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354 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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communication
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people sharing messages
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what are the 4 components of human communication?
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source->message->channel->receiver
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feedback
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return communication (receiver becomes sender)
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interpersonal communication
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between or among people
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mediated communication
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involves an interposed device as a medium
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elitist stage of media development
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small, elite part of population is literate and/or only elite can afford the price of media
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popular stage of media development
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nation's population becomes better educated and more prosperous, most can afford media
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socialized
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most can afford
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first amendment
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ratified 1791, freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, right to assemble
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who is responsible for first printing press with movable metal type?
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Gutenberg, 1456
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who is responsible for 1st inter-city telegraphic message?
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samuel morse, 1844 via morse code
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who is responsible for the phonograph and motion picture projector?
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thomas edison, 1877 and 1889 respectfully
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who is responsible for wireless radio telegraphy?
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marconi, 1896
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cultural imperialism
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displacement of a nation's customs with those of another country
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economies of scale
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as more units are produced, each unit costs less
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synergy
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combination of media types, whereby the whole is hoped to be greater than the sum of its parts
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cross-merchandising
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one medium promoting the products or services of another having the same owner
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group ownership
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ownership of multiple outlets of the same media
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conglomerates
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big companies owning many different kinds of businesses
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vertical integration
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one company owning different parts of same industry so they can both produce and distribute (newspaper co. buys paper mill)
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horizontal integration
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one company owning different kinds of business (newspaper buys radio station or magazine)
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oligopoly
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market controlled or dominated by a few companies
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5 big media conglomerates
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time warner, viacom/cbs, walt disney co., news corporation, nbc-universal
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media as "4th estate"
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media should serve in part as a check on honesty of government
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subsequent punishment
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someone breaks the law and is then punished for it
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prior restraint
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someone is prevented from doing something in the future that might be illegal
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who is paul lazarsfeld?
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sociologist, audience effects of mass communication
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who is kurt lewin?
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psychologist, group communication
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who is harold laswell?
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poli-sci, propaganda
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who is carl hovland?
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psychologist, communication and attitude change
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research
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quantitative, any kind of attempt to make an original addition to existing knowledge
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scholarship
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qualitative, any kind of attempt to make an original addition to existing knowledge
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what were the payne fund studies?
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series of studies aimed to examine movies and their effects on children. use of content analysis, survey research, and lab experiments
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who was marshall mcluhan?
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author of "understanding media," pioneer of the global village, the medium IS the message
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what are the different views of media's violence effects?
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1) viewing violence causes aggressive actions
2) people who are aggressive select violent viewing 3) both aggressions and viewing violence depend on some other factor |
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theory
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a set of related statements that seek to explain and predict behavior
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empirical research
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scientific efforts to examine facts in order to test theories
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powerful effects model
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media have strong effect on behavior
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minimal effects model
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media have little effect on behavior
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mixed effects model
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some of both, sometimes one, sometimes the other
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bullet theory
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media effects flow directly from sender to audience
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2-step flow theory
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effects go from sender->audience via opinion leaders
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multi-step flow
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complex interaction of media effects
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social learning theory
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we learn by observing others, Albert Bandura, media audiences, when fed stereotypes, tend to accept them
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individual differences theory
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media affect different individuals in different ways
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cultivation theory
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media shape and distort our views of the world
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agenda-setting theory
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media tells us what to attend, what to value
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uses and grats theory
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we select media for unique personal goals, we pick our media according to our own needs
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cumulative effects theory
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Elisabeth Noelle-Nuemann, media messages produce strong effects on us over time by way of redundancy
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gender studies
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media influence how men and women perceive that they should look and act
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political/economic studies
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media consumption influences us in politics and our financial life
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marxist media critcism
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capitalism has made us too materialistic, media has enabled the haves to subjugate the have-not's, media distract us from that which is really important
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illiterate
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can't read
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alliterate
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can read, but chose not to
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what determines if a book is good?
