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246 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cyst/o
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urinary bladder
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vesic/o
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urinary bladder
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nephr/o
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kidney
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ren/o
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kidney
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pyel/o
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renal pelvis
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ureter/o
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ureter
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urethr/o
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urethra
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Abnormal condition of protein (albumin) in the urine
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Albuminuria
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Abnormal condition of no urine production
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Anuria
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Painful urination
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Dysuria
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Abnormal condition of glucose in the urine
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Glycosuria
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Abnormal condition of blood in the urine
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Hematuria
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Abnormal condition of stones in the kidney
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Nephrolithiasis
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Condition in which the kidneys stop functioning and do not produce urine
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Renal failure
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Condition of high levels of urea (nitrogenous waste material) in the blood
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Uremia
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Measures the amount of urea (nitrogenous waste) in the blood
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BUN
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Visual examination of the urinary bladder with a cystoscope
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Cystoscopy
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X-ray image of the kidneys and urinary tract without the use of contrast
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Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB)
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Contrast material is injected via a catheter (a flexible, tubular instrument) into the urethra and bladder and x-ray films are taken of the urethra, bladder and ureters
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Retrograde pyelogram (RP)
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X-ray films of the bladder and urethra taken after the bladder is filled w/ a contrast material and while the patient is expelling urine. Also called cystography.
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Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
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X-ray imaging of the urinary tract after injection of contrast material; pyelography
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Urography
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Waste materials (urea, creatine, and uric acid) are separated from the blood by a machine (hemodialysis). Alternatively, a peritoneal catheter (a flexible, tubular instrument) delivers a special fluid into the abdominal cavity and then the fluid, which now contains waste materials that have seeped from the blood into it, is drained (peritoneal dialysis)
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Dialysis
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Shock waves are beamed into a patient to crush urinary stones. The stone fragments then pass out of the body w/ urine.
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Lithotripsy
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A donor kidney is transferred to a recipient.
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Renal transplantation
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A catheter (a flexible tubular instrument) is passed through the urethra and into the urinary bladder for short-term or long-term drainage of urine.
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Urinary catheterization
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ARF
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Acute renal failure
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BUN
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Blood urea nitrogen (measures kidney function)
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CAPD
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Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
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CKD
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Chronic kidney disease
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CRF
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Chronic renal failure
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HD
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Hemodialysis
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KUB
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Kidneys, ureters, bladder (x-ray films without contrast)
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RP
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Retrograde pyelogram
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UA
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Urinalysis
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UTI
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Urinary tract infection
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Tube that leads from the bladder to the outside of the body
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Urethra
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Central section of the kidney
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Renal pelvis
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Organ behind the abdomen that makes urine by filtering wastes from the blood
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Kidney
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One of two tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
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Ureter
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Muscular sac that holds urine and releases it to leave the body through the urethra
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Urinary bladder
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cerebell/o
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cerebellum
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cerebr/o
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cerebrum
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encephal/o
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brain
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medull/o
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medulla oblongata
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myel/o
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spinal cord
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neur/o
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nerve
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Brain disorder marked by deterioration of mental capacity (dementia)
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Alzheimer disease
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Damage to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, leading to loss of blood supply to brain tisssue; a stroke
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Cerebrovascular accident
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Blunt injury to the brain severe enough to cause loss of consciousness
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Concussion
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Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
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Epilepsy
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Paralysis that affects the right or left half of the body
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Hemiplegia
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Malignant brain tumor arising from glial cells
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Glioblastoma
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BLAST-
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Immature
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-PLEGIA
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Paralysis
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Inflammation of the meninges
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Meningitis
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Destruction of the myelin sheath on nerve cells in the CNS, with replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue
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Multiple sclerosis
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Paralysis that affects the lower portion of the body
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Paraplegia
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PARA-
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one side
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Fainting; sudden and temporary loss of consciousness as a result of inadequate flow of blood to the brain
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Syncope
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5 spinal nerves
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-Cervical (1-8)
-Thoracic (1-12) -Lumbar (1-5) -Sacral (1-5) -Coccygeal |
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AD
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Alzheimer disease
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CNS
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Central nervous system
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CSF
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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CVA
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Cerebrovascular accident
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EEG
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Electroencephalography
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LP
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Lumbar puncture
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MS
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Multiple sclerosis
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TIA
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Transient ischemic attack
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X-ray imaging of the blood vessels in the brain after the injection of contrast material into an artery
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Cerebral angiography
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Chemical tests (for Na+, Cl-, protein and glucose), cell counts, cultures, and bacterial smears on samples of CSF to detect diseases of the brain or meninges. A lumbar puncture is used to remove CSF for analysis.
