Mediated Comm. Theory Exam 2

Front 1

Control over the flow of news information by media professionals is a function called ___ ____. Journalists, editors, and broadcasters allow certain amount of news to pass through to the public each day, but time and space restraints force them to "shut the gates" and stop the flow of most information.

Back 1

Gate keeping

Front 2

The first phase of agenda setting is the ___ ___. Published in 1972 by ____ and ____, it came to be known as the ____ ___ study.

Back 2

initial study

McCombs and Shaw

Chapel Hill

Front 3

The Chapel Hill study was designed to test the influence of ____ ____ on public perceptions of the importance of issues. By comparing the opinions of local voters on what issues are most important with the content being depicted in local news media, McCombs and Shaw found that there were almost identical "agendas" on the part of the general public and the news media.

Back 3

campaign coverage

Front 4

The second phase of agenda setting is _____. This phase began with McCombs and Shaw's second study in 1976, which sought to identify the causal directions for agenda setting effects and contingent conditions for such effects in the 1972 election. Found that users with a greater need for ____ to their world, AND, voters who used mass media more _____ were more likely to exhibit salience.

Back 4

replication

orientation

frequently

Front 5

The third phase of agenda setting is ____ ____. This phase was an expansion of the original idea of agenda setting to include the areas of candidate ______ and the images of candidates portrayed in the media.

Back 5

contingent factors

characteristics

Front 6

The fourth phase of agenda setting is called/focuses on __ __ __ ____ ____? This phase focuses on the ____ of the media agenda, making the news agenda become the ____ variable, instead of the former

Back 6

Who sets the media agenda?

dependent

Front 7

A person's____ can be defined as that person's "abstract evaluation of an object," or "people's general predispositions to evaluate other people, objects, and issues favorably or unfavorably." Is regarded as the all-important mediator between the acquisition of persuasive information and any subsequent _____ change.

Back 7

attitude

behavioral

Front 8

___ ___ occurs when attitudes and actions become inconsistent with one another.

Back 8

cognitive dissonance

Front 9

The _____ _____ ____ of persuasion, by Petty & Cacioppo, 1986, is a model of how attitudes are formed and changed. Central to this model is the "_____ _____", which ranges from low elaboration (low thought) to high elaboration (high thought).

Back 9

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

"elaboration continuum"

Front 10

The ELM distinguishes between two routes to persuasion: the ____ route and the ____ route.

Back 10

central and peripheral

Front 11

The ____ route processes are those that require a great deal of thought, and therefore are likely to predominate under conditions that promote high elaboration. Central route processes involve careful scrutiny of a persuasive communication (e.g., a speech, an advertisement, etc.) to determine the merits of the arguments.

Back 11

central

Front 12

The _____ route processes, on the other hand, do not involve elaboration of the message through extensive cognitive processing of the merits of the actual argument presented. These processes often rely on environmental characteristics of the message, like the perceived credibility of the source, quality of the way in which it is presented, the attractiveness of the source, or the catchy slogan that contains the message. These cues are known as ____ cues.

Back 12

Peripheral

simple

Front 13

The strength of the central route to persuasion has led researchers to examine the _____ that _____ a person to think clearly about a message. One of the most important of these variables is ____ ____: the level or amount that a message pertains to a specific listener.

Back 13

variables that motivate

personal relevance

Front 14

Although central route variable are undoubtedly strong, there are also "____ ___" variables. As the likelihood of the cognitive processing decreases, these cues become more potent.

Back 14

"peripheral cue" variables

Front 15

Peripheral cues include: likability/______, ___ of the source, the number of ____ the message contained, how ____ the arguments were, and the ______ effect.

Back 15

attractiveness
credibility
number of arguments
how long
bandwagon

Front 16

For persuasion to occur, three factors must be present: a ___ must deliver a persuasive ____ to a ____. There are specific variables for each factor that can effect persuasiveness

Back 16

source

message

recipient

Front 17

A ___ ___ refers to the term that describes the condition when the persuasiveness of a message increases with the passing of time.