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# of copies sold, opinions of other writers, opinions of educated readers, opinions of acquisition editors at publishing houses, relationship between good quality and profit
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oral culture
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news and information passed by word of mouth, there are runners, watchmen, and news criers to pass news
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what are benefits of print culture?
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1) spoken news doesn't fossilize
2) thoughts written down can more easily be rethought 3) written frees mind from burden of memory 4) formula and ritual aren't vital 5) people can read when they wish 6) writing can preserve past |
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parchment
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dried animal skins, used by Greeks
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codex
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cut parchment in to pages and bound, Romans, first book to resemble today's familiar form
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where did the first books appear?
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China,
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books began to appear in more commonly spoken languages other than __________
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latin
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what happened when the bible appeared in other languages?
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people were no longer dependent on church for the word of God
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when was the first printing press?
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1220 A.D., in China, movable wood type
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incunabula
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book printed before 1500
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audiobooks
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books recorded on tape or some other medium
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e-books
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books that exist as digital files
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hypertext fiction
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interactive stories that allow the reader to change the plot as the narrative is read
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vanity press
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a publisher that requires its authors to pay the full cost of producing their own books
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university press
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a publisher that is affiliated with an institution of higher education and that publishes mostly academic books, especially original research by college professors
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small press
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a publisher with a few employees and minimal facilities.
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acquisition editor
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an editor who obtains books to be published
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development editor
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an editor who works directly with the author during the writing of a book, going over each chapter and suggesting major revisions
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copy editor
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an editor who polishes a manuscript line by line and prepares it for typesetting
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who was the first English printer?
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William Caxton, 1476
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what was the first english newspaper?
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the Oxford Gazzette, 1665
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what was the first English daily?
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The Daily Courant, 1702
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what was the first American newspaper?
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Publick Occurences, Boston, 1690, only 1 issue
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what was the first successful American newspaper?
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The Boston News-Letter, 1704
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who is responsible for the first foreign-language newspaper?
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Ben Franklin, in Philly, 1732, written in German
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what was the first African-American newspaper?
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Freedom's Journal, 1827
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what was the first Native-American newspaper?
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Cherokee-Phoenix, 1828
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where did the first newspapers appear?
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China, 800 A.D.
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tabloid
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a paper of small page size
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seditious libel
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illegal criticism of government, in colonial times
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partisan press
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early newspapers aligned closely with political parties
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what were the Federalist Papers?
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series of newspaper essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay; advocate strong central government
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editorial page
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devoted to opinion, not straight news
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hard news
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reporting on politics, finance, etc.
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soft news
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feature news on entertainment, human interest, sports, etc.
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the Penny Press
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papers sold on street for 1 cent rather than subscription, sensationalistic, sought wide audience
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what were changes made to newspapers during the Civil War?
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use of bylines, reporting telegraph using morse code, introduction of inverted pyramid structure
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yellow journalism
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sensationalized, reporting, use of more illustration, more crime, more human-interest copy, more investigative reporting, 1890s
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Nellie Bly
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female stunt reporter for NY World, real name was Elizabeth Cochrane, good investigative reporting by posing as someone she wasn't
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Ida Wells-Barnett
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1st AA investigative reporter, stories on lynching written in Memphis nearly got her killed
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Adolph Ocs
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publisher of the NY Times
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who were the 2 most prominent yellow journalists?
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Joseph Pulitzer and Randolph Hearst, rivals
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who founded the Wall Street Journal?
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Charles Dow and Edward Jones, 1889
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who was Mary Baker Eddy?
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founded Christian Science religion, 1908-C.S. Monitor
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jazz journalism
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newly sensationalized journalism, 1920s, decade of tabloid newspaper
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tabloid
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big photos on smaller page size, visually reported strange news
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Audit Bureau of Circulations
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verifies newspaper and magazine circulation figures for the benefit of advertisers
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public journalism
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newspaper should take part in events about furthering good civic causes, etc. instead of just reporting news
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magazines
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first national medium, eventually, the first specialized medium
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periodical
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anything that comes out periodically
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what was the first popular magazine?
