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183 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anueryism |
Localized widening of artery due to weakness in the arterial wall |
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Angina pectoris |
severe chest pain |
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Arryhythmia |
Irregular heartbeat |
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Auscultation |
Listening to sounds within the body, such as the heart of lungs by using a stethoscope |
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Blood Pressure (BP) |
Measurement of pressure exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels |
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Bradycardia |
abnormally slow heart rate below 60 beats per minute |
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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) |
combination of external compressions to sternum and rescue breathing to maintain blood flow and air movement in and out of lungs during cardiac and respiratory arrest |
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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) |
Condition that develops when heart muscle is not about to pump blood forcefully enough, reducing blood flow to body; results in weakness, dyspnea, and edema |
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Coronary artery disease (CAD) |
Chronic heart condition caused by plaque build up in the arties, also called heart disease |
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Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) |
Formation of blood clots in deep veins, usually the legs, pieces of the clot may break away and form emboli |
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Electrocardiography |
Diagnostic procedure that records electrical activity of heart; used to diagnose damage to heart tissure from coronary heart disease or myocardial infarction |
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Hypertension (HTN) |
blood pressure is above normal range, usually systolic pressure about 140 mmHg or diastolic pressure about 90 mmHg |
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Hypotension |
Decrease in blood pressure, can occur in shock, infection, cancer, anemia, or as death approaches |
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Myocardial infarction |
Infract of heart muscle causes by occulsion of one or more of coronary arteries, symptoms include angina pectoria and SOB, also refered to as a heart attack |
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Occlusion |
blockage of blood vessel or other hollow structure, may be caused by thrombus, plaque, or embolus |
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Pacemaker |
electrical device that artificially stimulates contraction of heart muscle, treatment for bradycardia |
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Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) |
Disease of blood vessels away from the central region of the body, most typically in the legs. Symptoms include pain, numbness, and impaired circulation |
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Sphygomomanometer |
instrument for measing blood pressure, also called a blood pressure cuff |
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Tachycardia |
abnormally fast heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute |
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BPM |
Beats per minute |
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Varicose Veins |
swollen and distended veins, most commonly in legs, caused when valves fail to control blood flow which allows more than the normal amount of blood to collect in the superficial leg veins |
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BP |
Blood Pressure |
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CABG |
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft |
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CP |
Chest Pain |
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CHF |
Congestive Heart Failure |
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CV |
Cardiovascular |
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EKG |
Electrocardiogram |
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HR |
Heart Rate |
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IV |
Intravenous |
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SOB |
Shortness of Breath |
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venipuncture |
puncture into vein to withdraw blood or inject medication or fluids |
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Hematology |
the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissue |
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Hematologist |
a doctor that specializes in the treatment of bleeding disorders, cancers of the blood, cancers of the blood-forming tissue, and anemia as well as interpreting blood tests and blood transfusions. |
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-emia |
blood condition |
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-penia |
too few |
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anemia |
A group of blood disorders involving the the number of erthyrocytes (red blood cells) or the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells, results in decreased oxygen delivery to tissues |
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Anticoagulant |
Any substance that prevents clot formation |
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Blood Culture and Sensitivity |
Blood speciment incubated to check for bacterial growth; if bacteria are present, they are identified and best antibiotic treatment is determined |
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coagulate |
formation of blood clot |
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complete blood count (CBC) |
Comprehensive blood test that includes red blood count, white blood cell count, hempoglobin,hematocrit, white blood cell differential, and platelet count |
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Embolus |
Commonly called floating clot, usually a piece of thrombus that breaks away and floats through the bloodstream until it lodges in a smaller blood vessel and blocks blood flow |
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Hematocrit (HCT, Hct, crit) |
blood test that measures the volume of red blood cells within the total volume of blood |
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Hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb, HGB) |
Blood test that measures the amount of hemoglobin in given volume of blood |
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Hemophilia |
Inherited lack of a vital clotting factor, results in an almost complete inability to stop bleeding |
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Leukemia |
Cancer of leukocyte-forming red bone marrow, patient has a large number of abnormal and immature leukocytes circulating in the blood |
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Phlebotomy |
Removal of blood specimen from vein for lab tests, also called venipucture |
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Prothrombin time |
