyroid |
ionizing radiation
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carcinogen for?
skin |
mineral oils
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carcinogen for?
lung |
pesticides
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carcinogen for?
lung skin scrotum |
polycyclic hydrocarbons
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carcinogen for?
skin liver |
polychlorinated biphenyls
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carcinogen for?
skin eyes |
sunlight
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carcinogen for?
bladder colon esophagus kidney larynx leukemia liver lung mouth pancreas pharynx stomach |
tobacco
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Common sites of metastasis for breast cancer?
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brain
bone liver lung |
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Common sites of metastasis for lung cancer?
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bone
brain liver lymph pancreas |
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Common sites of metastasis
for colorectal cancer? |
adjacent structures
liver lymph nodes |
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Common sites of metastasis for prostate cancer?
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bone (esp spine and legs)
pelvic nodes |
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Common sites of metastasis of melanoma?
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brain
gastrointestinal tract lung lymph nodes |
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Common sites of metastasis
of primary brain cancer? |
central nervous system
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What are the steps of metastasis in order?
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malignant transformation
tumor revascularization blood vessel penetration arrest and invasion |
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What is a malignant transformation?
Some normal 1_____ cells have undergone 2_____ transformation and have divided enough times to form a 3______area within the cuboidal epthelium |
1 cuboidal
2 malignant 3 tumorous |
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What is tumor vascularization?
Cancer cells secrete tumor 1_____ factor (TAF), stimulating the blood vessels to bud and form new channels that grow into the tumor |
1 angiogenesis
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What is blood vessel penetration?
Cancer cells have broken off from the main tumor. 1____ on the surface of the tumor cells make holes in the blood vessels, allowing 2____ _____ to enter blood vessel and travel around the body. |
1 enzymes
2 cancer cells |
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What is arrest and invasion?
Cancer cells clump up in ____ ____ ____ and invade new tissue areas. If the new tissue areas have the right conditions to support continued growth of cancer cells, new tumors called ____ ____ will form at this site. |
blood vessel walls
metastatic tumors |
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adeno-
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epithelial glands
b-adenoma m-adenocarcinoma |
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chondro-
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cartilage
b-chondroma m-chondrosarcoma |
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fibro-
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fibrous connective
b-fibroma m-fibrosarcoma |
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glio-
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glial cells (brain)
b-glioma m-glioblastoma |
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hemangio-
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blood vessel
b-hemangioma m-hemangiosarcoma |
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hepato-
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liver
b-hepatoma m-hepatocarcinoma m-hepatoblastoma |
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leiomyo-
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smooth muscle
b-leiomyoma m-leiomyosarcoma |
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lipo-
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fat/adipose
b-lipoma m-liposarcoma |
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lympho-
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lymphoid tissues
malignant lymphomas Hodgkin's lymphoma non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Burkitt's lymphoma cutaneous t-cell |
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melano-
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pigment-producing skin
m-melanoma |
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meningio-
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meninges
b-meningioma m-malignant meningioma |
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neuro-
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nerve tissue
b-neuroma m-neurosarcoma |
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neuro-
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nerve tissue
b-neurofibroma m-neuroblastoma |
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osteo-
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bone
b-osteoma m-osteosarcoma |
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renal-
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kidney
m-renal cell carcinoma |
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rhabdo-
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skeletal muscle
b-rhabdomyoma m-rhabdomyosarcoma |
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squamous
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epithelial layer of skin,
mucous membranes, and organ linings b-papilloma m-squamous cell carcinoma of skin, bladde, lungs, cervix |
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Gx
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grade cannot be determined
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G1
tumor cells are ____-_____ and closely resemble the normal cells from which they arose...this grade is considered a low grade of ____ change...these tumors are malignant but are relatively ____ growing |
well-differentiated
malignant slow |
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G2
tumor cells are moderately _____; they still retain some of the characteristics of normal cells but also have more _____ characteristics than do G1 tumor cells |
differentiated
malignant |
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G3
tumor cells are poorly differentiated, but the ____ of origin can usually be established...the cells have few ____ cell characteristics |
tissue
normal |
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G4
tumor cells are poorly ______ and retain normal cell characteristics... determination of the tissue of origin is difficult and perhaps impossible |
differentiated
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Grading of malignant tumor scale?