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"Edifying Monthly Discussions", Germany, 1663
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what was the first english magazine?
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"The Gentleman's Journal", 1692
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what were the biggest early magazine cities?
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Philly, Boston, and NY
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what were some muckraking magazines?
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Ladies Home Journal, Collier's, McClures, Cosmo
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what were some outstanding quality magazines of the 20th century?
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Harper's, Atlantic, New Yorker
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what is the oldest magazine still in publication?
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the Scots Magazine, 1739, Edinborough
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what is the oldest continuously published magazine?
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Scientific American, 1845
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what is the biggest US magazine by revenue?
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People
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what is the biggest US magazine by circulation?
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AARP The Magazine
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digest
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smaller format magazine, reprints stuff that has appeared some place else first, sharpening it and making it easier to read
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pulps
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low-quality magazines printed on low-quality paper. lowbrow content about crime, celebrities, or romance
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special-interest magainzes
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aimed at niche markets, smaller groups of readers who have something in common
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webzines
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appear online only
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consumer magazines
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read mainly for pleasure
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trade magazines
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information about specific business fields
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PR or corporate magazines
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published by companies for their employees, clients, stockholders, etc.
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professional and scholarly journals
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for professional or academic readers
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little magazines
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literary magazines having tiny circulations, read mainly by English professors
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fanzines
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small, non-professional magazines published by fans
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celebrity magazines
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identified with a particular celebrity, i.e. Oprah
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sponsored magazines
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underwritten by an organization, i.e. National Geographic
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pass-along circulation
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how many people other than the subscriber/buyer read the magazine
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where are the most magazines sold?
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supermarkets, followed by discount stores, bookstores, drugstores, terminals, convenience stores, newsstands, and other
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who is louis daguerreo?
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introduced daguerreotype photography, using metal plates, in 1839
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who is william henry fox?
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introduced calotype photography using paper, 1839
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who is joseph niepce?
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produced non-permanent color prints, 1816
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persistence of vision
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brains ability to retain an image a split second longer than the image actually appears to the eye
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peep shows
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1860s, amusement parlors had box-like contraptions in which still pics were rotated by a turning crank to produce illusion of motion
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who is edward muybridge?
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accomplished first photo showing motion
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what all did edison invent in regards to the movie industry?
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kinetoscope parlors, kinetograph motion picture camera, kinetoscope projection device, vitascope projector which opened nickelodeon theaters
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what was edison's monopoly?
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motion picture patents co. (the trust)
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why did non-trust filmmakers go to Hollywood?
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to escape edison's process-servers, good weather for year round outdoor filming, cheap land bought by studios for filming, barns converted into studios for indoor filming, proximity to mexico for quick getaways
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what happened to the trust?
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it was broken up in 1917 as a monopoly in restraint of trade
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what was "the great train robbery"?
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first movie to tell a story and make use of editing, 1903, edwin porter
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what was "the birth of a nation"?
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first large scale feature film, 1915, d.w. griffith
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what was "the jazz singer"?
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the first "talkie," 1927
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who was oscar micheaux?
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best known black film producer
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what was the paramount decision?
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US government forces studios to sell their theaters and end block and blind booking
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block booking
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independent theaters agree to take 2 "B" movies in order to get 1 "A" movie
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blind booking
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independent theaters take films without previewing them
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German expressionism
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dark, shadowy, brooding films
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Soviet propaganda films
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the heroes are groups, not individuals (Serge Eisenstein)
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French surrealism
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symbol-laden, irrational, way out
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Italian surrealism
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after WWII
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what are the major movie studios?
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paramount, sony, warner bros, disney, 20th century fox, universal
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moviola
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small machine on which film editors used to edit movies
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what are the 3 stages of movie production?