Back 17

sleeper effect

Front 18

There are 6 types of research methods used to study the effects of media violence.

_____ experiments are controlled experiments in a clinical setting

____ experiments avoid the problem of unnaturalness by studying participants in their natural environment.

_____ surveys supply viewers with a list of program titles and ask them to select those they watch regularly, screen viewers on levels of aggressiveness, and then compare the two measures.

______ ___ studies attempt to identify relationships that may develop over a period of time between viewing violence and antisocial attitudes and behaviors

____ experiments are used in a setting in which television is being introduced for the first time.

_____ studies are designed to reverse potential negative consequences of violent media viewing by increasing media literacy and understanding of production methods, content, etc.

Back 18

laboratory experiments
field experiments
correlational panel studies
natural experiments
intervention studies

Front 19

___ ____ - researchers must define violent content and then code each instance of violence as it occurs
Content can be classified according to:
Program type
Character type
Weapon type
Type of Physical Harm or Damage that occurs

Back 19

Content Analysis

Front 20

____ ____ ____ : measurement technique resulting in a ‘violence profile’; widely used in measuring violence on network television

Back 20

Message System Analysis

Front 21

Three levels of psychological impact on viewers of media violence
These levels are: _____, _____, and _____

Back 21

Behavioural
Affective
Cognitive

Front 22

Of the behavioral effect of media violence,

___ is when viewers vent their aggressive impulses through viewing violent television and fantasizing

____ is when you become aroused/excited when watching media violence

____ occurs when viewing heavy violence in media makes the view become less inhibited to act violent in society.

_____--- the more the viewer views media violence, the more likely they are to accept it, in both media and in reality. The lest affected they are

____-the more likely the viewer is to imitate/duplicate violence

____

Back 22

Catharsis
Arousal
Disinhibition
Imitation
Desensitization
imitation

Front 23

Everyone experiences affective, or _____ reactions when viewing violent content. Of these, reactions are either:
____ :(fright, anxiety)
or
____ (persistent fear of becoming victim of crime)

Back 23

emotional

immediate

long term

Front 24

___ ___ occur when the viewer’s beliefs about the real world are influenced by viewing mediated violence. Gerbner
Found a positive correlation between amount of time spent watching TV and the prevalence of certain beliefs about the world.

Back 24

cognitive effects

Front 25

National Television Violence Study found that:

violence is _____
violence is _____
there is little focus on ___-___
__% of pograms contain violence

A typical violent program contains at least ___ violent acts per hour

Average American preschooler is exposed to over 500 high-risk portrayals of violence each year

Back 25

glamorized
sanitized
anti-violence
60%
6
500

Front 26

5 depictions that encourage agressive attitudes and behavior:

A perpetrator who is an attractive __ ___

Violence that seems _____
Violence that goes _____
Minimal ______ to the victims
Violence that seems____ to the viewer

Back 26

role model
justified
unpunished
consequences
realistic

Front 27

____ is the graphic and explicit depictions of sexual activity

____ is material that appeals to a crude interest, is patently offensive or beyond the contemporary community standards, and lacks “serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value”

Back 27

pornography

obscenity

Front 28

context variables include the context of the ____ and the context in which the person is ____ to the content
Both of which make up the ____ ___

Back 28

material
exposed

Prevailing tone

Front 29

____ effects refers for the tendency to follow their leaders in times of crisis

Media Serves as the _____ through which information reaches the public and are often less critical of government leaders and policies in their effort toward _____ building among citizens

Back 29

rally

vehicle

solidarity

Front 30

______ effects include the
Knowledge Gap Hypothesis,
Story Order,
Disturbing/Intense Visual Images, and Cultivation Effects

Back 30

psychological effects

Front 31

Who do i love more than anything in the entire entire wide world?
___ ____

Back 31

Olivia Ky"Sexy"zima

Hint 31

Gerbils nibble herfrom time to time...