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Gx
G1 G2 G3 G4 |
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What grade of malignant tumor is one which tumor cells are poorly differentiated and retain no normal cell characteristics...determination of the tissue of origin is difficult and perhaps impossible
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G4
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What grade of malignant tumor is the one in which tumor cells are moderately differentiated, they still retain some of the characteristics of normal cells but also have more malignant characteristics than do G1 tumor cells
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G2
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The grade of malignant tumor in which the grade cannot be determined is?
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Gx
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The grade of malignant tumors in which the tumor cells are well differentiated and closely resemble the normal cells from which they arose...this grade is considered a low grade malignant change...these tumors are malignant but are relatively slow growing
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G1
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The grade of malignant tumors in which the tumor cells are poorly differentiated, but the tissue of origin can usually be established
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G3
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Malignancies associated wtih tobacco use?
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bladder
cervical esophageal kidney laryngeal liver lung myeloid leukemia oral cavity pancreatic pharyngeal |
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Burkitt's lymphoma
B-cell lymphoma nasopharyngeal carcinoma these are malignancies associated with a known viral origin called? |
Epstein-Barr virus
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primary liver carcinoma is a malignancy assoicated with a known viral origin called?
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hepatitis B virus
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cervical carcinoma
vulvar carcinoma other anogenital carcinomas these are malignancies associated with a known viral origin called? |
human papillomavirus
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adult T-cell leukemia is a malignancy associated with a known viral origin called?
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human lymphotrophic virus type 1
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hairy cell leukemia is a malignancy associated with a known viral origin of?
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human lymphotrophic virus type II
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avoid excessive intake of _____ fat and eat more bran to reduce cancer risk.
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animal
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to reduce cancer risk, avoid ____ which are found in lunch meats, sausage, bacon
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nitrites
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to reduce cancer risk, minimize intake of ____ meat
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red
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Keep your _____ consumption to no more than one or two drinks per day
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alcohol
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To reduce cancer risk, eat more ______ vegetables, such as broccoli, cauliflower, Brussel sprouts, and cabbage
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cruciferous
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to reduce risk of cancer, eat foods high in ____ ____
(such as apricots, carrots, and leafy green and yellow vegetables) and _____ ___(such as fresh fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits) |
vitamin A
vitamin C |
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An assessment consideration for colorectal cancer is to ask client whether ___ ____ have changed over the past year
e.g. in consistency, frequency, or color |
bowel habits
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An assessment consideration for colorectal cancer is to ask client if there is any obvious _____ in the stool?
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blood
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An assessment consideration for colorectal cancer is to test at least one stool specimen for ___ ___ during client's hospitalization.
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occult blood
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An assessment consideration for colorectal cancer is to encourage the client to have a _____ colonoscopy
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baseline
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An assessment consideration for colorectal cancer is to encourage the client to reduce dietary intake of ____ fats, ___ meat, and ____ meats
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animal
meat smoked |
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An assessment consideration for colorectal cancer is to encourage the client to increase dietary intake of ____, _____, and _____
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bran
vegetables fruit |
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An assessment consideration for bladder cancer is to ask the patient about the presence of:
1_____ on urination 2_____ in the urine 3_____ urine 4_____ frequency or urgency |
1 pain
2 blood 3 cloudy 4 increased |
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Cancer assessment for prostate cancer includes asking the patient about 1______...change in the size of the urine 2____...pain in the back or 3____...history of urinary 4____ infections
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1 hesitancy
2 stream 3 legs 4 tract |
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Assessment consideration for skin cancer is to examine skin areas for _____ or _____
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moles
warts |
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Assessment consideration for skin cancer is to ask the client about changes in _____
(e.g., color, edges, or sensation) |
moles
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Assessment consideration for leukemia includes observing skin for ____, ____, ____.
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color
petechiae ecchymosis |
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When assessing for leukemia, ask the client about?
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bleeding tendency
bruising fatigue history of infections and illnesses night sweats unexplained fevers |
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When assessing for lung cancer, observe the skin and mucous membranes for 1____...
how many words can the patient say between 2____... ask the client about 3 activity tolerance cough difficulty swallowing exposure to inhalation irritants frothy or bloody sputum hoarseness pain in the arms or chest shortness of breath smoking history |
1 color
2 breaths 3 activity tolerance |
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Know acronym for the seven warning signs of cancer?
