Med Terms (To Polish)

Front 1

Obstetrics

Back 1

medical specialty focusing on care of all women's reproductive tracts

Front 2

Thrombosis

Back 2

blood clot formation

Front 3

Encephalitis

Back 3

acute inflammation of the brain

Front 4

Epi-pen

Back 4

epinephrine auto-injector. Adrenaline. To treat anaphylactic shock

Front 5

Anaphylaxis

Back 5

serious allergic reaction, rapid, can cause death. Itchy rash, throat and eyes swell, BP crashes (low!), from insect bites, foods, medications

Front 6

Nephrology

Back 6

The study of the renal system, the kidneys

Front 7

Hematopoiesis

Back 7

the formation of red blood cells from stem cells, which originate in the bone marrow

Front 8

Subcutaneous

Back 8

The lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. The types of cells found are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. (from superficial to deep: epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous / hypodermis)

Front 9

Atherosclerosis

Back 9

An artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol and triglyceride. It is a syndrome affecting arterial blood vessels, a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries. Coronary arteries with this can lead to MI or CVA

Front 10

Corticosteriods

Back 10

Stress raises this, which lowers the immune system. a class of chemicals that includes steroid hormones naturally produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates and analogues of these hormones that are synthesized in laboratories. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including stress response, immune response, and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior.

Front 11

Rhinorrhea

Back 11

A condition where the nasal cavity is filled with a significant amount of mucous fluid. The condition, commonly known as "runny nose", occurs relatively frequently.

Front 12

Herd immunity

Back 12

A form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a population (or herd) provides a measure of protection for individuals who have not developed immunity.[1] Herd immunity theory proposes that, in contagious diseases that are transmitted from individual to individual, chains of infection are likely to be disrupted when large numbers of a population are immune or less susceptible to the disease.

Front 13

Etiology

Back 13

The study of causation, or origination

Front 14

Serology

Back 14

The scientific study of plasma serum and other bodily fluids. In practice, the term usually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum.

Front 15

Phlebitis

Back 15

inflammation of a vein (assess IV site!)

erythema, streak formation, warm to touch, edema may or may not be present, palpable cord, infusion fluid may or may not stop

Front 16

Erythema

Back 16

redness of the skin, caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin.

It occurs with any skin injury, infection, or inflammation. Examples of erythema not associated with pathology include nervous blushes

Front 17

Infiltration

Back 17

leaking of fluid into the tissues (Assess at IV site!)

skin blanched, edema around site (from leaky fluids), skin COOL to touch, tightness, leaking of fluid may be present, infusion may or may not continue, circulatory impairment

Front 18

Extravasation

Back 18

a leakage of fluid out of its container:

when medication leaks into the tissues.

for irritant drugs (ie: chemo drugs), it can cause necrosis/amputation

Front 19

Diapedesis

Back 19

Leukocyte extravasation

he movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system, towards the site of tissue damage or infection. This process forms part of the innate immune response, involving the recruitment of non-specific leukocytes. Monocytes also use this process in the absence of infection or tissue damage during their development into macrophages.

Front 20

Orthostatic hypotension (orthostasis)

Back 20

head rush or dizzy spell, is a form of hypotension in which a person's blood pressure suddenly falls when standing up or stretching. In medical terms, it is defined as a fall in systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 10 mm Hg when a person assumes a standing position.

Front 21

Atelectasis

Back 21

the collapse or closure of the lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange.

alveoli are deflated

collapsed, airless alveoli

-can get pnemonia if you don't deep / slow breathe, IS, ambulate, etc

a post-operative complication

Front 22

OOB

Back 22

out of bed

Front 23

Fistula

Back 23

an abnormal connection or passageway between two epithelium-lined organs or vessels that normally do not connect

Front 24

Dehisce

Back 24

to come apart at edges

a surgical wound complication

Front 25

Eviscerate

Back 25

internal organs protrude through the wound

a surgical wound complication

Front 26

Antiemetics

Back 26

drugs that ward off vomiting and nausea

Front 27

Paralytic ileus

Back 27

Paralysis of the intestine, typical post-surgery due to opioid side effects

bowel obstruction

give patient gum!

Front 28

Hemorrhage

Back 28

BLEEDING

Front 29

Aneurysm

Back 29

is a localized, blood-filled balloon-like bulge in the wall of a blood vessel.

As an aneurysm increases in size, the risk of rupture increases. A ruptured aneurysm can lead to bleeding and subsequent hypovolemic shock, leading to death.

