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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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First Amendment
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Religion
Speech Press Assembly Right to Complain about government |
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Circles of Intimacy - Louis Hodges
Invasion of privacy occurs when you lose control of the circles |
center: You
2nd inner layer: you + one 3rd inner layer: you + close friends 4th inner layer: casual acquaintance outside: public |
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Trial Balloon
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Let it slip to see how it floats; didn't officially come from the candidate
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Media leak
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Purposeful, as opposed to trial balloon
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Watch Dog
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Expose corruption
Where does our tax money go? Who is breaking their campaign promises? |
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Guide Dog
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Provide info- like election supplement
Make sense of complicated information debates |
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Evolution of Media Economics
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Then: Paper owned by indiv. / had own personalities
Now: Conglomerates Newspaper / mags / news stations make $ by (subscriptions & ads- have been down for the past 15-20 years) --> cause layoffs, shrinking newspapers, publication closure Media conglom neg.: layoffs, everything sounds the same, interest conflict Conglom.: AOL Time Warner, NBC Universal Comcast Newspaper: USA Today,Asbury Park Press, Courier Post (Gannett) Fewer reporters watching politicians Radio: Clear channel, CBS, Sirius |
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Ethics of photo/video
Balance the right to privacy v. newsworthiness |
4 Q's A Photographer Should Ask Before Submitting Photo (Used to be Shoot):
- Should this moment be made public? - Will being photographed cause the subject further trauma? - Am I the least obtrusive distance possible? - Am I acting with compassion and sensitivity? |
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Internet
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ARPAnet
Internet (ENIAC 1940's) --> developed for the military so they could talk privately 1960s- scientists began to talk to each other 1980s- Microsoft, Apple, PC Prodigy/AOL 1995-1997: newspapers go online |
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Privacy
Right to know- Has to do with the law Need to know- If the perpetrator is a member of authority Want to know- Tiger Woods |
4 Ways Privacy = Guarded Legally
(legal standards of privacy) - AGAINST INTRUSIONS of one's home or solitude (home; diary) - Public DISCLOSURE of embarrassing facts when there's no bearing on the present - Publicity in a FALSE LIGHT for $ (Using pix of Britney Spears in Starbucks ads, saying that it's the only thing she drinks) - MISAPPROPRIATION of person's name or likeness |
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Secrecy - blocking information intentionally
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Privacy - individual has control over who can see info and when
Need privacy to develop sense of self / protection from the state |
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Legal Definition
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Public figure- LASTING spotlight seeker
Limited public figure- seek the spotlight but won't last Accidental public figure- person who is thrown into the spotlight Private figure |
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Need for privacy
(necessary component for society) |
- Develop a sense of self
- Privacy: shield against the state |
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Positives / negatives of privacy:
Notions of privacy have shifted over time |
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"I" reporting: you can upload pics / stories Breast Cancer AIDs Erectile Dysfunction Gay marriage / homosexuality Sex Colonoscopy (Katie Couric?) - 24/7 news cycle invasion of privacy - many media outlets happens so quickly paparazzi - "off time" "I" reporting |
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Public Relations
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Modern PR: began early 20th century
- coal miners w/ door problems - PA railroad hired Ivy Lee Public Relations Society of America- has own code of ethics Pseudo event: fake staged presentations, (ribbon cutting) The relationship between PR / journalists is symbiotic and strained |
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Journalist like:
conflict finding stories themselves negative stories |
PR people like:
stability (status quo) providing stories positive stories |
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Journalists need to bear moral witness. It's okay to drop objectivity for...
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War, terrorism, genocide
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Problems with political reporting
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- All candidates supposed to be equal in a democracy but they're not
- Journalists treat front runners differently than other sources - Front runners: candidate is ahead - Too much focus on horse race - Most political reporting focuses on character / personality instead of the issues |
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Photo Ethics
Do not ADD, DECEIVE (Photoshop / digitally manipulate) Don't STAGE PHOTOS or SELECTIVELY EDIT Don't zone in: Butt, gutts, herpes |
Eyewash - stock photos / film
If something is a reenactment or illustration, must be labelled |
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Sissela Bok
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Consult your conscience
Seek expert advice or alternatives Conduct a public discussion |
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Aristotle
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Golden mean
Virtue lies at the mean of 2 extremes Cowardice - Courage - Foolish Focus on the act |
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Ethics - rational process based on agreed upon principles
Ethics pick up where morals leave off |
Morals- realm of religion (10 commandments, Torah)
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Immannuel Kant
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Focus: Act
Categorical Imperative - An individual should act as if his choice could become universal law Golden Rule - Do unto others as others would do unto you |
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Utilitarianism - Jeremy Bentham / John Stuart Mill
Focus: outcome |
The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few
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Deni Elliott
Conduct ethical discussion |
- Morally relevant factors of the case?