CAUTION |
C-changes in bowel or bladder habits
A-a sore that does not heal U-unusual bleeding or discharge T-thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere I-indigestion or difficulty swallowing O-obvious change in a wart or mole N-nagging cough or hoarseness |
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Types of inherited cancers?
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breast cancer
prostate cancer ovarian cancer |
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Type of familial clustering?
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breast cancer
melanoma |
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Type of Bloom syndrome?
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leukemia
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Type of familial polyposis?
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colorectal cancer
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Type of chromosomal aberrations
Down syndrome (47 chromosomes) Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) Turner's syndrome (45, XO) |
leukemia
breast cancer leukemia gonadal carcinoma meningioma colorectal cancer |
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Out of the list of racial differences in cancer development...African Americans stand alone in which type of cancer
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uterine
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Out of the list of racial differences in cancer development...Asians stand alone in which type of cancer?
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stomach
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Out of the list of racial differences in cancer development...Caucasian, African Americans, Asian, and Hispanic cultures have the following cancers in common?
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lung
breast colorectal prostate |
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What is the purpose of apoptosis?
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ensures each organ has adequate number of cells at functional peak
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What do liver cells make?
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bile
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What does fibronectin do?
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a type of protein which keeps most normal tissues bound tightly to each other...rbcs and wbcs don't do this...this makes rbcs and wbcs migratory
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What are the cells called that are living but not actively reproducing...in a resting state
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Go
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During Go period, cells actively carry out their functions, but do not___
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divide
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Like nonpregnant women, normal cells spend most of their time in which state?
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Go
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The steps of entering and completing the cell cycle are predominantly regulated by proteins produced by ___ ____...limit cell division
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"suppressor genes"
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What are the proteins called that allow resting cells to go from the Go state and enter into different phases of the cell cycle....promote cell division?
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cyclins
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Suppressor genes control the?
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cyclins
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How are the phases of the cell cycle divided (4)?
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G1
S G2 M |
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What is the phase of cell cycle whereby the cell is getting ready for division by taking on extra nutrients, making more energy, and growing extra membrane...the amount of cell fluid (cytoplasm) also increases
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G1 phase
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What is the phase of cell cycle where the cell doubles its DNA content through DNA synthesis
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S phase
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What is the phase of cell cycle where the cell makes important proteins that will be used in actual cell division and in normal physiologic function after cell division is complete
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G2 phase
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What is the phase of cell division where the single cell splits apart into two cells (actual mitosis)
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M phase
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What is contact inhibited?
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Normal cells don't divide unless some of its surface is not in direct contact with another cell
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Most normal human cells have ___ pairs of chromosomes.
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23
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What is generation time?
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the time it takes one cell to divide into two cells and ranges from 2-8 hrs
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Early embryonic cells have ____ telomeres that do not shorten with each cell division
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long
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Embryonic cells are not contact _____
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inhibited
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Suppression and expression of embryonic cells directs normal growth and _____ of specific body cells
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differentiation
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_____ tumor cells are normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time.
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Benign
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Examples of benign tumor cells are?
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endometriosis
moles uterine fibroid tumors skin tags nasal polyps |
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____ tumors look like the tissues they come from, retaining the specific morphology of parent cells.
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Benign
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Benign tumors grow by _____ expansion. They do not _____.
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hyperplastic
invade |
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Cancer cells do not respond to ______ signals and have an unlimited life span
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apoptotic
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As a cancer cell becomes even more malignant, it becomes ______ and _____
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smaller
rounded |
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The nucleus of the cancer cell is _____ than that of a normal cell, and the cancer cell is _____
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larger
small |
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Cancer cells serve ___ useful purpose
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NO
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Cancer cells do not make ____ so they easily break off from the main tumor
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fibronectin
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Benign tumor cells make _____ and bind tightly to one another.
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fibronectin
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Cancer cells continue to divide even when touched on all surface areas by other cells; thus their growth is NOT ___ ____
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contact inhibited
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What are other names for cancer development?
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carcinogenesis
oncogenesis |
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Define malignant transformation?
