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176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
alveol/o
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alveolus (air sac)
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bronch/o, bronchi/o
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bronchus (airway)
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bronchiol/o
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bronchiole (little airway)
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capn/o, carb/o
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carbon dioxide
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laryng/o
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larynx (voice box)
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lob/o
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lobe (a portion)
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nas/o, rhin/o
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nose
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or/o
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mouth
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ox/o
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oxygen
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palat/o
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palate
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pharyng/o
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pharynx (throat)
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phren/o
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diaphragm (also mind)
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pleur/o
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pleura (lining of lungs)
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pneum/o, pneumon/o
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air or lung
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pulmon/o
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lung
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sinus/o
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sinus :cavity"
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spir/o, -pnea (suffix)
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breathing
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thorac/o, pector/o, steth/o
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chest
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tonsil/o
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tonsil
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trache/o
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trachea (windpipe)
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uvul/o
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uvula
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nose
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struture that warms moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; also houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell
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sinuses
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air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity
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palate
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roof of the mouth; partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft palate
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hard palate
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boy anterior (front) portion of the palate
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soft palate
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muscular posterior (back portion of the palate)
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pharynx
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throat; passageway for food to the esopagus and for air to larynx
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nasopharynx
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part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages
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oropharynx
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central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
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laryngopharynx
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lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and espohagus
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tonsils
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oval lymphatic tissue on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine tonsils
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adenoid
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lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil
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uvula
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small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate; named for its grape-like shape
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larynx
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voice box; passageway for air moving from the pharynx to the trachea; contains the vocal cords
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glottis
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opening between the vocal cords in the larynx
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epiglottis
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a lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
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trachea
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windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into the right and left bronchi
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bronchial tree
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branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli
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right bronchus and left bronchus
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two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs
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bronchioles
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progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways
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alveoli
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thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that exchage gases
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lungs
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two spongy orgains in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage; responsible for respiration
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lobes
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subdivision of the lung, with two on the left and three on the right
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pleura
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membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)
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pleural cavity
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potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura
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diaphragm
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muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and that moves upward and downward to aid in respiration
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mediastinum
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partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and that encloses the heart, exophagus, trachea, and thymus gland
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mucous membranes
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thin sheets of tissue that line respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid
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cilia
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hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucous cell secretions upward
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parenchyma
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functional tissues of any organ, such as the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration
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breathing-eupnea
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normal breathing
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breathing-bradypnea
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slow breathing
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breathing-tachypnea
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fast breathing
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breathing-hypopnea
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shallow breathing
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breathing-hyperpnea
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deep breathing
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breathing-dyspnea
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difficulty breathing
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breathing-apnea
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inability to breathe
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breathing-orthopnea
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ability to breathe only in an upright postion
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breathing-Cheyne-stokes respiration
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pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and, sometimes, in rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea
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lung sounds-crackles, rales
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popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis
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lung sounds-wheezes, rhonchi
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high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema
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lung sounds-stridor
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high-pithched, crowing sound that occurs with n obstruction in the uppen airway (trachea or larynx)
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caseous necrosis
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degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance
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cyanosis
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bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blook
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dysphonia
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hoarseness (phon/o= voice or sound)
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epistaxis
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nosebleed (epi=upon; stazo=to drip)
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expectoration
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coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs
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sputum
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material expelled from the lungs by coughing
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hemoptysis
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coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the lungs (ptysis=to spit)
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hypercapnia, hypocarbia
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deficient level of carbon dioxide in the blood
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hyperventialation
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deficient movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia
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hypoxemia
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deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
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hypoxia
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deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells
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obstructive lung disorder
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condtion blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs
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restrictive lung disorder
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condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs
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pulmonary edema
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fluid filling the spaces around the alveoli and, eventually, flooding in the blood
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pulmonary infiltrate
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density on an x-ray image representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process
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rhinorrhea
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thin, watery discharge from the nose (runny nose)
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asthma
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panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane; caharterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough
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atelectasis
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collapse of lung tissue (alveoli) (atele=imperfect; -ectasis=expansion or dilation
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bronchiectasis
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abnormal dilation of the bronchi whit accumulation of mucus
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bronchitis
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inflammation of the bronchi
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bronchogenic carcinoma
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lung cancer; cancer originating in the bronchi
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bronchospasm
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constriction of bronchi caused by spasm (involuntary contraction) of the peribronchial smooth muclse
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emphysema
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obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls, resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange (emphysan=to inflate)
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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permanet, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
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cystic fibrosis
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inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thinck, viscous 9sticky) mucus that obstructs passagewas within the body , commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract; mucus that obstructs the airways leads to infection, inflammation, and damage of lung tissue
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laryngitis
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inflammation of the larynx
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laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB), croup
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inflammation of the upper airways with swelling; creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct "seal bark" cough
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laryngospasm
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spasm of the laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction
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nasal polyposis
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presence of numerous polyps in the nose (a polyp is a tumor on a stalk)
