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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how radio networks worked
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AT&T started network broadcasting when they found that they could link chains of stations together through telephone lines; Linked 2 stations together in 1923 (one in NY, one in Boston); By the end of 1925 AT&T had 26 stations linked throughout the country (353-54 if you want more, but that sums up how they worked)
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Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll
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actors who played Amos Jones and Andy Brown on the popular Amos ‘n’ Andy broadcast by NBC; changed from Sam ‘n’ Henry in 1928 when it moved to NBC
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Lee de Forest
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called himself the “father of radio”; developed the Audion tube in 1906 which was a vacuum tube that was a keystone to industrial development; sold ownership to AT&T; created De Forest company to sell radios
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major genres of shows
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music, drama, comedy, serial/daily dramas, sports
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the "wireless"
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a method for sending Morse code through the air
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role of radio in rural America
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was a unifying force in rural America; in 1921 KDKA aired the first daily program of farm market reports and other stations followed
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8XK & KDKA
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- 8XK was owned by Frank Conrad of Westinghouse and began to play phonograph records over the airways in 1919; later changed to KDKA which was one of the first stations to air a regular programming
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Edward R. Murrow
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reporter who was sent to London; put together a team to cover all of the news in Europe later known as the "Murrow Boys"
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David Sarnoff
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pionner who developed NBC (first network); had a vision of a "radio music box"; first NBC broadcast aired on Nov 15, 1926 @ 8 pm
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role of music and sports
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radio stations played live music and it began to make groups famous; sports programming gave listeners a live play-by-play
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War of the Worlds
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show by Orson Welles on CBS; broadcast that there had been an alien attack on Oct 30, 1938; convinced millions of listeners all over the US and in Canada
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nickelodeon
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Regular buildings with a fancy façade to attract attention; Theatre where two 12 minute movies were played; admission price was a nickel; Died out around 1912 and were replaced with movie palaces
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changing role or comic book characters
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female comic book characters were introduced in 1943; comic books designed to appeal to teenage girls; changed from mostly male superheroes to sexy, dimwitted girls in romance comics; horror and western stories became popular
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movies' reactions to WWII
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Hollywood demonstrated patriotism by distributing anti-Nazi propaganda; US government worked with filmmakers through Office of War Information (OWI) to produce war films
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Alice Guy
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wrote a short play called La Fee Aux Choux and filmed it while working as a secretary in 1896; began making films fulltime and produced nearly 300 films in every genre; CINEMA'S FIRST FEMALE DIRECTOR
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Significance of multitrack recording
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allows an artist to record one instrument or voice at a time on separate tracks; tracks are combined into two tracks for stereo effect; makes it possible for musicians to play more than one instrument on the same song
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chief criticism of jazz
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too racy w/ sexually explicit lyrics
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origins of cable TV
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started as a way around the FCC’s license freeze in 1948 when communities erected community antennas (CATV) on a tower or hill to pick up signals; by 1952 when the freeze was lifted 70 CATV systems were serving 14,000 people; before subscription services in 1975 cable TV’s main purpose was delivering more and better reception of existing broadcast stations
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race records
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generic term for almost any black-oriented popular music
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Cotton Club
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popular jazz club
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Enrico Caruso
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popular classic opera performer; recorded by Victor records in 1902 in Milan, Italy; made recorded music seem respectable to other opera stars
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Lumiere brothers
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developed a portable camera and projector combined in one unit; filmed events taking place in front of them; showed first films in 1895
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impact of Charlie Chaplin
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the Tramp; comic in the time of silent films; the one-man show; comedy is best when played seriously
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kinetoscope
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machine that allowed the viewer to look through a peep-hole at the moving film
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vitascope
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an early film projector 1st demonstrated in 1895 by Charles Jenkins and Thomas Armat
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gramaphone
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played flat discs instead of the cylinders Edison used
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"The Vanishing Prairie"
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a documentary by Walt Disney
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Freedman v. Maryland
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Stated that the review board could put a rating on a movie, but didn't have the right to ban movies
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"World's Work"
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monthly news magazine founded by Walter Hines Page in 1900 with first issue running 35,000 copies; described the nation’s progress in education, agriculture, industry, social life, and politics; peaked at circulation of 125,000 in 1909 at 25 cents a copy
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Cyrus Curtis and Curtis Pub
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Curtis formed Curtis Publishing Company shortly after 1890; started a men’s magazine based on Ladies’ Home Journal by his wife Louisa Knapp; Curtis Pub. Co. dominated magazine industry with The Saturday Evening Post, Ladies’ Home Journal, and Country Gentleman from 1918 to 1929
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Henry Luce and "Time"
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Luce founded Time with Briton Hadden in 1923; later turned into Time Inc., most prominent publishing company in nation which would eventually publish Fortune, Life, Sports Illustrated, People, and Money; people identify company with Luce because Hadden died in 1929
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Explain magazine competition after WWII
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After WWII Life and the Saturday Evening Post came into close competition with each other. They were competing for advertisers and though the Post kept their circulation over 6,000,000 Life won in the end.