blood test that measures how long it takes for clot to form after prothrombin, a blood clotting protein, is formed |
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Septicemia |
Presence of bacteria or other toxins in bloodstream, commonly called blood posioning |
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Sickle Cell Anemia |
inherited blood disorder in which red blood cells take on an abnormal curved or "sickle" shape, cells are very fragile which results in anemia, occurs almost exclusively in persons of African decent |
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White Blood Cell Count (WBC) |
blood test that determines number of leukocytes in volume of blood, increase may indicate infection or leukemia, decrease may be caused by some diseases, radiation therapy, or chemo |
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CBC |
Complete blood count |
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ESR, SR, sed rate |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
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Pulmonology |
the diagnose and treatment of diseases and conditions affecting the lower respiratory system and chest cavity... tracheo, bronchi, lungs, and pleura |
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alveolo/o |
alveolus (air sace) |
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bronch/o |
bronchus |
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cyan/o |
blue |
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mediastin/o |
mediastinum |
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ox/i |
oxygen |
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pleur/o |
pleura |
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pneumon/o |
lung |
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angi/o |
vessel |
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arteri/o |
artery |
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carcin/o |
cancer |
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cardi/o |
heart |
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embol/o |
plug |
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fibr/o |
fibrous |
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hem/o |
blood |
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py/o |
pus |
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-pnea |
breathing |
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arterial blood gases (ABGs) |
Lab tests for levels of oxygen and carbon dioxideo present in blood |
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Asphyxia/tion |
Lack of oxygen that can lead to unconsciousness and death if not corrected immediately; some common causes are drowing, foreign body in respiratory tract, posioning, and electric shock, also called suffocation |
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Bronchodilator |
Any medication that causes bronchi to dilate |
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
Progressive, chronic, and usually irreversible condition in which airflow to and from the lungs is decreased |
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Cystic Fibrosis |
genetic condition that causes patients to produce very think mucuc resulting in severe congestion within lungs and digestive system |
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Endotracheal intubation |
Place tube through mouth and into trachea to maintain open airway and facilitate artifical ventilation |
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Hyperventilation |
to breathe too quickly and too deeply |
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Hypoventilation |
to breathe too slowly and too shallowly |
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Hypoxia |
Having insufficient amount of oxygen in body |
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Pneumonia |
Acute inflammatory condition of lung, which can be caused by bacterial and viral infections, diseases, and chemicals; |
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Pulmonary embolism (PE) |
blood clot or air bubble in pulmonary artery or one of its branches |
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Respiratory rate (RR) |
Number of breaths per minute, one of the vital signs |
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Sputum |
mucuc or phlegm coughed up and spit out from respiratory tract |
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) |
Unexpected and unexplained death of apparently well infant, sleep apnea, airway spasms, and failure of nerves to stimulate diaphram have been studied as possible causes |
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Ventilator |
mechanical device to assist the patient with breathe, also called respirator |
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ABGs |
arterial blood gases |
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COPD |
Coronary Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder |
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LLL |
Left Lower Lobe |
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LUL |
Left Upper Lobe |
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R |
Respirations |
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RLL |
Right Lower Lobe |
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RML |
Right Middle Lobe |
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TB |
Tuberculosis |
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TPR |
Temperature, pulse, and respiration |
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Historically, health has been viewed as the absence of ... |
illness |
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Nowadays, health is __________________, viewed from a broader perspective |
multidimensional |
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Healthy People: The Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, 1979 |
Introduced the goal for improving American health by 1990, framework focues on prevention rather than illness care, Priority Objectives: preventative services, health protection, and health promotion |
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Healthy People 2020 Goals: |
1. Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injurt, and premature death. 2. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups 3. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all 4. Promotes quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages |
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Health |
a state of being that people define in relation to their own values, personality, and lifestyle, varies between age groups, genders, races, and cultures, can be mental, social, or spiritually, involves one's diet, lifestyle, and lifestyle practices |
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Models of Health and Wellness |
Health Belief Model, Health Promotion Model, Basic Human Needs, and Holistic Health Model |
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Health Belief Model |
addresses the relationship between a person's beliefs and behaviors 1. Perception of susceptibility to an illness 2. Perception of serious illness 3. Likelihood that a person will take preventative measures |