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pharyngitis
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inflamation of the pharynx
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pleural effusion
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accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
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empyema, pyothorax
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accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
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hemothorax
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inflammation of the cavity
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pleuritis, pleurisy
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inflammation of the pleura
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pneumoconiosis
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chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts, such as coal, asbestos (asbestosis), or silicone (silicosis) (conio=dust)
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pneumonia
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inflammation in the lung resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites or from aspiration of chemicals
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pneumocystis peumonia
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pneumonia casued by the pneumocystis carinii organism, common opportunistic infection in those who are positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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pneumothorax
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air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
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alveol/o
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alveolus (air sac)
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bronch/o, bronchi/o
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bronchus (airway)
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bronchiol/o
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bronchiole (little airway)
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capn/o, carb/o
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carbon dioxide
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laryng/o
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larynx (voice box)
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lob/o
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lobe (a portion)
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nas/o, rhin/o
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nose
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or/o
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mouth
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ox/o
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oxygen
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palat/o
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palate
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pharyng/o
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pharynx (throat)
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phren/o
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diaphragm (also mind)
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pleur/o
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pleura (lining of lungs)
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pneum/o, pneumon/o
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air or lung
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pulmon/o
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lung
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sinus/o
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sinus :cavity"
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spir/o, -pnea (suffix)
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breathing
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thorac/o, pector/o, steth/o
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chest
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tonsil/o
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tonsil
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trache/o
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trachea (windpipe)
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uvul/o
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uvula
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Cardiopulmonary resucitation
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method of artificial respiration and chest compressions to move oxygenated blood to vital body organs -> used when breathing and heart have stopped
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Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy
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Use of a device with a mask that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages; commonly used during sleep to prevent closure of the airway in sleep apnea
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endotracheal intubation
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passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixture to the lungs (e.g. oxygen, anesthetics, or air)
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incentive spirometry
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a common post operative breathing therapy using a specially designed sirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and hold an inspiratory volume to excersize the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications.
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mechanical ventilation
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mechanical breathing using a ventilator
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antibiotic
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a drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
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anticoagulant
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a drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels (e.g. heparin)
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antihistamine
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a drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effects of histamine
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histamine
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a compound in the body that is released by injured cells during allergic reactions, inflammation, and so on, causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and dialation of blood vessels
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bronchiodilator
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a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi
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expectorant
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a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing
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adenoidectomy
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excision of the adenoids
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lobectomy
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removal of a lobe of the lungs
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nasal polypectomy
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eremoval of a nasal polyp
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pneumonectomy
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removal of an entire lung
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thoracentesis
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puncture of the chest (pleural cavity) for aspiration
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thoracoplasty
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repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs
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thoracoscopy
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endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thoracoscope
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thoracostomy
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creation of an opening in the chest, usually to insert a tube
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thoracotomy
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incision into the chest
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tonsillectomy
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excision of the palantine tonsils
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tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A)
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excision of the tonsils and adenoids
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tracheostomy
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creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube
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tracheotomy
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incision into the trachea
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arterial blood gas (ABG)
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analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases
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pH
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abbreviation for the potential of hydrogen; measurement of blood acidity or alkalinity
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PaO2
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abbrev. For partial pressure of oxygen; measurement of the amount of oxygen in the blood
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PaCO2
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abbrev. For the partial pressure of carbon dioxide; measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
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endoscopy
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examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes
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bronchoscopy
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use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways
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nasopharangoscopy
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use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities, such as obstructions, growths, and cancers.
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examination methods
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techniques used during physical examination method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope, such as auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds
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percussion
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a physical examination method of tapping the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity, such as the chest
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lung biopsy (Bx)
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removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathologic examination
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lung scan
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a two-part nuclear scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of ventilation or perfusion made 1) after radioactive material is injectied in the patient's blood, and 2) as the patient breathes radioactive material into the airwats; comparison of the ywo scans indicates whether an abnormality exists in the airways or the pulmonary circulation.
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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nonionizing image of the lungs to visualize lung lesions
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polysomnography (PSG)
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recording of various aspects of sleep (i.e eye and muscle movements, respiration, and brain-wave patterns) for diagnosis of sleep disorders (somn/o = sleep) (fig 8-14)
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pulmonary function testing (PFT)
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direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities
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spirometry
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direct measurement of lung volume and capacity
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tidal volume (TV or VT)
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amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration
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vital capacity (VC)
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amount of air exhaled after maximal inspiration
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peak flow (PF) or Peak Expiratory Flow (PEFR)
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measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration
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pulse oximetry
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noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at the site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger; used to monitor hypoxemia
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radiology
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x-ray imaging
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chest x-ray
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x-ray imaging of the chest to visualize the lungs; directional terms identify the path of the x-ray beam to produce the radiograph. PA (posterior-anterior) = from back to front; AP (anterior-posterior) = from fromt to back; lateral = toward the side (e.g. left lateral)
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Computed tomography
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CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lungs; CT of the head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses
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pulmonary angiography
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x-ray imaging of the blood vessels of the lungs after the injection of contrast material
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pneumohemothorax
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air and blood in the pleural cavity
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pneumonitis
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inflammation of the lung, often caused by hypersensitivity to chemicals or dust
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pulmonary embolism (PE)
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occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot
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pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
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disease caused by the presence of M. Tuberculosis in the lungs; characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotiziong caseous lesions (caseous necrosis)
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sinusitis
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inflamation of the sinuses
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sleep apnea
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periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occurs during sleep, often resulting in snoring
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tonsillitis
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acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils
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upper respiratiory infection (URI)
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infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi
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