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272 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anterior
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before or in front of
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bilirubin
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the orange-yellow pigment of bile, formed principally by the breakdown of Hb in RBCs after termination of their lifespan
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cholecystokinin
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a hormone produced by the mucosa of the upper intestine that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and secretion of pancreatic enzymes
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chyme
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the semifluid, homogenous, creamy paste produced by gastric digestion of food
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defecation
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the elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the rectum
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distension
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the state of being distended, swollen or stretched out
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emulsification
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the breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, uniformly distributed particles. accomplished mainly by bile acids in the small intestine
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hydrochloric acid
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an acid that is usually present in gastric juices
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lipid
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any of a group of fats or fatlike substances that are insoluble in water
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mucous membranes
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a type of epithelial tissue that lines body surfaces and excretes a thick substance
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pepsin
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the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice that begins protein digestion. the gastric glands produce pepsin continuously but in different amounts, depending on the quantity of food absorbed
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peristalsis
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progressive wavelike contractions that propel foodstuffs through the digestive tract, bile through the bile duct, and urine through the ureters
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or/o
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mouth
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-al
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pertaining to
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stomat/o
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mouth
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gloss/o
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tongue
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lingu/o
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tongue
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bucc/o
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cheek
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cheil/o
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lip
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labi/o
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lip
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dent/o
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teeth
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odont/o
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teeth
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gingiv/o
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gum
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sial/o
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saliva, salivary glands
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-lith
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calculus or stone
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esophag/o
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esophagus
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-cele
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hernia
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pharyng.o
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pharynx, throat
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gastr-o
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stomach
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-ectomy
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removal
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pylor-o
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plyorus or plyoric sphincter
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-plasty
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surgical repair
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duoden-o
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duodenum
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-scopy
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visual examination
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enter-o
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intestine, usually small
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jejun-o
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jejunum
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-rrhaphy
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suture
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ile-o
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ileum
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append-o
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appendix
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appendic-o
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appendix
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col-o
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colon
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-stomy
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surgically creating opening
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colon-o
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colon
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sigmoid-o
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sigmoid colon
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-tomy
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incision
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rect-o
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rectum
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proct-o
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anus, rectum
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-dynia
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pain
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hept-o
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liver
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-megaly
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enlargement
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cholangi-o
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bile vessel
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chol-e
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bile, gall
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-iasis
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abnormal condition
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cholecyst-o
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gallbladder
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choledoch/o
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bile duct
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pacreat-o
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pancreas
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an-
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without
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-orexia
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loss of appetite
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dia-
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through, across
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-rrhea
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abnormally frequent discharge or flow
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peri-
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around
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-prandial
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meal
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gastroenterology
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the branch of medicine concerned with digestive diseases
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endoscopy
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involves the use of an endoscope to inspect the linning of the digestive tract
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the GI is from the ______ to the _____
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mouth to the anus
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what gives teeth their white appearance
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enamel
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the 3 glands that produce saliva
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sublingual glands
submandibular glands parotid or submaxilary glands |
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chewed, round, sticky mass of food
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bolus
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lower portion of the pharynx that leads to the lungs
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trachea
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lower portion of the pharynx that leads to the stomach
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esophagus
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flap of tissue that covers the trachea
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epiglottis
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food enters the small intestine from the stomach through the _____
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pyloric sphincter
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the 2 accessory organs:
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liver
gallbladder pancreas |
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3 portions of the small intestine
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duodenum
jejunum ileum |
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4 sections of the large intestine
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cecum
colon rectum anal canal |
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4 portions of the colon
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ascending
transverse descending sigmoid |
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external opening of the anal canal
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anus
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the live is in the ________of the abdominal cavity
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RUQ
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main production of the liver
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bile
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main component of bile pigment
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bilirubin
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large secretions of bilirubin in urine may indicate what 3 things?
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liver disease
bile duct obstruction anemia resulting in excessive destruction of RBCs |
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glycogenisis, glycogenolysis, and glyconeogenisis are all preformed where?
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liver
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main function of gallbladder
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storage of bile
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as an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes_____
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insulin
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the digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas contain what 3 things?