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CSF analysis
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Cross-sectional x-ray images of the brain and spinal cord (with and without contrast)
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CT scan
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The recording of the electrical activity within the brain
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EEG
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Pressure of CSF is measured and contrast may be injected for imaging (myelography) after removal of CSF from a space between the lumbar vertebrae. Also provides CSF for analysis.
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Lumbar puncture
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Magnetic waves and radiofrequency waves are used to create images of the brain and spinal cord
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MRI
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Uptake of radioactive material into the brain shows how the brain uses glucose and gives information about brain function.
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PET scan
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Placement in the skull of a stereotactic instrument that locates a target (Such as a tumor) in the brain. Then a high-energy radiation beam (gamma knife) is delivered to that precise target to destroy the tissue.
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Stereotactic radiosurgery
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A battery powered device delivers stimulation to nerves to relive acute and chronic pain
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Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
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Lower part of the brain, nearest to the spinal cord; it controls breathing and heart beat
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Medulla oblongata
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Collection of nerves that are within the spinal cavity, surrounded bybackbones
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Spinal cord
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Largest part of the brain; controls body movements, thought, reasoning, vision, hearing and speech
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Cerebrum
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Nerves that transmit messages to and from the spinal cord
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Spinal nerves
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Lower back part of the brain that controls muscular coordination and balance
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Cerebellum
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Disease of nerves
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Neuropathy
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Pertaining to the largest part of the brain
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Cerebral
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Pertaining to the posterior portion of the brain that controls equilibrium
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Cerebellar
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Inflammation of the spinal cord
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Myelitis
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Inflammation of the brain
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Encephalitis
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Pertaining to the lower part of the brain closest to the spinal cord
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Medullary
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angi/o
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vessel
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aort/o
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aorta
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arteri/o
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artery
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arteriol/o
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arteriole
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cardi/o
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heart
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coron/o
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heart
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phleb/o
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vein
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ven/o
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vein
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venul/o
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venule
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Local widening of an artery caused by weakness in the arterial wall or breakdown of the wall from atherosclerosis.
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Aneurysm
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Chest pain caused by decreased blood flow to heart muscle.
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Angina
(aka Angina Pectoris) |
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Abnormal heartbeat (rhythm)
Examples: Fibrillation, Flutter1 |
Arrhythmia
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Hardening of arteries w/ a collection of choelsterol-like plaque
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Atherosclerosis
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Inability of the heart to pump its requried amount of blood. Blood accumulates in the lungs causing pulmonary edema.
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Congestive heart failure
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High blood pressure
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Hypertension
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High blood pressure w/ no apparent cause
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Essential hypertension
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High blood pressure where another illness is the cause
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Secondary hypertension
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Heart attack
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Myocardial infarction
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Area of dead (necrotic tissue)
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Infarction
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A group of signs and symptoms (paleness of skin, weak and rapid pulse, shallow breathing) indicating poor oxygen supply to tissues and insufficient return of blood to the heart
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Shock
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Recording (via x-ray images) blood vessels after the injection of contrast into the bloodstream
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Angiography
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Introducing a catheter into a vein or artery to measure pressure and flow patterns of blood
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Cardiac catheterization
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Measurements of enzymes released into the bloodstream after a heart attack
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Cardiac enzyme tests
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Measuring blood flow in vessels via sound waves
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Doppler ultrasound
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Producing images of the heart via sound waves or echoes
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Echocardiography
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Recording electricity flowing through the heart
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Electrocardiography
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Detection of abnormal heart rhythms that involves having a patient wear a compact version of an electrocardiograph for 24 hours
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Holter monitoring
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Measurements of cholesterol and TG levels in the blood
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Lipid tests
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Measurements of HDL and LDL
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Lipoprotein tests
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Producing an image, by beaming magnetic waves at the heart, that gives detailed information about congenital heart disease, cardiac masses, and disease within large blood vessels.