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Explain advertising's role
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Advertising supports magazines and allows them to print more copies and keeps magazines in business
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TV's effects on magazines
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TV increased competition for advertising. In December 1965 magazines like Collier’s and Woman’s Home Companion that had been around for over 60 years were suspended.
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Philo T. Farnsworth
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“the father of television”; first public demonstration of TV took place on September 7, 1927, in his laboratory in San Francisco; created competition for RCA
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Senator Joseph McCarthy
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gained notoriety through his televised committee hearings in the early 1950s by making largely unsubstantiated charges about communism subversion in the US government and media; these charges struck fear in Americans; began to shift journalism to objectivity
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Vladimir Zworykin
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invented a television transmitting and receiving system employing cathode ray tubes
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Fairness Doctrine
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introduced by the FCC in 1949; required the holders of broadcast licenses both to present controversial issues of public importance and to do so in a manner that was honest, equitable and balanced; contained Equal Time regulations that required broadcasters to give every candidate equal access to the airways
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explain network affiliation:
radio and TV |
CBS and NBC organized first television networks
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media and the space race
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TV cameras accompanied space ship launchings; Americans were able to see the countdown to launch, live pictures from space, and the moments of danger
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Milton Berle
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an actor whose career is one of the longest and most varied in show business, spanning silent film, vaudeville, radio, motion pictures, and television; best known for his role as host of Texaco Star Theater, television's most popular program during its early years on ABC radio in 1948
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"All in the Family"
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sit-com that was broadcast on CBS from January 12, 1971 to April 8, 1979; portrayal of American bigotry
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role of media in civil rights
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journalists made up their own minds at the scene; 1955 television coverage of Emmet Till’s mutilated body in his open-casket service reached the nation; Till trial first of major civil rights stories that took TV reporters all across the South; TV started representing views and opinions of ordinary people; press supported both pro and anti civil rights sides
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"Bonanza"
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popular western show on TV
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"The Honeymooners"
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popular sitcom on TV; challenged the role of a housewife
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"Ladies Home"
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built a huge circulation during the later half of the 19th century
Sold for 5 cents an issue compared to the 20-35 cents of most other magazines Used cheaper paper and lower printing costs Wrote mostly about bios and stories of success |
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"American Magazine" v. "General Magazine"
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o Ben Franklin’s assistant, John Webbe, told Franklin’s rival he was going to come out with a magazine
General Magazine and Historical Chronical o Andrew Bradford (rival) came out with his magazine 3 days before Franklin published his American Magazine |
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obstacles in early America
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most people couldn’t afford a magazine subscription
o distribution problems: few and poor road, uncertain mails, unfavorable postal rates |
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Amelia Bloomer
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the editor and publisher of America’s 1st woman’s suffrage magazine (The Lily)
o Scandalized people when she wore trousers to give a speech about women not being able to show their legs later named bloomers |
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Sara Josepha Hale
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started 1st successful American women’s magazine in 1828 (Ladies’ Magazine)
o Later edited Godey’s Lady’s Book o Developed term “lingerie” for undergarments; helped preserve monuments and lobbied until Thanksgiving became national holiday |
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Mary Booth
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Harper’s Bazar’s founding editor
o Her paper was basically Harper’s Weekly for women Catered to women’s needs (fashion, home stuff, etc.) o Still encouraged women to go beyond domesticity Women were equal to men |
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magazine growth after Civil War
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magazines grew a lot after Civil War
o 600 magazines in 1860 America o Most provided popular literature to read o A small few were created that discussed issues of the times |
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significance of "Leslie's" and "Harpers"
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o Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper: was more of a magazine than a paper: offered large wood engravings, light literature and news
o Harper’s Weekly was another illustrated magazine o Lasted longer than most other magazines of their type o Illustrated magazines were first magazines to reach a mass audience |
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"Tatler" and "Spectator"