Front 30

Aorta

Back 30

the largest artery in the human body

goes from left ventricle and extends down to the abdomen,
where it bifurcates into two smaller arteries (the common iliac arteries).
The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to ALL parts of the body through the systemic circulation

Front 31

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)

Back 31

A localized dilatation (ballooning) of the abdominal aorta exceeding the normal diameter by more than 50 percent, and is the most common form of aortic aneurysm.

Approximately 90 percent of abdominal aortic aneurysms occur infrarenally (below the kidneys)

Caused by tobacco, HTN, alcohol, genetics, atherosclerosis

16,000 deaths yearly in USA

Front 32

NSAIDS

Back 32

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen

(acetaminophen grouped as NSAIDS too, but doesn't provide anti-inflammatory)

Front 33

Pallor

Back 33

An unhealthy, pale appearance

a pale color which can be caused by illness, emotional shock or stress, stimulant use, or anemia

Front 34

Intermittant claudication

Back 34

muscle pain brought on by exercise

resolves with rest

usually in calf, or legs

Peripheral artery disease can cause it

Front 35

Bruit sounds

Back 35

The unusual sound that blood makes when it rushes past an OBSTRUCTION (called turbulent flow) in an artery when the sound is auscultated with the bell portion of a stethoscope

Front 36

Cardiac tamponade

Back 36

Pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the heart muscle (myocardium) and the outer covering sac of the heart (pericardium).

Front 37

Prinzmetal angina

Back 37

Angina (cardiac chest pain) at rest that occurs in cycles.

It is caused by vasospasm, a narrowing of the coronary arteries caused by contraction of the smooth muscle tissue in the vessel walls rather than directly by atherosclerosis.

It occurs more in younger women.

Front 38

Ecchymosis

Back 38

Commonly called a bruise, is a hematoma of the skin larger than 10mm.

Front 39

Rubor

Back 39

Redness

One of the cardinal signs of inflammation, irritation.

Pain, swelling, heat

Front 40

Hematoma

Back 40

A localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, usually in liquid form within the tissue.

(an ecchymosis, commonly called a bruise, is a hematoma of the skin larger than 10mm)

Front 41

Hemolysis

Back 41

When RBCs burst

(when RBC is in a hypotonic fluid)

Solutes suck!

Front 42

Hemorrhage

Back 42

Bleeding!

Front 43

Hematocrit

Back 43

Percentage of blood that is SOLID

Front 44

Plasma

Back 44

The liquid component of blood

Front 45

Peritoneum

Back 45

Thin tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen, covers most abdominal organs

Front 46

CC

Back 46

A cubic centimeter.

= 1 mL

1000 cc = 1 L

Front 47

PCT

Back 47

Patient care technician

Front 48

Natremia

Back 48

latin for Sodium

Front 49

Diuretic

Back 49

Something that promotes the production of urine.

ie: Coffee

Front 50

Polyuria

Back 50

Excessive urination

Front 51

Paralysis

Back 51

Loss of muscle function

Front 52

Morbidity

Back 52

The rate of disease

Front 53

Mortality rate

Back 53

The rate of deaths,
among a set of diagnosed hospital illness or injury cases

Front 54

Hypoxia

Back 54

The body is deprived of O2

Front 55

Infarction

Back 55

Tissue death caused by lack of O2 (due to blood supply blockage)

Front 56

Parasthesia

Back 56

"Pins and needles" sensation

"Falling asleep" feeling

Front 57

Ischemia

Back 57

A restriction of blood supply to tissues

shortage of O2 and glucose

sickle cell anemia

Front 58

Aplasia

Back 58

Defective development of an organ or tissue

blood vessel problems

Front 59

Steroids

Back 59

Decrease inflammation, but also causes immunosuppression

Front 60

Fibrosis

Back 60

The formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue in a reparative or reactive process.

