Mediastinum And Structures

Front 1

What space is defined as the inferior mediastinum?

Back 1

The space located between the sternal angle and the diaphragm.

Front 2

What is the inferior mediastinum subdivided by?

Back 2

The pericardium

Front 3

Anterior portion of the inferior mediastinum?

Back 3

a tiny space anterior to the pericardium

Front 4

Middle portion of the inferior mediastinum?

Back 4

bounded by the pericardial sac

Front 5

Posterior portion of the inferior mediastinum?

Back 5

posterior to the pericardium and anterior to T5-12

Front 6

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Loose connective tissue (sternopericardial ligaments, fat)

Back 6

anterior inferior mediastinum

Front 7

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Internal thoracic vessels

Back 7

anterior inferior mediastinum

Front 8

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
lymph nodes

Back 8

anterior inferior mediastinum

Front 9

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Thymus (in children; well-developed at age 2)

Back 9

anterior inferior mediastinum

Front 10

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Pericardium

Back 10

middle inferior mediastinum

Front 11

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Heart

Back 11

middle inferior mediastinum

Front 12

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Ascending aorta

Back 12

middle inferior mediastinum

Front 13

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Pulmonary trunk

Back 13

middle inferior mediastinum

Front 14

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Pulmonary veins

Back 14

middle inferior mediastinum

Front 15

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
SVC

Back 15

middle inferior mediastinum

Front 16

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Arch of azygos vein

Back 16

middle inferior mediastinum

Front 17

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Main bronchi

Back 17

middle inferior mediastinum

Front 18

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Phrenic nerves

Back 18

middle inferior mediastinum

Front 19

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Pericardiacophrenic vessels

Back 19

middle inferior mediastinum

Front 20

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Thoracic aorta and its branches

Back 20

posterior inferior mediastinum

Front 21

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Thoracic duct

Back 21

posterior inferior mediastinum

Front 22

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Posterior mediastinal (tracheobronchial) lymph nodes

Back 22

posterior inferior mediastinum

Front 23

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Azygos and hemiazygos veins

Back 23

posterior inferior mediastinum

Front 24

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Esophagus

Back 24

posterior inferior mediastinum

Front 25

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Esophageal plexus

Back 25

posterior inferior mediastinum

Front 26

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Vagus nerves (along esophagus)

Back 26

posterior inferior mediastinum

Front 27

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
thoracic sympathetic trunk

Back 27

posterior inferior mediastinum

Front 28

What portion of the inferior mediastinum:
Thoracic splanchnic nerves

Back 28

posterior inferior mediastinum

Front 29

What are a great landmark for the nerves?

Back 29

great vessels

Front 30

The ascending aorta (in the middle mediastinum) comes directly out of where and gives off what?

Back 30

comes directly out of LV and gives off the coronary arteries

Front 31

Where is the ascending aorta with respect to the right pulmonary artery?

Back 31

The ascending aorta passes anterior to the right pulmonary artery

Front 32

The arch of the aorta (in the superior mediastinum) begins and ends at what level?

Back 32

aortic arch begins and ends at the level of the sternal angle

Front 33

Which direction does the arch of the aorta bend?

Back 33

superoposteriorly and to the left

Front 34

Where is the arch of the aorta with respect to the right pulmonary artery?

Back 34

The arch of the aorta passes superior to the right pulmonary artery.

Front 35

What do the 3 branches of the aortic arch supply?

Back 35

head, neck, and upper extremity

Front 36

What are the 3 branches of the aortic arch (in order as they branch off the aorta)?

Back 36

1. Right brachiocephalic trunk
2. Left common carotid
3. Left subclavian

Front 37

Where are the 3 branches of the aortic arch with respect to the manubrium?

Back 37

all of the branches arise posterior to the manubrium in the superior mediastinum

Front 38

Where does the thoracic aorta begin descending? Where does it continue its inferior descent?

Back 38

at about the left side of T4; continues inferiorly to the left of the thoracic vertebral bodies

Front 39

What arteries does the thoracic aorta give off in addition to small mediastinal and pericardial arteries?

Back 39

1. Posterior intercostal
2. Esophageal
3. Bronchial
4. Superior phrenic

Front 40

What does the pulmonary trunk do?

Back 40

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Front 41

Where does the pulmonary trunk pass with respect to the arch of the aorta?

Back 41

pulmonary trunk passes inferior to the arch of the aorta along with the right pulmonary artery

Front 42

Where does the pulmonary trunk lie with respect to the tracheal bifurcation?

Back 42

pulmonary trunk is directly anterior to the tracheal bifurcation

Front 43

What is on the external surface of the tracheal bifurcation?

Back 43

the cardiac plexus of nerves and is surrounded by lymph nodes

Front 44

What connects the left pulmonary artery to the arch?

Back 44

a fibrous band-ligamentum arteriosum (remnant of the ductus arteriosus-a fetal shunt)

Front 45

What is the ligamentum arteriosum a remnant of?

Back 45

ductus arteriosus

Front 46

What innervates most of the laryngeal muscles?

Back 46

left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Front 47

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve return to the neck with respect to the pulmonary trunk?

Back 47

posterior to the pulmonary trunk

Front 48

At what level is the SVC formed?

Back 48

right 1st costal cartilage

Front 49

From what veins is the SVC formed at the right 1st costal cartilage?

Back 49

right and left brachiocephalic veins

Front 50

The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the union of what veins?

Back 50

internal jugular and subclavian veins

Front 51

What vein passes across the 3 vessels that come off the aortic arch?

Back 51

larger left brachiocephalic vein

Front 52

What regions of the body does the SVC drain?

Back 52

SVC drains blood from all regions superior to the diaphragm, with the exception of the heart and lungs

Front 53

At what level does the SVC enter the RA?

Back 53

~3rd costal cartilage

Front 54

What nerve is on the lateral surface of the SVC and medial to the mediastinal parietal pleura?

Back 54

phrenic nerve

Front 55

Where is the phrenic nerve with respect to the SVC and mediastinal parietal pleura?

Back 55

The phrenic nerve is on the lateral surface of the SVC and medial to the mediastinal parietal pleura

Front 56

In what parts of the mediastinum is the SVC found?

Back 56

both the superior and middle parts of the mediastinum

Front 57

What does the IVC drain into?

Back 57

RA

Front 58

At what level does the IVC drain into the RA?

Back 58

at about the right 5th costal cartilage

Front 59

Where does the IVC enter the thoracic cavity?

Back 59

Through the caval foramen in the diaphragm from the liver

Front 60

What does the IVC drain blood from?

Back 60

abdominopelvic cavity and lower extremities

Front 61

In what portion of the mediastinum is the IVC?

Back 61

middle mediastinum

Front 62

Where are the azygos system of veins?

Back 62

in the posterior mediastinum, along BOTH sides of the vertebral column

Front 63

What do the azygos system of veins drain?

Back 63

the back, thoracoabdominal walls, and the viscera of the mediastinum

Front 64

The azygos system is a continuation of what veins?

Back 64

lumbar veins in the posterior abdominal wall

Front 65

When do the lumbar veins in the posterior abdominal wall "become" the azygos veins?

Back 65

Once they go through the diaphragm

Front 66

What vein originates from the IVC in the abdomen and connects it to the SVC?

Back 66

Right side of azygos vein

Front 67

What does the azygos vein arch over?

Back 67

azygos vein arches over the right primary bronchus to empty into the SVC

Front 68

In addition to the posterior walls of the abdomen and thorax, the azygos vein also receives drainage from what?

Back 68

1. vertebral venous plexus (back, vertebrae, and vertebral canal)
2. mediastinal, bronchial, and esophageal veins

Front 69

From what does the hemiazygos vein originate from?

Back 69

originates from the left lumbar veins

Front 70

Where, with respect to the aorta, does the hemiazygos vein ascend?

Back 70

hemiazygos ascends posterior to the aorta to about T8 where it then crosses directly anterior tot he vertebra to drain into the azygos vein

Front 71

From where does the hemiazygos vein receive blood?

Back 71

inferior three posterior intercostal veins, inferior esophageal veins, and some small mediastinal veins

Front 72

Where did the azygos system come from?

Back 72

the azygos system came from the development of the cardinal veins

Front 73

Where does the accessory hemiazygos vein (left side) typically begin?

Back 73

around the 4th or 5th ICS

Front 74

Where does the accessory hemiazygos vein (left side) typically descend to?

Back 74

typically descends lateral to the vertebral bodies to T8, where it either crosses over itself to drain into the azygos vein, or drains into the hemiazygos vein

Front 75

What does the accessory hemiazygos vein receive blood from?

Back 75

4th through 8th intercostal veins

Front 76

The phrenic nerves travel in what portion(s) of the mediastinum?

Back 76

both the superior and middle mediastina

Front 77

Phrenic nerves: sensory or motor?

Back 77

Both; sensory from the parietal pleura and pericardium and motor to the diaphragm

Front 78

Where does the right phrenic nerve start and where does it enter the superior mediastinum?

Back 78

The right phrenic nerve starts in the neck and enters the superior mediastinum lateral to the brachiocephalic vein and medial to the subclavian artery.

Front 79

Where is the right phrenic nerve it enters the diaphragm?

Back 79

It descends along the SVC and then courses between the pericardium and lung before entering the pericardium.

Front 80

Left phrenic nerve surrounding topography...

Back 80

Left phrenic nerve descends between the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries and crosses the arch of the aorta. It runs between the pericardium and lung, superficial to the left atrium and left ventricle.

Front 81

Where do both phrenic nerves pass with regard to the root structures of the lung?

Back 81

both phrenic nerves pass anterior to the root structures of the lung as opposed to the vagi that pass posterior to the root structures.

Front 82

Where are the vagi (CN X) nerves with respect to the mediastina?

Back 82

Both vagi are found in the superior and posterior mediastina.

Front 83

Where, with respect to the sternoclavicular joint, do the vagi pass?

Back 83

In the superior mediastinum, the vagi pass posterior to the sternoclavicular joint.

Front 84

To what do the vagi give off branches?

Back 84

The vagi give off branches to the cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses.

Front 85

All the fibers that are coming off the vagus to its plexuses are ......

Back 85

PRE-ganglionic PARAsympathetic