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Health Promotion Model |
works to prevent illness |
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Basic Human Needs Model |
a pyramid: physiological, safety & security, love & belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization |
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Holistic Health Model |
considers emotional and spritual well-being, promotion of overall health, music therapy, relaxation therapy, guided imagery, noninvasive and nonphamacological |
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Internal Health Variables |
Development stage, intellecutual background, perception of functioning, emotional factors, spiritual factors |
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External Variables |
family practices, socioeconomic factors, cultural background |
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Primary Level of Prevention |
true prevention that lowers the chances that a disease will develop, ex: immunization, stress management, routine exercise |
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Secondary Level of Prevention |
focuses on those who have a diseae or are at risk to develop a disease |
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Tertiary Level of Prevention |
occurs when a defect or illness is permanent |
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Health Risk Factors: |
age, environment, lifestyle, genetic factors |
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Risk Factor Modifications |
Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenence |
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Acute Illness |
short duration, severe, ex: the flu |
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Chronic Illness |
persists more than 6 months ex: diabetes |
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Nursing is... |
the protection, promotion, and optimization of health & abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of sufferering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response and advocacy in the care of individuals , families, communities, and populations. |
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Theoretical Views on Caring |
Caring is a universal phenomenon that influences the way we think, feel, and behave. Caring is at the center of a nurse's ability to work with all patients in a respectful and therapuetic way |
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Leininger's Transcultural Caring |
Caring is an essential human need, caring helps to protect, develop, nurture, and sustain people |
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Watson's Transpersonal Caring |
Promotes healing and wholeness, emphasizes nurse-patient relationship, places caring before curing |
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Swanson's Theory of Caring |
Defines caring as a way of relating to an individual |
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Patient Perspective of Caring |
patients value the affective dimension of nursing care: connecting with patients and family, being present, and respecting values, beliefs, and health care choices |
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Ethic of Care |
An ethic of caring is needed so professional nurses do not make decisions solely on intellectual principles, instead an ethic of caring places caring at the center of decision making, it recognizes the importance of self-care, uses caring behaviors to care for colleagues as well |
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Providing Presence |
body language, listening, tone of voice, eye contact, positive and encouraging attitude |
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Touch |
(contact and noncontact touch) provides comfort, creates a connection, can be task oriented, caring or protective |
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Listening |
creates trust, opens lines of communication, creates a mutual relationship |
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Knowing the Patient |
it is important to know: responses to therapy, routines, and habits, coping resources, physical capabilities and endurance |
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Spiritual Caring |
achieved when a person can find a balance b/w life values, goals, and belief symptoms, it offers a sense of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal connectedness |
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Relieving Symptoms and Suffering |
performing caring nursing practice that gives patient comfort, dignity, respect, and peace |
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The Challenges of Caring |
task-oriented biomedical model, institutional demands, time constraints, relience on technology, cost effective strategies, and standardized work processes |
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Health Disparity |
A particulat type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and /or environmental disadvantage |
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Social Determinants of Health |
The condtions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels |
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Health Care Disparities |
Differences among populations in the availability, accessibility, and quality of health care servies |
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Culture |
Norms, values, and traditions, ethnicity, race, nationality, and language, gender, sexual orientation, location, class, and immigration status |
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Intersectionality |
belonging to multiple social groups at the same time |
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Oppression |
A system of advantages and disadvantages tied to membership in a social group |
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Culturally Congruent Care |
care that fits a person's life paterns, values, and system of meaning |
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Culture & Meaning of Disease |
Culture affects how an individual defines the meaning of illness |
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Disease |
the malfuncitioning biological or psychological processes |
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Cultural Competency |
the enabling of health care providers to deliver services that are respectful of and responsive to the health beliefs, practices, and cultural needs of patients. 1. Respect's patient's beliefs 2. Understanding patient's experience in the context of culture 3. Elicit a patient's explanation of an illness 4. Ability to explain to a patient the health care provider's perspective 5. Being about to negotiate a mutually agreeable, safe, and effective treatment plan |
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Culturally Competent Organizations |
value diversity, conduct a cultural self-assessment, manage the dynamics of difference, adapt to diversity |
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Blanchet & Pepin Theory |
building a relationship with the other, working outside the usual practice framework, reinventing practice in action |