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preproduction, production, postproduction
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art director's job
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sets visual look of movie
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cinematographer's job
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controls the cameras
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continuity supervisor's job
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makes sure the shots match the script
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key grip's job
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sets up and moves the cameras
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gaffer's job
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the lighting person
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best boy's job
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the gaffer's assistant
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tie-ins
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toys, clothes, music, video games, etc.
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product placement
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extra revenue from displaying certain brands in a movie
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trailers
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previews of coming attractions originally appeared at end of feature film
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what did european music evolve in to in america?
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bluegrass and other country folk music
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what did african music evolve in to in america?
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blues, jazz, and gospel
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what was jazz the basis of?
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swing
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what was responsible for liberating music and allowing kids to listen to whatever they wanted?
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the phonograph and radio
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what was tin pan alley?
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section of new york, popularized urban music for vaudeville, theater, and sheet music
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what ended tin pan alley?
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radio, movies, and the phonograph
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what was rock n' roll a mix of?
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r&b, country, and gospel music
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what are the three characteristics of popular music?
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rebelling, blending, and commercialization
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what were 3 popular forms of music in the 1970s?
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disco, heavy metal, and punk rock
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what are 3 popular forms today?
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hip hop, grunge, and rap
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who was martin block?
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he played music during intermissions in the Lindbergh kidnapping trial, 1935.
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who was the most famous DJ?
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Wolfman Jack, actual name was Bob Smith
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what was the payola scandal?
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DJs were taking money to play certain records, 1959
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what was the result of the payola scandal?
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DJs were no longer allowed to play what they wanted. each station began to develop its own distinctive system
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what were "cover records" in the early days?
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suggestive sounding music would be covered by more presentable artists
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what were the first words recorded on edison's phonograph?
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"mary had a little lamb"
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what was the original purpose of edison's phonograph?
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dictating, sound quality was poor at first
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who is the inventor of the gramophone?
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emile berliner, 1888, used a flat, grooved disc
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what did berliner start?
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the Victor Talking Picture Company, 1901
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who was victor's mascot?
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a talking dog named nipper, slogan was "his master's voice."
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what was the standard speed for records in the early 1900s?
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78 rpm
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who bought out the victor co. and what did they form?
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RCA, and formed RCA Victor
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what was the standard speed for records in the early 1940s?
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45 rpm
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what was the standard speed for records in 1958?
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33 1/3 rpm
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what happened the day the music died?
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plane crash that killed Buddy Holly, Richie Valens, and the Big Bopper, 1959
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when was the car radio introduced?
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1920s
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who invented the first compact audiocassette and when?
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phillips electronics, 1963
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when was the cd introduced?
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1983
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what are the 4 giant music companies today?
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EMI, Sony BMG, Universal, and Warner-- take in 80% of global recording industry revenues
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what is the #1 thing that radio development depended on?
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Samuel Morse's 1842 invention, the telegraph & morse code
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when was the first transatlantic cable installed?
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1866
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what did the first transatlantic cable do?
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provided instant communication across great distances via the telegraph-- could not reach ships at sea & could only transmit dots and dashes
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who invented the telephone?
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Alexander Graham Bell, 1876
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who demonstrated radio waves?
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Heinrich Hertz, 1887
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who invented wireless telegraphy?
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Guglielmo Marconi, 1896
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who is responsible for the first voice transmission?
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Reginal Fessenden, 1906
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who invented the audion (vacuum tube)?
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Lee De Forest, 1907
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what showed the importance of power and wireless communication?
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the sinking of the Titanic in 1912
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who took over the U.S. radio industry in 1917?
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the U.S. Navy
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who was the first DJ?
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Frank Conrad, 1919, played phonograph records on air from his garage
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what was the first radio station?
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KDKA of Pittsburgh, 1920
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what radio station pioneered in selling commercial time?