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MRI
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Imaging the motion of heart wall muscles and assessing the function of the heart via a multiple-gated acquisition scan, which uses radioactive chemicals
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MUGA scan
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Radioactive chemicals, which release radioactive particles, are injected into the bloodstream and travel to the heart. Cross-sectional images show the flow of blood and the functional activity of heart muscle.
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PET scan
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An electrocardiogram + blood pressure and HR measurements shows the heart's response to physical exertion
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Stress test
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Brief discharges of electricity passing across the chest to stop a cardiac arrhythmia. Also called defibrillation.
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Cardioversion
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Vessels taken from the patient's legs or chest are connected to coronary arteries to make detours around blockages
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CABG
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Surgical removal of the innermost lining of an artery to remove fatty deposits and clots.
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Endarterectomy
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A donor heart is transferred to a recipient
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Heart transplantation
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A balloon-tipper catheter is threated into a coronary artery to compress fatty deposits and open the artery. Stents create wider openings that make the recurrence of blockages less likely.
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Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
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Drugs such as tPA and streptokinase are injected into a patients bloodstream to dissolve clots that may cause a heart attack
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Thrombolytic therapy
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ACS
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Acute coronary syndromes
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AMI
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Acute myocardial infarction
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BP
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Blood pressure
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CABG
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Coronary artery bypass grafting
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CAD
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Coronary artery disease
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CCU
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Coronary care unit
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CHF
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Congestive heart failure
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ECG
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Electrocardiography
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ECHO
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Echocardiography
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HTN
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Hypertension
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PCI
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Percutaneous coronary intervention
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Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart from the body tissues
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veins
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Largest artery in the body
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aorta
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Tiny blood vesssels that lie near cells and through whose walls gases, food and wastes can pass
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Tissue capillaries
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Small veins
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venules
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Small arteries
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Arterioles
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Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
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Arteries
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Passage of blood from the heart to the body tissues and back
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Systemic circulation
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Hollow muscular organ that pumps blood all over the body
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Heart
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Tiny blood vessels surrounding lung tissue through which gases pass into and out of blood
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Lung capillaries
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Passage of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
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Pulmonary circulation
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an/o
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anus
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append/o
appendic/o |
appendix
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cholecyst/o
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gallbladder
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col/o
colon/o |
colon
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duoden/o
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duodenum
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esophag/o
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esophagus
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gastr/o
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stomach
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hepat/o
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liver
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ile/o
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ileum
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jejun/o
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jejunum
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or/o
stomat/o |
mouth
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pancreat/o
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pancreas
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pharyng/o
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pharynx
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proct/o
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anus and rectum
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rect/o
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rectum
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sigmoid/o
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sigmoid colon
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Abnormal condition of gallstones
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Cholelithiasis
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Chronic disease of the liver w/ degeneration of liver cells
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Cirrhosis
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Condition in which polyps protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon
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Colonic polyposis
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Abnormal condition of small pouches or sacs in the wall of the intestine.
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Diverticulosis
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Inflammation and infection within diverticula
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Diverticulitis
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A condition in which contents of the stomach flow back into the esophagus
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GERD
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Inflammation of the liver
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Hepatitis
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Inflammation of the terminal portion of the ileum or inflammation of the colon
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
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Signs and symptoms are cramping, abdominal bloating, constipation, and diarrhea. Does not permanently harm the intestine.
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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
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Cancer (primary) of the liver
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
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Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and other tissues, from high levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream.
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Jaundice
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A series of cross-sectional x-ray images that show abdominal organs
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Abdominal CT scan
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Magnetic and radio waves create images of abdominal organs and tissues in all 3 planes of the body.
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Abdominal MRI
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Process of beaming sound waves into the abdomen to produce images of organs such as the gallbladder.
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Abdominal ultrasonography
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X-ray examinations using a liquid barium mixture to locate disorders of the GI tract.
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Barium tests
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X-ray examination of bile ducts after the injection of contrast material through the liver or through a catheter from the mouth, esophageus, and stomach into the bile ducts.
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Cholangiography
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Visual examination of the GI tract w/ an endoscope
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Gastrointestinal endoscopy
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Feces are placed on paper containing the chemical guaiac which reacts w/ hidden (occult) blood. Important screening test for colon cancer.