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trypsin
amalayse lipase |
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the digestive enzyme trypsin breaks down_____
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proteins
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the digestive enzyme amylase breaks down_____
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carbohydrates
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the digestive enzyme lipase breaks down_______
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fats
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Cheilitis
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inflammation of the lip
"cheil"-lip "itis"-inflammation |
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leukoplakia
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a precancerous, slowly developing change in the mucous membrane characterized by thickened, white, firmly attached patched that are slightly raised and sharply circumscribed
"leuko"- white "plakia"-plaque |
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periodontal disease
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a disease of the supporting structures of the teeth including gums and bones
"peri"-around "odont"-teeth "al"-pertaining to |
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sialo-
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saliva, salivary gland
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reflux gastroesophageal
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a backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus; often the result of incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter
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ulcer
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a lesion or erosion of the mucous membrane; the major forms are gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer
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colitis
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inflammation of the colon or large intestine
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divericula
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bulging pouches in the GI
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dysentery
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inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon, which may be caused by chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa or parasites
-usually in underdeveloped area of the world |
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polyposis coli
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a condition of multiple polyps in the large intestine
"polyp"-small growth "osis"-abnormal condition |
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Cheilitis
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inflammation of the lip
"cheil"-lip "itis"-inflammation |
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leukoplakia
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a precancerous, slowly developing change in the mucous membrane characterized by thickened, white, firmly attached patched that are slightly raised and sharply circumscribed
"leuko"- white "plakia"-plaque |
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periodontal disease
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a disease of the supporting structures of the teeth including gums and bones
"peri"-around "odont"-teeth "al"-pertaining to |
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sialo-
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saliva, salivary gland
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reflux gastroesophageal
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a backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus; often the result of incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter
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ulcer
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a lesion or erosion of the mucous membrane; the major forms are gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer
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colitis
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inflammation of the colon or large intestine
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divericula
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bulging pouches in the GI
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dysentery
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inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon, which may be caused by chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa or parasites
-usually in underdeveloped area of the world |
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polyposis coli
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a condition of multiple polyps in the large intestine
"polyp"-small growth "osis"-abnormal condition |
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volvulus
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a twisting of the bowel on itself, causing intestinal obstruction
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hemorrhoids
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dilated, twisted veins in the mucous membrane
-external: involve veins outside the anal sphincter -internal:involve veins above the internal sphincter of the anus |
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cirrhosis
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chronic liver disease characterized by the destruction of liver cells, eventually leads to impaired liver function and jaundice; most common cause is alcoholism
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hepatitis
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inflammatory condition of the liver, characterized by jaundice, hepatomegaly, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, abnormal liver function
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cholelithiasis
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the presence or formation of stones in the gallbladder, also known as gall stones
"chole"-bile, gall "lith"-stones "iasis"- abnormal condition |
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achlorhydria
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absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice
"a"-without "chlor"-green "hydro"-water "ia"-condition |
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dyspepsia
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a vague feeling of epigastric discomfort; heartburn
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jaundice
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a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes, caused by higher than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood
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melena
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abnormal black tarry stool that has a distinctive odor contains digested blood
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endoscopy
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visualization of the interior organs and cavities of the body
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biopsy
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removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination usually to establish or confirm a diagnosis, estimate prognosis or follow the course of a diease
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bi-
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life
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-ospy
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veiw of
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aspiration
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removal of living tissue, for microscopic examination, by suction through a fine needle attached to syringe
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ileorectal anastomosis
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connection between the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis
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colostomy
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surgical creation of an artificial anus on the abdominal wall
-poo bag |
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lithotripsy
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procedure for eliminating a calculus
"litho"-stone, calculus "tripsy"-crushing |
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gastric lavage
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stomach pump
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aveoli
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thin-walled microscopic air sacs in the lungs that exchange gases
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apex
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the top, the end, or the tip of a structure, such as the apex of the lungs or the apex of the heart
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bifurcate
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divide in two branches or divisions; forked
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bronchial tree
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branched airways of the bronchi and bronchioles that lead from the trachea to the microscopic airways in the lungs
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ciliated epithelium
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epithelial tissue with hairlike processes on the surface (cilia)
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erythrocytes
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RBCs; transport oxygen and CO2
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eustachian tubes
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the tubes that connect the middle ear and the nasopharynx. normally closed but open during yawning, chewing, and swallowing to allow equalization of the air pressure in the middle ear with atmoshperic pressure
-aka auditory tubes |
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glottis
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a slit-like opening through which air passes between the vocal cords
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hemoglobin
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component of RBCs that transport oxygen
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pulmonology
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the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving the lower respiratory tract
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lower respiratory tract
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the lungs (airways and blood vessels) the chest wall (thoracic cage)
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homeostasis
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a relative constancy or equilibrium in the internal environment of the body.