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WEAF in NY, how they made profit instead of charging toll broadcasting
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broadcasting network
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group of stations that use the same programming
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network affiliate stations
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have a network agreement but owned by someone else
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what was the first radio network?
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AT&T, 1923 (in Boston and NY)
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what were the first 4 national TV networks?
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NBC- 1926 (2 networks, red & blue), CBS- 1927, MBS- 1934 (mutual broadcasting system), ABC- mid-1940s
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what was the radio act of 1912?
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requires ships at sea to operate 24 hours a day
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what was the federal radio act of 1927?
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corrected the frequency jumble, created the FRC (assigned license, could revoke same), set up public interest, convenience, and necessity requirements
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what was the federal communications act of 1934?
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created the FCC
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what was the telecommunications act of 1996?
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deregulated ownership requirements
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what are call letters?
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created in 1912 as part of Federal Radio Act, east of Mississippi River start with K, west start with W
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what is AM?
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covered long distances, poor sound quality
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what is FM?
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covered short distances, better sound quality, began in 1936 thanks to Edwin Armstrong
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what are dayparts in regards to radio programming?
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time divisions: morning drive, midday, afternoon drive, evening, overnight
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when do radio stations have to identify their call letters?
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every hour, on the hour
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what is the largest ratings company?
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Arbitron, uses listener diaries
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what is a low-power FM station?
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don't interfere with signals of other stations, their purpose is to increase diversity of ownership and programming
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what are the 5 biggest radio formats?
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country, news talk/information, adult contemporary, pop contemporary hits, rhythmic contemporary
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what is CB radio?
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citizen's band radio, innovation of the 1950s, still used by all virtually all truckers
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what is our most pervasive media?
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TV
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who were the inventors of TV?
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Vladimir Zworykin and Philo T. Farnsworth
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who opened the first regular TV station?
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David Sarnoff of RCA
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when and where was TV first introduced?
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NY World's Fair in 1939
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what were the 4 original TV networks?
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NBC, CBS, ABC, DuMont (1946-55)
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what was the first AA show?
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Amos and Andy
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who was the first TV newsman of note?
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John Cameron Swayze, Camel Cavalcade of News
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what was the first TV news magazine show?
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60 Minutes
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when did cable TV start?
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1950s
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when did public TV start?
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1967
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who developed video tape and when?
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the Germans during WWII
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who developed the first videotape recorder? followed by?
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Ampex, 1956 followed by Sony- the Betamax videocassette recorder
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how do U.S. homes get their TV?
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Cable- 60%
Satellite- 25% Over-air- 15% |
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what is a super station?
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station delivered to cable systems by satellite
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who was the owner of the first super station?
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Ted Turner, WTBS Atlanta
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what is strip programming?
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showing same program 5 times a week in same time slot
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what is rating?
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the % of all homes having TV tuned to a certain station at a certain time
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what is share?
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the % of homes in which the TV is turned on at a certain time
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what is nielsen media research?
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used audimeter
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what is arbitron?
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used diary method, but is introducing new "people meter" program-recognition device
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what are some TV controversies?
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lowest-common denominator, reinforcing of stereotypes, constant depiction of violence, excessive viewing, over-stimulation of small children
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what did George Orwell fear?
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he feared that books would be banned, that the truth would be concealed from us, and what what we hate will ruin us
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what did Aldous Huxley fear?
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he feared that there would be no reason to ban books because no one would want to read them, that the truth would be drowned in a sea or irrelevance, and that what we love will ruin us
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what does Boston symbolize in "AOTD"?
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colonial political radicalism
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what does NY symbolize in "AOTD"?
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the melting pot
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what does chicago symbolize "AOTD"?
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industrialism
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what does las vegas symoblize in "AOTD"?
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entertainment culture
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what is the abacus?
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computer's ancestor, 3000 B.C.
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what was the first big online service?
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CompuServe, 1979, followed by AOL in 1989
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who invented the World Wide Web?