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Hemoccult test
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Measurements of liver enzymes and other substances in the blood. Enzyme levels increase when the liver is damaged (as in hepatitis)
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Liver function tests (LFTs)
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Feces are placed in a growth medium to test for microorganisms
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Stool culture
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CT scans, MRI, and computers are used to produce 2- and 3-dimensional images of the colon. Useful to diagnose colon disease.
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Virtual colonoscopy
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Surgical creation of an opening between two GI organs
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Anastomosis
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Surgical creation of a new opening of the colon to the outside of the body
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Colostomy
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Surgical creation of a new opening of the ileum to the outside of the body
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Ileostomy
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Removal or organs or tissues via a laparoscope
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Laparoscopic surgery
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ALT, AST
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Alanine Transaminase
Aspartate Transaminase |
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BE
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Barium enema
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GB
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Gallbladder
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GERD
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Gastoesophageal reflux disease
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GI
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Gastrointestinal
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IBD
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Inflammatory bowel disease
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IBS
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Irritable bowel syndrome
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LFTs
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Liver function tests
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NPO
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Nothing by mouth
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TPN
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Total parenteral nutrition
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arthr/o
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joint
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chondr/o
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cartilage
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cost/o
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rib
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crani/o
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skull
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ligament/o
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ligament
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my/o
myos/o muscul/o |
muscle
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myel/o
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bone marrow
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oste/o
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bone
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pelv/o
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pelvis, hipbone
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spondyl/o
vertebr/o |
vertebra
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ten/o
tendin/o |
tendon
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Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine and hip.
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Ankylosing spondylitis
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Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist
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Carpal tunnel syndrome
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Inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid. Also called gout.
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Gouty arthritis
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An inherited disorder characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers
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Muscular dystrophy
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Decrease in bone density with thinning and weakening of bone
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Osteoporosis
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Chronic inflammation of joints; pain, swelling, and stiffening especially in the small joints of the hands and feet
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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Rheumato/o
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flowing; descriptive of swelling in joints
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Test in which a sample of plasma is tested for the presence of antibodies found in patients w/ systemic lupus erythematosus
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Antinuclear antibody test (ANA)
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Surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint
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Arthrocentesis
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X-ray imaging of a joint
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Arthrography
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Visual examination of a joint w/ an arthroscope
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Arthroscopy
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Low-energy x-rays are used to image bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to detect areas of bone deficiency
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Bone density scan
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Procedure in which a radioactive substance is injected intravenously and its uptake in bones is measured w/ a special scanning device
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Bone scan
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Measurement of the amount of calcium in a sample of blood. This test is important in evaluating diseases of bone
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Calcium
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Recording of the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation
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Electromyography (EMG)
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Measurement of the rate at which RBCs fall to the bottom of a test tube.
High sed rates are associated w/ inflammatory diseases such as RA |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
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The removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination
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Muscle biopsy
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Measurement of the amount of uric acid in a sample of blood. High uric acid levels are associated w/ gouty arthritis
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Uric Acid Test
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Surgical repair of a joint
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Arthroplasty
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Treatment of a herniated disk by injection of chymopapain to dissolve the inner portion (nucleus) of the disk.
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Chemonucleolysis
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Surgical removal of a herniated intervertebral disk w/ an endoscope
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Endoscopic diskectomy
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Surgical removal of a portion of a vertebra to allow visualization and removal of a portion of a protruding disk
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Laminectomy
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Surgical removal of a herniated intervertebral disk w/ an incision that is 1-2 inches long and visualization of the surgical field w/ an operating microscope
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Microscopic diskectomy
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Surgical repair of vertabrae. Special cement is injected into compressed backbones to strengthen them and to relieve the pain.
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Vertebroplasty
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ACL
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Anterior cruciate ligament
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C1-C7
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Cervical vertebrae
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Ca
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Calcium
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IM
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Intramuscular
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L1-L5
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Lumbar vertebrae
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NSAID
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Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug
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Ortho
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Orthopedics
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PT
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Physical therapy
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ROM
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Range of motion
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T1-T12
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Thoracic vertebrae
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Abnormal growth of bone marrow cells
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Myelodysplasia
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Suture of a tendon
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Tenorrhaphy
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