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process of changing a normal cell into a cancer cell...occurs through steps of initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis in this order
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What is the first step of carcinogenesis?
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initiation
(can be an irreversible event) |
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Pure carcinogens initially mutate a cell's genes and are thus called?
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initiators
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A cancer cell is not a health threat unless it can ____
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divide...if it can't divide, it can't form a tumor
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Since the breast is not a vital organ, a breast tumor alone would not cause patient death...it's the metastasis to a vital area that disrupts life.
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okay
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Three routes of spread are?
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local seeding
bloodborne metastasis lymphatic spread |
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What is local seeding?
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the shedding of cancer cells in the local area of the primary tumor
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What is bloodborne metastasis?
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tumor cell release into the blood...most common cause of cancer spread...become trapped in capillaries
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What is lymphatic spread?
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related to number, structure, and location of lymph nodes and vessels
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Grading the cells is one of the first steps in confirming ___ and is a means of evaluating the patient with cancer for _____
and appropriate therapy |
cancer
prognosis |
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What does staging determine?
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the exact location of the cancer and its degree of metastasis at diagnosis...influences selection of therapy
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What are the 3 staging phases?
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clinical
surgical pathologic |
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Which stage assesses the client's clinical manifestations and evaluate clinical signs for tumor size and possible spread...clinical tests are used and cancer cells may be obtained for biopsy, but clinical staging does not include major surgery
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clinical staging
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Which stage assesses the tumor size, number, sites, and spread by inspection at surgery
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surgical staging
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Which stage is the most definitive type...the tumor size, number, sites, and spread are determined by pathologic examination of tissues obtained at surgery
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pathologic staging
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Three interacting factors influence cancer development?
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exposure to carcinogens
genetic predisposition immune function |
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Mutations can damage ___ ___, preventing them from controlling expression of proto-oncogenes
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suppressor genes
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When proto-oncogenes are turned on, they are then called ____ and can cause cell to change from normal cells to cancer cells
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oncogenes
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There are about 70 identified _____ that are not abnormal but are part of every cell's normal makeup and were important in early development...oncogenes become a problem only if they are activated AFTER development is complete, as a result of exposure to _____ agents or events
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proto-oncogenes
carcinogenic |
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About ____ of cancer is North America may be the result of environmental, or external, factors
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80%
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When two carcinogens are taken together, they enhance each other's carcinogenic activity
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okay
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Cancers of ___ tissue, ____ muscle, and ____ muscle are rare because these cells do not normally undergo cell division
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nerve
cardiac skeletal |
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External factors causing cancer are?
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chemical carcinogenesis
physical carcinogenesis viral carcinogenesis |
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Examples of chemical carcinogenesis are?
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tobacco
alcohol |
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Examples of physical carcinogenesis are?
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radiation
chronic irritation tissue trauma |
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Even ____ doses of radiation affect cells, but they're temporary and can be repaired
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small
|
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Two types of radiation?
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ionizing
ultraviolet |
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Ionizing radiation can be found in?
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radon
uranium (found in rocks/soil) radium (found in rocks/soil) x-rays for diagnosis and treatment of disease cosmic radiation |
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Ultraviolet radiation can be found in?
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sun
tanning beds germicidal lights |
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Skin cancer is higher in people with ____ scars.
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burn
|
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___ _____ testing can confirm or rule out genetic risk for a few specific cancers
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peripheral blood
|
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Genetic tests DO NOT diagnose the presence of?
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cancer
|
|
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Define primary prevention?
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the use of strategies to prevent the actual occurrence of cancer...this method of cancer prevention is most effective when there is known cause for a cancer type
|
|
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Define secondary prevention?
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is the use of screening strategies to detect cancer early, at a time when cure or control is more likely
|
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Primary prevention measures are?
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avoiding tobacco
eliminating environmental asbestos avoiding sun exposure |
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Secondary prevention screening programs include yearly mammography for women older than age ____
|
40
|
|
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Secondary prevention screening programs include yearly clinical breast exam for women older than age ____ years
|
40
|
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Colonoscopy at age ____ years and then every ___ years
|
50
10 |
|
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Yearly fecal ____ blood in adults of all ages
|
occult
|
|
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Yearly prostate specific antigen (PSA) test and digital rectal exam (DRE) for men over age ___ years
|
50
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