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Tim Berners-Lee, 1989, introduced hyperlinks
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what is the global village?
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marshall mcluhan's idea that modern communications technologies will bring together people of different cultures
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InterNIC
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organization that registers domain names
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cybersquatting
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illegal, practice that involved buying up likely-sounding domain names, then selling them to companies that needed them to go with their companies
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browser
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software that lets you navigate the internet, i.e. Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator
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what are the 4 biggest search engines?
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google, yahoo, MSN, AOL
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flaming
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making personal attacks via internet
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lurking
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reading newsgroup messages without responding
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blogs
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online personal journals
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network engineers
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design and build internet components
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network managers
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maintain computer systems
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webmasters
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build and maintain web sites for clients
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e-commerce
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selling stuff online
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pop-up ads
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uninvited ads that suddenly appear on screen
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spyware
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programs that track your internet use
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distance learning
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online coursework
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hacker
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person having computer skills that allow him or her to break into files or networks
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computer virus
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a program meant to harm or disable someone else's software
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firewall
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a program designed to prevent unauthorized access
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worms
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programs that attack e-mail systems and overtax computer memory
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phishing
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phony email used to get information from people
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spam
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unsolicited email
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wi-fi
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high-speed wireless internet
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online predators
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the biggest danger of the internet, especially that which involves child pornography
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newsreels
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10 minutes long, shown in movie theaters, first ones date to 1909 in Paris, France
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earliest radio newscast
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Frank Conrad's 1920 coverage of Presidential Election (Harding won)
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Biltmore Agreement
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compromise between newspapers and radio news, 1933, did not include restrictions on commentary
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earliest news commentators
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Lowell Thomas (NBC) and H.V. Kaltenborn (CBS)
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top radio/newspaper gossip columnist
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Walter Winchell
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who is Edward Murrow?
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worked for CBS, broadcasted the German bombing of London, known for documentaries, "Case Against Milo Radulovich" defended Air Force man who had been smeared by Sen. Joseph McCarthy
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first all-news radio station
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KFAX, San Francisco 1960
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when was the first regular TV news show?
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1940
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pseudo-events
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events that happened only for getting media exposure, without the media they would not happen
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credibility gap
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what the government told the public and what the public had come to believe about the war
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what was the first 24-hour news network?
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CNN, launched by Ted Turner, 1980
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PR
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planned and sustained unpaid communication between an organization and the public that are necessary for success
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what is integrated marketing?
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PR + advertising
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sophists
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ancient Greeks, argued orally
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colonial PR
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campaign of the Boston Tea Party, VA Co., Federalist Papers
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press agents
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early PR operatives, hyped clients or businesses
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P.T. Barnum
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PRed for circus
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what did Andrew Jackson do in regards to PR?
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appealed to common man via PR efforts, then hired 60+ PR people to his admin. staff
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what is the Boston Publicity Bureau?
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first real publicity agent
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who is Ivy Lee?
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father of modern PR, most famous campaign was to rebuild reputation of the Rockefellers, especially after Ludlow massacre of 1913
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what was world war I PR?
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selling the war, the "war to end all wars," "making the world safe for democracy
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what was the OWI?
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Office of War Information, headed by Elmer Davis, promoted war bonds, victory gardens, industrial productivity, rationing
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what is the USIA?
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United States Information Agency, promoted U.S. abroad, took over Voice of America (VOA) radio, aimed at overseas listeners
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what did PR do after stock market crash and Great Depression?
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sponsored scholarships, repairing schools, building public parks and playgrounds, FDR's New Deal
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what was the PRSA?
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founded in 1947, pressed for professionalism, gave PR positive image, grew like mad in 1950s and 60s
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what is international PR?
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improve or change images in other countries
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what is radio sawa and alhurra?
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radio service and cable TV network that countered Aljazeera
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what are the 3 types of PR?