Front 61

Paralytic ileus

Back 61

Intestinal blockage due to nerve malfunction

ie: post surgery due to anesthesia

Front 62

Supine

Back 62

FACE UP (lying on back)

Front 63

Prone

Back 63

FACE DOWN (lying on stomach)

Front 64

Stridor

Back 64

High-pitched whistle, from blockage in throat / lung

Front 65

Alopecia

Back 65

Partial or total lack of hair

Front 66

Diaphoresis

Back 66

Excessive sweating

Front 67

Dysphagia

Back 67

Difficulty SWALLOWING

Front 68

Tachypneic

Back 68

Rapid breathing

Hyperventilation

Front 69

Hyperventilation

Back 69

BLOWING OFF CO2 FAST + DEEP BREATHING PATTERN.
BLOWING OFF CO2 FAST + DEEP BREATHING PATTERN.
BLOWING OFF CO2 FAST + DEEP BREATHING PATTERN.
BLOWING OFF CO2 FAST. FAST BREATHING

Front 70

Pneumothorax

Back 70

Punctured lung

Front 71

Hypoventilation

Back 71

= slow breathing, causes CO2 to BUILD UP in the blood

Front 72

Hyperventilation

Back 72

= fast breathing, causes CO2 to be BLOWN OFF

Front 73

Hypercapnia

Back 73

the main stimulus for us to breathe (an increase of CO2 in blood).

moreso than hypoxia !!!

Front 74

Orthopnea

Back 74

Difficulty of breathing while laying down supine

cannot breathe unless sitting up

state number of pillows to achieve comfort:
"two-pillow orthopnea"

Front 75

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Back 75

awakening from sleep with SOB and needing to be upright to achieve comfort

Front 76

Diaphoresis

Back 76

Excessive sweat

Front 77

Apnea

Back 77

Temporary absence or cessation of breathing

Front 78

Pleural effusion

Back 78

The excess fluid that accumulates between the two pleural layers, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs.

Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during ventilation.

Front 79

Cyclooxygenase (COX) Pathway

Back 79

An enzyme that is responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids, including prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane

Pharmacological inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain

Front 80

Tinnitus

Back 80

Ringing in the ears

Can be caused by chronic use of aspirin therapy

Front 81

Reye's syndrome

Back 81

A potentially fatal disease that has numerous detrimental effects to many organs, especially the brain and liver, as well as causing a lower than usual level of blood sugar.

NO ASPIRIN TO CHILDREN UNDER 19. NO ASPIRIN FOR CHICKEN POX OR INFLUENZA

The classic features are a rash, vomiting, and liver damage.

The exact cause is unknown and, while it has been associated with aspirin consumption by children with viral illness, it also occurs in the absence of aspirin use.

Front 82

Sterioids

Back 82

Potent anti-inflammatory

and also an immunosuppressant

Front 83

Purse lip breathing

Back 83

increases pressure, and forces air out better (for COPD or other pulmonary disorders where it's hard to exhale completely)

Front 84

Aphasia

Back 84

cannot speak, or communicate

Front 85

Bullae

Back 85

an air space in lung, measuring more than 1 cm

complication of COPD (along with pneumothorax)

Front 86

Lacrimation

Back 86

The secretion of tears especially when abnormal or excessive (parkinson disease)

Front 87

Hirsutism

Back 87

excessive hair growth in females or in areas not typical of hair growth (side effect of Dilantin (phenytoin) to treat epilepsy - an AED antiepileptic drug)

Front 88

Choreoathetosis

Back 88

the occurrence of involuntary movements in a combination of chorea (irregular migrating contractions) and athetosis (twisting and writhing)

a side effect of Parkinson drug Carbidopa-levadopa

Front 89

Clonus

Back 89

A series of involuntary, rhythmic, muscular contractions and relaxations.

from lithium toxicity

Front 90

Ataxia

Back 90

Uncoordinated movement is due to a muscle control problem that causes an inability to coordinate movements. It leads to a jerky, unsteady, to-and-fro motion of the middle of the body (trunk) and an unsteady gait (walking style). It can also affect the limbs.

from lithium toxicity

Front 91

Pyelonephritis

Back 91

Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects one or both kidneys.

Pyelonephritis is caused by a bacterium or virus infecting the kidneys. Though many bacteria and viruses can cause pyelonephritis, the bacterium Escherichia coli is often the cause. Bacteria and viruses can move to the kidneys from the bladder or can be carried through the bloodstream from other parts of the body. A UTI in the bladder that does not move to the kidneys is called cystitis.

Front 92

Hydronephrosis

Back 92

Literally "water inside the kidney" — refers to distension and dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, usually caused by obstruction of the free flow of urine from the kidney. Untreated, it leads to progressive atrophy of the kidney.

In cases of hydroureteronephrosis, there is distention of both the ureter and the renal pelvis and calices.

Front 93

Bilirubin

Back 93

A brownish yellow substance found in bile. It is produced when the liver breaks down old red blood cells.

Excreted in bile and urine.