- Is a greater evil being prevented or punished? - Is the actor in a position to prevent / punish the evil OR is that a better role for another person of profession? - As a journalist, how would you react if someone in another profession did what you are thinking of doing? - What a rational uninvolved person think? Can a journalist defend action? |
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SMAB (how you should act)
Seek truth and report it Minimize Harm Act independently Be accountable |
SPJ Code
Journalists should: — Test the accuracy of information from all sources and exercise care to avoid inadvertent error. Deliberate distortion is never permissible. — Diligently seek out subjects of news stories to give them the opportunity to respond to allegations of wrongdoing. — Identify sources whenever feasible. The public is entitled to as much information as possible on sources' reliability. — Always question sources’ motives before promising anonymity. Clarify conditions attached to any promise made in exchange for information. Keep promises. — Make certain that headlines, news teases and promotional material, photos, video, audio, graphics, sound bites and quotations do not misrepresent. They should not oversimplify or highlight incidents out of context. — Never distort the content of news photos or video. Image enhancement for technical clarity is always permissible. Label montages and photo illustrations. — Avoid misleading re-enactments or staged news events. If re-enactment is necessary to tell a story, label it. — Avoid undercover or other surreptitious methods of gathering information except when traditional open methods will not yield information vital to the public. Use of such methods should be explained as part of the story — Never plagiarize. — Tell the story of the diversity and magnitude of the human experience boldly, even when it is unpopular to do so. — Examine their own cultural values and avoid imposing those values on others. — Avoid stereotyping by race, gender, age, religion, ethnicity, geography, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance or social status. — Support the open exchange of views, even views they find repugnant. — Give voice to the voiceless; official and unofficial sources of information can be equally valid. — Distinguish between advocacy and news reporting. Analysis and commentary should be labeled and not misrepresent fact or context. — Distinguish news from advertising and shun hybrids that blur the lines between the two. — Recognize a special obligation to ensure that the public's business is conducted in the open and that government records are open to inspection. Minimize Harm Ethical journalists treat sources, subjects and colleagues as human beings deserving of respect. Journalists should: — Show compassion for those who may be affected adversely by news coverage. Use special sensitivity when dealing with children and inexperienced sources or subjects. — Be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected by tragedy or grief. — Recognize that gathering and reporting information may cause harm or discomfort. Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance. — Recognize that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves than do public officials and others who seek power, influence or attention. Only an overriding public need can justify intrusion into anyone’s privacy. — Show good taste. Avoid pandering to lurid curiosity. — Be cautious about identifying juvenile suspects or victims of sex crimes. — Be judicious about naming criminal suspects before the formal filing of charges. — Balance a criminal suspect’s fair trial rights with the public’s right to be informed. Act Independently Journalists should be free of obligation to any interest other than the public's right to know. Journalists should: —Avoid conflicts of interest, real or perceived. — Remain free of associations and activities that may compromise integrity or damage credibility. — Refuse gifts, favors, fees, free travel and special treatment, and shun secondary employment, political involvement, public office and service in community organizations if they compromise journalistic integrity. — Disclose unavoidable conflicts. — Be vigilant and courageous about holding those with power accountable. — Deny favored treatment to advertisers and special interests and resist their pressure to influence news coverage. — Be wary of sources offering information for favors or money; avoid bidding for news. Be Accountable Journalists are accountable to their readers, listeners, viewers and each other. Journalists should: — Clarify and explain news coverage and invite dialogue with the public over journalistic conduct. — Encourage the public to voice grievances against the news media. — Admit mistakes and correct them promptly. — Expose unethical practices of journalists and the news media. — Abide by the same high standards to which they hold others. |
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Ethical News Values (recipe for a good story) - 8 of them
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ATDRSECD
At the dinner, Rachel successfully eats divided crabs. Accuracy Tenacity - knowing when a story requires extra effort Dignity - leave someone w/ self respect Reciprocity Sufficiency - adequate sources Equity - consider all sides / justice for all Community - values social cohesion Diversity - cover all pop segments equally |
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Advertising Ethics
Balance Theories- product restores balance of a person |
Is/Does the ad...?
T- Truthfulness (ad claims true?) A- Authenticity (does it stereotype?) R- Respect E- Equity (do you have to be hip or smart to get the ad?) S- Socially Responsible (if everyone in the world used product, would world be better or unaffected?) |
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To what/to whom are you loyal?
Ethical probs arise when loyalties conflict You- family god religion friends school morals |
Journalist-
job truth honesty boss/editor code of ethics profession |
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Thomas Hobbes
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1st Western philosopher to assert that God did not have to be focus of loyalty; people can have competing loyalties
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Josiah Royce
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Loyalty could become the single guiding ethical principle but this has a problem
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Potter Box- Ralph Rotter
FLVP |
Understand the FACTS of the case
Articulating LOYALTIES Outlining VALUES Applying philosophical PRINCIPLES |
