Med Terms Ch 7

Front 1

alveol/o

Back 1

alveolus (air sac)

Front 2

bronch/o, bronchi/o

Back 2

bronchus (airway)

Front 3

bronchiol/o

Back 3

bronchiole (little airway)

Front 4

capn/o, carb/o

Back 4

carbon dioxide

Front 5

laryng/o

Back 5

larynx (voice box)

Front 6

lob/o

Back 6

lobe (a portion)

Front 7

nas/o, rhin/o

Back 7

nose

Front 8

or/o

Back 8

mouth

Front 9

ox/o

Back 9

oxygen

Front 10

palat/o

Back 10

palate

Front 11

pharyng/o

Back 11

pharynx (throat)

Front 12

phren/o

Back 12

diaphragm (also mind)

Front 13

pleur/o

Back 13

pleura (lining of lungs)

Front 14

pneum/o, pneumon/o

Back 14

air or lung

Front 15

pulmon/o

Back 15

lung

Front 16

sinus/o

Back 16

sinus :cavity"

Front 17

spir/o, -pnea (suffix)

Back 17

breathing

Front 18

thorac/o, pector/o, steth/o

Back 18

chest

Front 19

tonsil/o

Back 19

tonsil

Front 20

trache/o

Back 20

trachea (windpipe)

Front 21

uvul/o

Back 21

uvula

Front 22

nose

Back 22

struture that warms moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; also houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell

Front 23

sinuses

Back 23

air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity

Front 24

palate

Back 24

roof of the mouth; partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft palate

Front 25

hard palate

Back 25

boy anterior (front) portion of the palate

Front 26

soft palate

Back 26

muscular posterior (back portion of the palate)

Front 27

pharynx

Back 27

throat; passageway for food to the esopagus and for air to larynx

Front 28

nasopharynx

Back 28

part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages

Front 29

oropharynx

Back 29

central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis

Front 30

laryngopharynx

Back 30

lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and espohagus

Front 31

tonsils

Back 31

oval lymphatic tissue on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine tonsils

Front 32

adenoid

Back 32

lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil

Front 33

uvula

Back 33

small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate; named for its grape-like shape

Front 34

larynx

Back 34

voice box; passageway for air moving from the pharynx to the trachea; contains the vocal cords

Front 35

glottis

Back 35

opening between the vocal cords in the larynx

Front 36

epiglottis

Back 36

a lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway

Front 37

trachea

Back 37

windpip; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into the right and left bronchi

Front 38

bronchial tree

Back 38

branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli

Front 39

right bronchus and left bronchus

Back 39

two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs

Front 40

bronchioles

Back 40

progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways

Front 41

alveoli

Back 41

thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that exchage gases

Front 42

lungs

Back 42

two spony orgains in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage; responsible for respiration

Front 43

lobes

Back 43

subdivision of the lung, with two on the left and three on the right

Front 44

pleura

Back 44

membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)

Front 45

pleural cavity

Back 45

potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura

Front 46

diaphragm

Back 46

muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and that moves upward and downward to aid in respiration

Front 47

mediastinum

Back 47

partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and that encloses the heart, exophagus, trachea, and thymus gland

Front 48

mucous membranes

Back 48

thin sheets of tissue that line respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid

Front 49

cilia

Back 49

hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucous cell secretions upward

Front 50

parenchyma

Back 50

functional tissues of any organ, such as the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration

Front 51

breathing-eupnea

Back 51

normal breathing

Front 52

breathing-bradypnea

Back 52

slow breathing

Front 53

breathing-tachypnea

Back 53

fast breathing

Front 54

breathing-hypopnea

Back 54

shallow breathing

Front 55

breathing-hyperpnea

Back 55

deep breathing

Front 56

breathing-dyspnea

Back 56

difficulty breathing

Front 57

breathing-apnea

Back 57

inability to breathe

Front 58

breathing-orthopnea

Back 58

ability to breathe only in an upright postion

Front 59

breathing-Cheyne-stokes respiration

Back 59

pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and, sometimes, in rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea

Front 60

lung sounds-crackles, rales

Back 60

popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis

Front 61

lung sounds-wheezes, rhonchi

Back 61

high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema

Front 62

lung sounds-stridor

Back 62

high-pithched, crowing sound that occurs with n obstruction in the uppen airway (trachea or larynx)