It is responsible for the yellow color of bruises, the background straw-yellow color of urine, the brown color of feces, and the yellow discoloration in jaundice

Front 94

Hyperbilirubinaemia

Back 94

In a new-born can lead to accumulation of bilirubin in certain brain regions (particularly the basal nuclei) with consequent irreversible damage to these areas manifesting as various neurological deficits, seizures, abnormal reflexes and eye movements.

The neurotoxicity of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia manifests because the blood–brain barrier has yet to develop fully, and bilirubin can freely pass into the brain interstitium, whereas more developed individuals with increased bilirubin in the blood are protected. Neonates in general are at increased risk since they lack the intestinal bacteria that facilitate the breakdown and excretion of conjugated bilirubin in the feces (this is largely why the feces of a neonate are paler than those of an adult).

Front 95

Epigastric

Back 95

divide abdomen in 9 squares, center square (slightly lower in the square) is umbilicus.

right hypochondriac epigastric left epigastric
right lumbar umbilical left lumbar
right iliac hypogastric left iliac

Front 96

Retroperitoneal

Back 96

Retroperitoneal space (retroperitoneum) is the anatomical space in the abdominal cavity behind (retro) the peritoneum. It has no specific delineating anatomical structures. Organs are retroperitoneal if they have peritoneum on their anterior side only. Structures that are not suspended by mesentery in the abdominal cavity and that lie between the parietal peritoneum and abdominal wall are classified as retroperitoneal

Front 97

Jaundice

Back 97

Concentration of bilirubin in blood plasma is normally below 1.2 mg/dL (<25µmol/L). A concentration higher than 2.5 mg/dL (>50µmol/L) leads to jaundice.

Too much bilirubin in blood.

Jaundice is often seen in liver disease such as hepatitis or liver cancer. It may also indicate leptospirosis or obstruction of the biliary tract, for example by gallstones or pancreatic cancer, or less commonly be congenital in origin (e.g., biliary atresia).

Front 98

Steatorrhea

Back 98

The presence of excess fat in feces. Stools may also float due to excess lipid, have an oily appearance and be especially foul-smelling. An oily anal leakage or some level of fecal incontinence may occur. There is increased fat excretion, which can be measured by determining the fecal fat level.

Front 99

Atresia

Back 99

Absence of a normal opening or patent lumen.

Front 100

Patent

Back 100

Open and unobstructed (vessel, duct, or aperture)

Front 101

SIDS

Back 101

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

cot death or crib death

3rd leading cause of infant mortality 2011

putting the infant to sleep on his/her back, a firm mattress separate from but close to caregivers, no loose bedding, a relatively cool sleeping environment, using a pacifier, and avoidance of exposure to tobacco smoke

Front 102

ETOH

Back 102

Ethanol. Alcohol. Booze.

Front 103

AAA

Back 103

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Front 104

Tetany

Back 104

Involuntary contraction of muscles

Front 105

Trousseau's sign

Back 105

inflate BP cuff, leave on for 3 min, look for hand/fingers.

fingers adduct (claw)

a sign of hypocalcemia
tetany

Front 106

Chvostek's sign

Back 106

facial nerve, press on anterior of earlobe

mouth will twitch to that side, eye will squint a little

a sign of hypocalcemia
tetany

Front 107

what substances pass the blood brain barrier?

Back 107

Non-polar, lipid soluable substances,

via diffusion!

Front 108

Gynecomastia

Back 108

Men's breasts grow very large

(side effect of Cimetidine - Tagament - H2 blocker for heartburn/acid)

Front 109

Encorporesis

Back 109

Painful bowel movements in kids, afraid to go, impaction, treat w/ stool softeners and regular BM schedules

Front 110

Myalgia

Back 110

Muscle pain

Front 111

Fibromyalgia

Back 111

Chronic widespread pain and allodynia (a heightened and painful response to pressure).[1] Its exact cause is unknown but is believed to involve psychological, genetic, neurobiological and environmental factors

Front 112

Claudication

Back 112

pain while walking

Front 113

Agranulocytosis

Back 113

failure of bone marrow to make WBCs, and also concurrent Neutropenia (low neutrophils)

Front 114

PRN

Back 114

pro re nata

A Latin phrase meaning in the circumstances or as the circumstance arises. It is commonly used in medicine to mean "as needed" or "as the situation arises".

Front 115

Dysphagia

Back 115

difficulty swallowing

Front 116

Akathisia

Back 116

can't sit still, restlessness

Front 117

Diaphoresis

Back 117

excessive sweating, profusely perspiring