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o Tatler was made in 1709 by Irish-born Richard Steele
Came out 3 times a week Closed after a year, replaced with: o The Spectator: was edited by Steele and partner Joseph Addison Commented in a witty and entertaining way on the vices, virtues, and conventions of the day |
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"American Turf Register and Sporting Magazine"
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published in Baltimore; was a ground-breaking sports periodical by John S. Skinner
o Lasted from 1829-1844 |
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freelance magazine writers
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known as “magazinists”
o Well-known ones include Mark Twain, Rudyard Kipling, Brander Matthews, Amelie Rives, Frank Stockton, Sarah Orne Jewett, Lafcadio Hearn, and Thomas Janvier o Amelia Barr: widow who wrote about women of the times o Frank Stockton wrote short fiction |
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Progressive movement
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marked by the curbing of excesses of big businesses
o Reduction of political influence on special interests |
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Jacob Riis
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a photojournalist muckraker whose photos were about the poor in NYC; his photos and drawings were in his book How The Other Half Lives
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Ida Tarbell, Expose of Standard Oil
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her expose started as a bio of John D. Rockefeller & ended up exposing his company’s faults
o Led Supreme Court to dissolve giant corporations into smaller companies |
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Lincoln Steffens
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wrote “Tweed Days in St. Louis” (considered the 1st muckraking article)
o Epitomized the muckraker reporter o Wrote a lot of exposes about cities in America |
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"The Shame of the Cities"
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a series of articles by Lincoln Steffens that exposed corrupt governments in American cities like Minneapolis, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Chicago, and New York
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"Godey's Lady's Book" and color
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hired 150 women to tint the illustrations
o rotary presses used by 1893; made it easier |
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"The Treason of the Senate"
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sensational article by David Graham Phillips about the Senate; who voted on what, what senators actually worked for the people, etc
o Credited with unseating several senators |
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"The Great American Fraud"
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an article and series of cartoons by Samuel Hopkins Adams that outlined the danger of alcohol and laudanum (opium) in a formula for medicines
o Talked about a child who died from taking some cough syrup |
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Sinclair Lewis
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the book The Jungle exposed wrongdoings in the meatpacking industry
o Wrote about the workers’ plight |
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muckraking
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term coined by President Roosevelt, who compared the over-zealous reporters to someone raking muck off the ground
o meant as an insult; many reporters took it as a compliment |
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accomplishments of muckraking
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producing legislative reforms
o Prison reforms o Government started to listen to the people o Declined b/c the public itself didn’t really pay attention |
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Margaret Sanger
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used her publication The Woman Rebel to press for women’s access to birth control
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muckraking legislative reform
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Pure Food and Drug Act created after The Jungle published
o eight hour work-day for women/ child labor laws |
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Richard Harding Davis
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America’s best war reporter during the Spanish-American War; covered WWI as well; captured by the Germans because he didn’t have credentials, but wrote stories of his firsthand accounts
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Correspondents in WWI
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had to have credentials to go the front; if no credentials, put at the back of the lines; censors controlled what was told to the public
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Peggy Hull
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1st woman correspondent to receive accreditation from the War Dept; reported news from all over
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Committee on Public Information
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coordinated media and war effort
o headed by George Creel o dealt with propaganda abroad and on the home front; many journalists served o informed and influenced the press with 1st govt-run paper: Official Bulletin |
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German/Japanese propaganda use
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used propaganda everywhere even before war declared
o Was omnipresent in film, literature, radio, theater, etc. |
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FDR and the press
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used all media
o Fireside chats o Appeared on newsreels before movies o Press conferences to war correspondents o Didn’t like some of the reporters because they opposed the New Deal Got along well with most media o Created cabinet positions to reign in the press |
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Office of War Information
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created by Roosevelt during WWII to oversee foreign propaganda, supervise govt war information programs on radio, movies, and other mass media, and serve as liaison between press and govt.