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Patient Centered Care emphasizes... |
personal relationships |
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Cultural competency emphasizes... |
increasing health equity |
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Bias |
a predisposition to see people or things in a certain light, either positive or negative |
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emic |
insider |
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etic |
outsider |
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Avoiding Bias |
avoid stereotyping, see every patient encounter as cross cultural, become more self aware of your biases |
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Cultural Assessment Model |
open ended, focuses, and contrasted questions, explanatory model, trust |
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Example Cultural Assessment Questions |
What do you call the problem? What type of treatment do you think you should receive? |
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LEARN |
Listen, Explain, Acknowledge, Recommend, Negotiate |
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RESPECT |
Rapport, Empathy, Support, Partnership, Explanations, Cultural Competence, Trust |
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ETHNIC |
Exploration, Treatment, Healers, Negotiate, Intervention, Collaboration |
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C-LARA |
Calm, Listen, Affirm, Respond, Add |
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Family Durability |
System of support and structure within a family that extends beyond the walls of the household |
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Family Resiliency |
ability to cope with expected and unexpected stressors |
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Family Diversity |
Uniqueness of each family unit |
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Concept of Family |
Families represent more than a set of individuals, a family is more than the sum of its members, families are diverse |
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What is a family? |
A family is a biologically, legally, or socially defined network with personally constructed ties and idealogies. |
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Family Forms |
Nuclear, Extended, Single-Parent, Blended, Alternative |
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Current Family Trends |
People are marrying later, women are delaying childbirth, couples are having fewer or no children, remarriage results in blended family, single-parent families are stablizing, America is aging, more people are living alone, teenage pregnancy is an increasing concern |
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Changing Economic Status |
Inadequate health insurance coverage, increasing number of children living below the poverty line |
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Domestic Violence |
occurs across all social classes, long term physical and emotional consequences |
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McGoldrick and Carter Family Life Cycle |
unattached young adult, joining of families through marriage, family w young kids, then w teenagers, then w young adults, then w/o children, and then family later in life |
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Family & Health |
Family beliefs, values, and practices influence helath behaviors, genetic factors |
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Nursing Process for Families |
assess the needs: cultural aspects, discharge planning, family-focused care |
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Planning Care |
plan care that the family understands, set goals and outcomes that are realistic, collaborate with different disciplines |
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Family Caregiving |
the routine provision of servies and personal care activities for a family member by another family member |
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Purpose of Patient Education |
to help individuals, families, or communities achieve optimal health and cope with impaired functioning |
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Role of Nurse in Teachin/Learning |
1. Teach info that the patient and family need to make informed decisions regarding their care 2. Determine what patients need to know 3. Identify when the patients are ready to learn |
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Domains of Learning |
Cognitive (requires thinking), Affection (feelings & acceptance of values), and Psychomotor (Skills) |
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Methods of Teaching: Cognitive |
Discussion, lecture, question and answer, role play, and field experience |
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Methods of Teaching: Affective |
role play and discussion |
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Methods of Teaching: Psychomotor |
demonstration, practice, games, and return demonstration |
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Basic Learning Principles |
Motivation to learn, ability to learn, and learning environment |
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Self-efficacy |
refers to a person's perceived ability to successfuly complete a task |
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Active Participation |
learning occurs when the patient is actively involved |
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Ability to Learn |
depends on developmental capability, prior knowledge, and developmental stages in children |
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Adult Learning |
self directed, patient centered, physical capability |
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The Learning Environment should be... |
well lit, private, quiet, a comfortable temperature, have appropriate furniture, and good venilation |
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The nursing process focues on the patient's... |
total health care needs |
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The learning/teaching process focuses on the patient's... |
learning needs and needs to learn |
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Health Literacty |
the cognitive and social skills that determine the motivation and ability to understand and maintain good health |
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Nursing Diagnosis for Patient Education |
Deficient knowledge, ineffective health maintenance, impaired home maintenance, ineffective self-health management, noncompliance |
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Implementation of Teaching |
maintain learning attention and participation, select appropriate teaching approach, build on existing knowledge, incorporate teaching w nursing care |
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Roadblocks to teaching |
illiteracy, other disabilities, cultural diversity, special needs of children and older adults |
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Evalution of Learning |
See through the patient's eyes, evaluate a patient's learning by obseving performance, discontinue, adjust, or amend the plan |