-balance is maintained naturally |
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homeo-
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same
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-stasis
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standing still
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olfactory nerves
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nerves that transit signals controlling the sense of smell
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patent
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wide open and unblocked
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phrenic nerve
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nerve that extends through the thorax and provides innervation of the diaphragm
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pleural membranes
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double-folded membranes that enclose the lungs. comprise the visceral and parietal pleura
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uvula
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small, soft structure suspended from the soft palate
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involuntary center in the brain that controls breathing
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medulla oblongata
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three processes of the exchange of gases
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1. ventilation (Breathing)
-inspiration and expiration of air into and out of the lungs 2. external respiration -the exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and blood stream 3. internal respiration -the exchange of gases between the bloodstream and the cells |
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structures of the upper respiratory tract
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structures outside the chest cavity:
air passages of the nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, and upper trachea |
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structures of the lower respiratory tract
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structures located within the chest cavity:
the lower trachea and the lungs, bronchial tubes and alveoli |
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nas-o
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nose
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rhin-o
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nose
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-plasty
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surgical repair
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pharyng-o
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pharynx/throat
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-scopy
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visual examination
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trache-o
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trachea
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-stomy
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forming and opening
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alveol-o
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alveolus
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bronch-o
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bronchus
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-spasm
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involuntary contraction or twitching
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tracheostomy
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performed as an emergency procedure when the airway is blocked
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bronchospasm
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causes narrowing of the airway and occurs in asthma and bronchitis
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bronchi-o
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bronchus
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lob-o
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lobe
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pector-o
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chest
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steth-o
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chest
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thorac-o
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chest
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-centesis
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puncture
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pleur-o
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pleura
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pneum-o
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air, lung
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pneumon-o
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lung
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pulmon-o
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lung
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anthrac-o
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black, coal
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anthracoisis
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condition of coal dust in the lungs
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atel-o
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incomplete, imperfect
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-ectasis
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expansion
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atelectasis
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incomplete expansion of the lung; collapsed lung
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coni-o
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dust
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hem-o
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blood
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-ptysis
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spitting
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orth-o
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straight
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-pnea
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labored breathing
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ox-
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oxygen
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phren-o
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diaphram
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spir-o
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breathe
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-metry
|
measurement
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brady-
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slow
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dys-
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bad, painful, difficult
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eu-
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good, normal
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-phonia
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voice
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dysphonia
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difficulty speaking, hoarseness
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-capnia
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carbon dioxide in the blood
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COPD |
any pathological process with chronic obstruction of the bronchial tubes and lungs
-may be caused by emphysema, chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma etc. |
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emphys-
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to inflate
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-ema
|
state or condition
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emphysema
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"inflated aveolar air sacs"
chronic condition characterized by the destruction of the alveolar walls, which leads to permanently inflated alveolar air spaces |
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chalic-
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limestones
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silic-
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flint
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pulmonary abscess
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localized collection of pus in the lungs
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pulmonary edema
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accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and interstitial spaces; most common cause is LEFT-SIDED CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
|
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pulmonary embolus
|
blood clot or other material that travels through the bloodstream and lodges in the pulmonary vessels
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tuberculosis
|
infectious disease caused by the invasion of mycobacteria tuberculosis into the lungs, which produces tubercles that usually remain dormant and asymptomatic until the immune system becomes impaired and then the active disease may occur
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tubercul-
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a little swelling
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tubercles
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granulomatous lesions
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asthma