o Different than CPI because it was in charge of what war news would be released and what wouldn’t |
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George Creel
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head of the Committee on Public Information
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black protest during WWI
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most black papers supported the war effort; some didn’t
o those that didn’t spoke against the war because US was fighting a war in Europe and ignoring the problems of the blacks at home |
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radio and Pearl Harbor
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allowed people to hear the news of the attack quicker than other media
o radio brought the reality of the war into the homes of the Americans |
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Censorship during WWII
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compared to other nations in the war, US censorship was loose
o Voluntary censorship in most cases; in more drastic cases, govt controlled what was reported o Office of Censorship created in 1941 to oversee censorship Head of office, Byron Price, established Code of Wartime Practices • Encouraged voluntary censorship & got it most of the time |
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Fred Palmer, WWI censorship
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originally only American correspondent to get British credentials in the field
o Wasn’t allowed to go anywhere without military press officers o Restricted on what allowed to write about Not actually censored because knew well what not to write about |
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Press & Great Depression
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o Depression: Press didn’t see it coming; many reporters thought it was their greatest failing
Press emphasized sensational stories; some think their overstress of wealth could’ve led to the Depression No real stories about economics til 1931; peaked in 1935 |
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W.E.B. DuBois
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editor of the NAACP’s monthly journal, The Crisis
o Was one of the main African-Americans who spoke out against Wilson’s war ideals during WWI |
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Press & New Deal
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Press showed vigor about FDR’s plan
Newsreels before movies talked about it Radio New periodicals and magazines came about • Time and Newsweek Liberal press thought it was too conservative; Conservative press said it was too liberal |
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Ernie Pyle
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war correspondent during WWII
o Went up front with the soldiers o Described actual people and things that he saw in great detail o Was shot down in ’45 by a Japanese sniper |
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Double V campaign
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started by Pittsburgh Courier in 1934
o Idea to get victory over foreign enemies and enemies at home Get rid of discrimination and segregation |
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Harold Ickes
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Roosevelt’s Secretary of the Interior
o Was especially critical of the press during the war |
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Samuel Morse
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developed the telegraph and experimented with long-distance communication
o Sent the 1st official message in 1844 o Telegraph was predecessor to radio |
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Marconi
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Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated telegraphy across the Atlantic
o Established costal radio stations on North American and the UK o Still sent in Morse code |
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Radio Act 1912
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passed mostly because of the Titanic disaster; required every ship to have a Marconi room
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Alan Freed
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DJ who helped make rock music popular; coined the term rock ‘n’ roll in the 1950s
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Music box memo
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written by David Sarnoff; suggested that people make radios pretty, available to everyone, and broadcast music
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Radio Act of 1927
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established the fundamental principles of broadcast regulation
o All stations’ licenses were revoked and they had to reapply and agree to new regulations |
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Seven Basic Ideas of radio
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Radio waves belong to the people
Broadcasting is unique service Service must be equally distributed Not everyone eligible for a channel Broadcasting is protected by 1st Amendment Government has discretionary regulatory powers Government’s powers aren’t absolute |
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Audion
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developed by Lee De Forest; a vacuum tube that was key to radio’s ability to transmit speech
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"Guiding Light"
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radio soap opera that started in 1937; later transferred to TV and recently finished in September 2009
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Reginald Fessenden
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1st to send voice communication over the airwaves
o Christmas music sent to mostly ships Didn’t take hold |
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impact of ear witness news
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radio can be broadcast live, means that people can get news immediately instead of waiting for paper to come out
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