Front 63

caseous necrosis

Back 63

degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance

Front 64

cyanosis

Back 64

bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blook

Front 65

dysphonia

Back 65

hoarseness (phon/o= voice or sound)

Front 66

epistaxis

Back 66

nosebleed (epi=upon; stazo=to drip)

Front 67

expectoration

Back 67

coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs

Front 68

sputum

Back 68

material expelled from the lungs by coughing

Front 69

hemoptysis

Back 69

coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the lungs (ptysis=to spit)

Front 70

hypoxemia

Back 70

deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

Front 71

hypoxia

Back 71

deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells

Front 72

obstructive lung disorder

Back 72

condtion blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs

Front 73

restrictive lung disorder

Back 73

condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs

Front 74

pulmonary edema

Back 74

fluid filling the spaces around the alveoli and, eventually, flooding in the blood

Front 75

pulmonary infiltrate

Back 75

density on an x-ray image representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process

Front 76

rhinorrhea

Back 76

thin, watery discharge from the nose (runny nose)

Front 77

asthma

Back 77

panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane; caharterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough

Front 78

atelectasis

Back 78

collapse of lung tissue (alveoli) (atele=imperfect; -ectasis=expansion or dilation

Front 79

bronchiectasis

Back 79

abnormal dilation of the bronchi whit accumulation of mucus

Front 80

bronchitis

Back 80

inflammation of the bronchi

Front 81

bronchogenic carcinoma

Back 81

lung cancer; cancer originating in the bronchi

Front 82

bronchospasm

Back 82

constriction of bronchi caused by spasm (involuntary contraction) of the peribronchial smooth muclse

Front 83

emphysema

Back 83

obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls, resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange (emphysan=to inflate)

Front 84

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Back 84

permanet, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Front 85

cystic fibrosis

Back 85

inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thinck, viscous 9sticky) mucus that obstructs passagewas within the body , commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract; mucus that obstructs the airways leads to infection, inflammation, and damage of lung tissue

Front 86

laryngitis

Back 86

inflammation of the larynx

Front 87

laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB), croup

Back 87

inflammation of the upper airways with swelling; creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct "seal bark" cough

Front 88

laryngospasm

Back 88

spasm of the laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction

Front 89

nasal polyposis

Back 89

presence of numerous polyps in the nose (a polyp is a tumor on a stalk)

Front 90

pharyngitis

Back 90

inflamation of the pharynx

Front 91

pleural effusion

Back 91

accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

Front 92

empyema, pyothorax

Back 92

accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity

Front 93

hemothorax

Back 93

inflammation of the cavity

Front 94

pleuritis, pleurisy

Back 94

inflammation of the pleura

Front 95

pneumoconiosis

Back 95

chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts, such as coal, asbestos (asbestosis), or silicone (silicosis) (conio=dust)

Front 96

pneumonia

Back 96

inflammation in the lung resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites or from aspiration of chemicals

Front 97

pneumocystis peumonia

Back 97

pneumonia casued by the pneumocystis carinii organism, common opportunistic infection in those who are positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Front 98

pneumothorax

Back 98

air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall

Front 99

Cardiopulmonary resucitation

Back 99

method of artificial respiration and chest compressions to move oxygenated blood to vital body organs -> used when breathing and heart have stopped

Front 100

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy

Back 100

Use of a device with a mask that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages; commonly used during sleep to prevent closure of the airway in sleep apnea

Front 101

endotracheal intubation

Back 101

passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixture to the lungs (e.g. oxygen, anesthetics, or air)

Front 102

incentive spirometry

Back 102

a common post operative breathing therapy using a specially designed sirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and hold an inspiratory volume to excersize the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications.