|
a respiratory disorder characterized by reoccurring episodes of paroxysmal dyspnea, and wheezing caused by constriction of the bronchi, coughing and viscous mucoid bronchial secretions
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bronchiectasis
|
chronic dilation of a bronchus with a secondary infection that can result in destruction of the bronchial walls
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asphyxia
|
a condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen
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cystic fibrosis
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genetic disorder that produces a defect in the endocrine glands, causing abnormally thick mucus
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respiratory acidosis
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above-normal levels of carbon dioxide in the body. causes a decrease in the pH of the blood and body fluids
|
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respiratory alkalosis
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caused by hyperventilation. lowers carbon dioxide levels and causes and increase of pH of the blood and bod fluids
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SIDS: sudden infant death syndrome
|
unexpected and unexplained death of a health infant that typically occurs when the child is sleeping. usually between the ages of 2 weeks and 1 year
|
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arterial blood gas (ABG)
|
a test that measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood by carious methods to asses the adequacy of ventilation and oxygenation and the acid-base status
|
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culture and sensitivity (C&S)
|
laboratory test that detects and identifies pathogenic bacteria and determines the appropriate antibiotic treatments; blood or other bodily fluid test
|
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sweat test
|
analysis of a sweat sample to determine its chloride concentration; high levels are seen in children with cystic fibrosis
|
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auscultation
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use of stethoscope to listen to sounds within the body
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hyperbaric oxygenation
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the administration of oxygen at greater that normal atmospheric pressure
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nebulized mist treatments
|
use of a device for producing a fine spray (nebulizer) to deliver medication directly into the lungs
|
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postural drainage
|
the use of body positioning to assist in the removal of secretions from specific loves of the lung, bronchi or lung cavities
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arteriole
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a minute artery, especially one that, at its distal end, leads into a capillary; the smallest of the arteries
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ischemia
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a decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a body part or organ
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metabolism
|
the sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism; all energy and material transformations that occur within living cells
|
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pulmonary circulation
|
circulation of blood through a network of vessels from he heart to the lungs for the oxygenation of blood and then back to the heart again
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pulse
|
the regular, recurrent, expansion and contraction of an artery that corresponds to each beat of the heart; it can be felt through the walls of the arteries. especially on superficial arteries, such as the radial and carotid arteries
|
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septum
|
a wall, or partition dividing two cavities, a partition between the right and left sides of the heart
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sinoatrial node (SA node)
|
area in the right atrium that generates electrical impulses that cause the muscle fivers of both atria to contract; also known as the pacemaker of the heart
|
|
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systematic circulation
|
circulation of blood from the body organs (except the lungs) to the heart and back again
|
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ventricle
|
lower chamber of the heart
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angi-o
|
vessel
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vascul-o
|
vessel
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aort-o
|
aorta
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arteriol-0
|
arteriole
|
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-tomy
|
incision
|
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arteri-o
|
artery
|
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-rrhexis
|
rupture
|
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ather-o
|
fatty plaque
|
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-scler
|
hardening
|
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atri-o
|
atrium
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cardi-o
|
heart
|
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hemangi-o
|
blood vessel
|
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-ectasis
|
dilation
|
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phleb-o
|
vein
|
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ven-o
|
vein
|
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sphygm-o
|
pulse
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thromb-o
|
blood clot
|
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ventricul-o
|
ventricle
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brady-
|
slow
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endo-
|
in, within
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-um
|
structure
|
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extra-
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outside
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peri-
|
around
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tachy-
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rapid
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trans-
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through, across
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electr-o
|
electric
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-stenosis
|
narrowing, stricture
|
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aneurysm
|
a localized dilation of the wall of a blood vessel, usually an artery, due to a congenital defect or weakness in the vessel wall
|
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angina pectoris
|
severe pain around the heart caused by a deficiency of oxygen supply to the heart muscle; pain that radiates on the left side accompanied by a feeling of suffocation
|
|
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arrhythmia
|
any deviation from the normal pattern of the heartbeat
|
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flutter
|
a rapid vibration or pulsation, especially of the heart, that my interfere with normal function
|
|
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fibrillation
|
rapid, inefficient, random contractions of the heart that disrupts the normal sinus rhythm of the heart
|
|
|
arteriosclerosis
|
a common arterial disorder characterized by thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls
|
|
|
atherosclerosis
|
the most common form of arteriosclerosis marked by cholesterol-lipid-calcium deposits in arterial linings
|
|
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cardiomyopathy
|
any disease that affects the structure and function of the heart
|
|
|
congestive heart failure
|
abnormal condition that reflects impaired cardiac pumping
|
|
|
coronary artery disease
|
any one of the abnormal conditions that may affect the heart's arteries and produce carious pathological effects, especially the reduced flow of blood and nutrients to the myocardium; most common type is atherosclerosis
|
|
|
leading cause of death in the Western world
|
atherosclerosis
|
|
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embolus
|
a mass of undissolved matter, more commonly a blood clot, fatty plaque or air bubble, which travels through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood vessel
|
|
|
embol-
|
plug
|
|
|
hypertension conditions
|
systolic >140mm Hg
diastolic > 90mm Hg |
|
|
murmurs
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abnormal sounds heard on auscultation of the heart and adjacent large blood vessels
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myocardial infraction
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necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by partial or complete occlusion of one or more of the coronary arteries. heart attack
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palpitations
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a pounding or racing of the heart
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angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
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drugs used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure; decrease blood pressure, pulmonary resistance and heart size
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beta-adrenergic blocker
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drugs that decrease the rate and force of heart contractions among other effects
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