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independent agencies, in-house PR offices, individual PR consultants
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leak
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releasing information to the press selectively
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who are the PR excesses of the Bush administration?
|
James Guckert, Armstrong Williams, Maggie Gallagher, Michael McManus
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flack
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derogatory term used by press for PR
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hack
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derogatory term used by PR people for the press
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whitewashing
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covering up ones misdeeds
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greenwashing
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fooling public about ecological misdeeds
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what percent of newspaper income comes from ads?
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75%
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what percent of space in a newspaper is ad space?
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65%
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what percent of magazine income comes from ads?
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50%
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what percent of broadcast income comes from ads?
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almost all
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advertising
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paid promotion of products, services, ideas, or candidates
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where did earliest ads first appear?
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Egypt
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town criers
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advertised things in ancient Greece
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earliest printed ads
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Handbills
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what did the first english ads advertise?
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promoted books for sale, 1478, William Caxton
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who were the first to use display ads?
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early department stores
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what led to the spread of mass advertising?
|
the Industrial Revolution
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who is Volney Palmer?
|
started the first U.S. ad agency in Philly, 1841-- created ads but did not place them
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who was the first agency to create and place ads?
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N.W. Ayer & Sons, Philly 1869
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what is caveat emptor?
|
let the buyer beware, commercial philosophy of 1800s, laissez-faire
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what is caveat vendor?
|
let the seller beware
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what was the first radio commercial?
|
for apt rentals in NYC, 1922
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what was the first TV commercial?
|
for Bulova watches, 1941
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subliminal advertising
|
messages we cannot detect influence buying behavior, believed to be a myth
|
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marketing segmentation
|
eliminates waste for advertisers
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|
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what are the 3 types of ad agencies?
|
in-house, boutique, full-service
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|
|
what are the 3 departments of ad agencies?
|
account management, research, and creative
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clutter
|
too many ads, hard to get attention for your ads
|
|
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image advertising
|
tells us who we are and who we should be, sells products, ideas, values, ideals, self-concepts
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what is the most important regulatory agency dealing with advertising?
|
Federal Trade Commission
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constitutional law
|
basic laws of a country or state
|
|
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statutory law
|
collection of laws, or statues, written by legislative bodies, such as U.S. congress
|
|
|
common law
|
precedents based on judges' rulings
|
|
|
administrative law
|
rules and regulations of governmental agencies
|
|
|
the Comistock Law
|
tried to regulate obscene material in early America
|
|
|
libel
|
written, any word, statement, or picture that unjustly tends to bring any person into public hatred, contempt, or ridicule, causes him or her to be shunned or avoided
|
|
|
slander
|
spoken
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orginiality
|
independent creating of a particular author
|
|
|
creativity
|
some amount of intellectual work
|
|
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novelty
|
differs from existing work in some way
|
|
|
trademark
|
any word, name, symbol, or device used by a company to identify its goods or services and to distinguish them from those offered by other companies
|
|
|
sixth amendment
|
right to a speedy trial
|
|
|
factors determining fair use of copy righted material
|
purpose and character of use, nature of copyrighted work, amount or portion used, effect of the use upon potential market for or value of the copyrighted work
|
|
|
gag order
|
judge's order not to talk about trial proceedings
|
|
|
continuance
|
postpone a trial
|
|
|
sequestering
|
locking up a jury during trial
|
|
|
change of venue
|
move site of trial
|
|
|
change of venire
|
bring in juror's from elsewhere
|
|
|
judicial admonition
|
judge's orders about what not to consider
|
|
|
reporter's shield law
|
allow reporters not to identify the identity of their confidential sources, VA does not have law
|
|
|
ethics
|
determining right from wrong, voluntary, law is compulsory
|
|
|
blacklisting
|
keeping someone from working in the media
|
|
|
plagiarize
|
take someone else's work and pass it off as your own
|
|
|
ombudsman
|
work for an organization that is a liason between a newspaper and a TV network
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