Front 103

mechanical ventilation

Back 103

mechanical breathing using a ventilator

Front 104

antibiotic

Back 104

a drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

Front 105

anticoagulant

Back 105

a drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels (e.g. heparin)

Front 106

antihistamine

Back 106

a drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effects of histamine

Front 107

histamine

Back 107

a compound in the body that is released by injured cells during allergic reactions, inflammation, and so on, causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and dialation of blood vessels

Front 108

bronchiodilator

Back 108

a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi

Front 109

expectorant

Back 109

a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing

Front 110

adenoidectomy

Back 110

excision of the adenoids

Front 111

lobectomy

Back 111

removal of a lobe of the lungs

Front 112

nasal polypectomy

Back 112

eremoval of a nasal polyp

Front 113

pneumonectomy

Back 113

removal of an entire lung

Front 114

thoracentesis

Back 114

puncture of the chest (pleural cavity) for aspiration

Front 115

thoracoplasty

Back 115

repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs

Front 116

thoracoscopy

Back 116

endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thoracoscope

Front 117

thoracostomy

Back 117

creation of an opening in the chest, usually to insert a tube

Front 118

thoracotomy

Back 118

incision into the chest

Front 119

tonsillectomy

Back 119

excision of the palantine tonsils

Front 120

tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A)

Back 120

excision of the tonsils and adenoids

Front 121

tracheostomy

Back 121

creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube

Front 122

tracheotomy

Back 122

incision into the trachea

Front 123

arterial blood gas (ABG)

Back 123

analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases

Front 124

pH

Back 124

abbreviation for the potential of hydrogen; measurement of blood acidity or alkalinity

Front 125

PaO2

Back 125

abbrev. For partial pressure of oxygen; measurement of the amount of oxygen in the blood

Front 126

PaCO2

Back 126

abbrev. For the partial pressure of carbon dioxide; measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 127

endoscopy

Back 127

examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes

Front 128

bronchoscopy

Back 128

use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways

Front 129

nasopharangoscopy

Back 129

use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities, such as obstructions, growths, and cancers.

Front 130

examination methods

Back 130

techniques used during physical examination method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope, such as auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds

Front 131

percussion

Back 131

a physical examination method of tapping the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity, such as the chest

Front 132

lung biopsy (Bx)

Back 132

removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathologic examination

Front 133

lung scan

Back 133

a two-part nuclear scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of ventilation or perfusion made 1) after radioactive material is injectied in the patient's blood, and 2) as the patient breathes radioactive material into the airwats; comparison of the ywo scans indicates whether an abnormality exists in the airways or the pulmonary circulation.

Front 134

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 134

nonionizing image of the lungs to visualize lung lesions

Front 135

polysomnography (PSG)

Back 135

recording of various aspects of sleep (i.e eye and muscle movements, respiration, and brain-wave patterns) for diagnosis of sleep disorders (somn/o = sleep) (fig 8-14)

Front 136

pulmonary function testing (PFT)

Back 136

direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities

Front 137

spirometry

Back 137

direct measurement of lung volume and capacity

Front 138

tidal volume (TV or VT)

Back 138

amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration

Front 139

vital capacity (VC)

Back 139

amount of air exhaled after maximal inspiration

Front 140

peak flow (PF) or Peak Expiratory Flow (PEFR)

Back 140

measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration

Front 141

pulse oximetry

Back 141

noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at the site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger; used to monitor hypoxemia

Front 142

radiology

Back 142

x-ray imaging

Front 143

chest x-ray

Back 143

x-ray imaging of the chest to visualize the lungs; directional terms identify the path of the x-ray beam to produce the radiograph. PA (posterior-anterior) = from back to front; AP (anterior-posterior) = from fromt to back; lateral = toward the side (e.g. left lateral)

Front 144

Computed tomography

Back 144

CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lungs; CT of the head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses

Front 145

pulmonary angiography

Back 145

x-ray imaging of the blood vessels of the lungs after the injection of contrast material

Front 146

pneumohemothorax

Back 146

air and blood in the pleural cavity

Front 147

pneumonitis

Back 147

inflammation of the lung, often caused by hypersensitivity to chemicals or dust

Front 148

pulmonary embolism (PE)

Back 148

occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot

Front 149

pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)

Back 149

disease caused by the presence of M. Tuberculosis in the lungs; characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotiziong caseous lesions (caseous necrosis)

Front 150

sinusitis

Back 150

inflamation of the sinuses

Front 151

sleep apnea

Back 151

periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occurs during sleep, often resulting in snoring

Front 152

tonsillitis

Back 152

acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils

Front 153

upper respiratiory infection (URI)

Back 153

infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi

Front 154

hypercapnia, hypercarbia

Back 154

excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 155

hypocarbia, hypocapnia

Back 155

deficient level of carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 156

hyperventilation

Back 156

excessive movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypocapnia

Front 157

hypoventilation

Back 157

deficient movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia