Medic Chemistry

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Chemistry

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Science dealing with anatomic and molecular structure of matter and the composition of substances

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Organic chemistry

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Branch of chemistry dealing with substances that contain carbon compounds

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Atoms

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Smallest part of an element; contains nucleus (protons and neutrons) and electrons

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Molecule

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Chemical combination of 2+ atoms that form a specific compound; smallest quantity into which a substance can be divided

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Compound

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Substance composed of 2+ units or parts

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Ionic bond

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Created from donation of electrons between atoms

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Covalent bond

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Created from equal sharing of electrons between atoms

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Polar covalent bond

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Created from unequal sharing of electrons between atoms

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Hydrogen bond

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Created when hydrogen atom is shared by 2+ other atoms

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Cohesion

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Property of a substance to stick to itself

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Adhesion

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Property of a substance to stick to other things

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Solid

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Substance that maintains volume and shape at ordinary temperatures and pressures

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Liquid

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Substance that has constant volume but no fixed shape; will take on shape of its container

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Gas

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Substance that has neither constant volume nor shape; takes on the shape of its container and fills it regardless of volume

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Atomic weight

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Relative weight of an atom as compared w/ standard carbon isotope w/ mass of 12

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Molecular weight

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Weight of one mole (6.02 x 10^23) of molecules in grams

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Atomic number

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Number of protons in nucleus in atom

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Chemical reaction

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Process in which substance breaks up or combines w/ other substancnes to create new substances

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Metabolism

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Sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism

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Anabolism

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Process of building up

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Catabolism

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Process of breaking down

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Work

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Force applied moving a resistance

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Energy

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Capacity to do work

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Kinetic energy

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Energy of motion

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Potential energy

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Energy of position or structre

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Decomposition reaction

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Process of breaking down a molecule into smaller fragments or component parts

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Synthesis reaction

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Process of assembling larger molecules for smaller compoents

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Exchange reaction

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Process of interchanging parts of one molecule for parts of another molecule

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Exergonic reaction

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Process that releases energy (exo = outside)

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Endergonic reaction

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Process that absorbs energy (endo = inside)

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Reversible reaction

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Process that moves forwards as readily as backwards

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Concentration

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Number of atoms (or molecules or moles) in a specified volume, usu. litres

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Law of Mass Action

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Rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportionate to the concentrations of the reacting substances

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Catalyst

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Substance that speeds the rage of a chemical reaction w/o being permanently changed in the reaction

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Activation energy

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Amount of energy required to start a reaction

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Enzyme

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Biological catalyst; specialized protein

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Nutrients

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Essential chemical compounds obtained in diet

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Metabolites

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Organic or inorganic molecules that are the products of metabolism

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Hydrophilic

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Property of readily interacting with water

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Hydrophobic

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Property not readily interacting with water

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Inorganic compounds

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Typically do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms as primary structural ingredients

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Electrolyte

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Ionized salt in blood; conducts with electric current

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Salt

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Compound consisting of a positive ion other than hydrogen and a negative ion other than hydroxyl

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pH

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Measurement of hydrogen ions in solution

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Acid

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Releases hydrogen ions into solution; hydrogen donor; pH < 7

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Base

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Removes hydrogen ions from solution; hydrogen acceptor; pH > 7

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Strong acid/base

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Ionize completely in solution

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Weak acid/base

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Do not ionize completely in solution

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Acidosis

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Increase in acidity of blood

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Alkalosis

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Decrease in acidity of blood

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Buffer

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Removes or replaces hydrogen ions in solution

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Biomolecule

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Organic molecule found in living things, including carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, and nucleotides

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Carbohydrate

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Substance containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio at or near 1:2:1

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Dehydration synthesis

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Process in which two molecules are joined by removal of water from a molecule

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Hydrolysis

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Process in which a complex molecule is broken down by addition of water molecule

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Lipid

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Substance containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that does not approximate 1:2:1

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Fatty acid

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Hydrocarbon in which one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by a carboxyl (COOH) group

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Triglycerides

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Glycerol plus three fatty acids

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Glycerol

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Three-carbon alcohol

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Phospholipid

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Has phosphate-containing group at head, a glycerol backbone, and fatty acid chain(s)

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Phospholipid bilayer

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Descriptive of the outer layer of most cells, includes two layers of phospholipid layers arranged so that one part of each molecule is soluble in water and is hydrophilic; other is water insoluble and hydrophobic

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Micelle

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Globular structure in which polar head groups are surrounded by water and hydrocarbon tails are sequestered inside facing one another

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Eicosanoids

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One of the products of metabolism of arachidonic acid

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Steroids

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Hormones involved in cell membrane and structure are important in lipid digestion

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Proteins

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Class of compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur or ion

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Amino acids

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Building blocks of proteins

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Peptide

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Chain of 2 - 50 amino acids

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Polypeptide

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Sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

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Peptide bond

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Joining of COOH of one amino acid to amino group another amino acid by dehydration synthesis

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Primary structure

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Linear sequence of amino acids

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Secondary structure

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Formed by interaction of the chain of amino acids with itself by hydrogen bonding

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Alpha-helix

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Rod-like structure of polypeptide chain stabilized by hydrogen bonds between NH and CO groups of main chain

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Beta-pleated sheet

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Structural motif in which polypeptide chain is almost fully extended and stabilized by hydrogen bonds between NH and CO groups of different strands

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Tertiary structre

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Formation of bends and loops in polypeptide chain due to interactions between R groups

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Quaternary structure

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Formation of complex structures when different polypeptide chains interact with each other

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Lock and key model

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Enzyme will catalyze only one type of reaction and can accommodate only one type of substrate molecule

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Saturation limit

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Point during an enzymatic reaction in which all enzyme molecules are occupied by substrate molecules

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Coenzyme

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Cofactor, usually derived from vitamins that activate or "turn on" an enzyme

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Nucleotide

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Substance consisting of a sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group

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Nucleic acid

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Chain of nucleotides, including DNA and RNA

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Purines

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Double-ringed nitrogenous base

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Pyrimidines

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Single-ringed nitrogenous base

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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

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Single-stranded nucleic acid responsible for protein synthesis

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Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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Single-stranded nucleic acid primarily responsible for protein synthesis cytoplasm

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Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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Carries amino acid groups to ribosome for protein synthesis

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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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Attached to ribosomes and thought to assist in protein synthesis

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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Double-stranded nucleic acid that stores genetic code

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Law of Complimentary Base Paring

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Because of the shapes of the bases, adenine can only pair with thymine, and guanine can only pair with cytosine

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High-energy bond

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Covalent bond whose breakdown releases energy that can be harnessed by the cell

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Adenosine diphosphate

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Adenine nucleoside with two phosphate groups attached