Med Term 2 Vocab Ch 19

Front 1

adenocarcinoma

Back 1

Cancerous tumor of glandular tissue.

Front 2

adjuvant therapy

Back 2

Treatment of disease with substances that assist or enhance the action of primary treatment.

Front 3

alkylating agents

Back 3

Synthetic chemicals used in treatment of cancer. They interfere with DNA synthesis and cell division to prevent cancer cells from increasing in number.

Front 4

alopecia

Back 4

baldness

Front 5

alveolar

Back 5

tumor cells form patters resembling small sacs

Front 6

anaplasia

Back 6

Loss of differentiation of cells and reversion to a more primitive, unspecialized cell type.

Front 7

angiogenesis

Back 7

process of forming new blood vessels

Front 8

antibiotics

Back 8

Chemical substances that have the ability to inhibit or destroy foreign organisms in the body.

Front 9

antimetabolites

Back 9

Chemicals that prevent cell division by inhibiting formation of substances necessary to make DNA; used in cancer treatment.

Front 10

antimitotics

Back 10

Drugs that block mitosis (cell division); used to treat cancer.

Front 11

apoptosis

Back 11

Programmed cell death.

Front 12

benign tumor

Back 12

noncancerous growth

Front 13

biological therapy

Back 13

use of the body's own defenses to destroy tumor cells

Front 14

bone marrow biopsy

Back 14

aspiration of bone marrow tissue and examination under a microscope for evidence of malignant cells

Front 15

bone marrow transplantation

Back 15

bone marrow or stem cells are infused intraveously into a patient

Front 16

brachytherapy

Back 16

implantation of small, sealed containers or seeds of radioactive material directly into the tumor or in the cavity of the tumor

Front 17

cachexia

Back 17

General ill health (muscle wasting and weight loss) associated with severe, chronic disease, such as cancer.

Front 18

carcinogens

Back 18

agents that cause cancer

Front 19

carcinoma

Back 19

cancerous tumor

Front 20

carcinoma in situ

Back 20

referring to localized tumor cells that have not invaded adjacent structures

Front 21

cauterization

Back 21

process of burning tissue to destroy it

Front 22

cellular oncogenes

Back 22

Pieces of DNA that, when broken or dislocated, can cause a normal cell to become malignant.

Front 23

chemotherapy

Back 23

treatment with drugs

Front 24

combination chemotherapy

Back 24

use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors

Front 25

core needle biopsy

Back 25

placement of a large-bore needle that extracts a thin core of tissue

Front 26

cryosurgery

Back 26

use of subfreezing temperature to destroy tissue

Front 27

cystic tumor

Back 27

forming large open spaces filled with fluid

Front 28

cytogenetic analysis

Back 28

chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations, or deletions of DNA

Front 29

dedifferentiation

Back 29

loss of differentiation cells

Front 30

deoxyribonucleic acid

Back 30

genetic material within the nucleous of a cell

Front 31

differentiating agents

Back 31

drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate, stop growth and die

Front 32

differentiation

Back 32

specialization of cells

Front 33

dysplastic

Back 33

containing abnormal-appearing cells that are not clearly cancerous

Front 34

electrocauterization

Back 34

Use of a needle or snare heated by electric current to destroy or burn tissue (removal of warts, polyps).

Front 35

electron beams

Back 35

low-engergy beams for treatment of skin or surface tumors

Front 36

en bloc resection

Back 36

tumor is removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue containing lymph nodes

Front 37

encapsulated

Back 37

benign tumors surrounded by a capsule

Front 38

epidermoid

Back 38

resembling squamous epithelial cells (thin-plate like)

Front 39

excisional biopsy

Back 39

removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue

Front 40

exenteration

Back 40

wide resection involving removal of the tumor, it organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space

Front 41

exfoliative cytology

Back 41

cells are scraped from the region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope

Front 42

external beam radiation

Back 42

radiation therapy applied to a tumor from a distant source

Front 43

fiberoptic colonoscopy

Back 43

visual examination of the colon using a fiberoptic instrument

Front 44

fibrosarcoma

Back 44

Malignant tumor of fibrous or connective tissue.

Front 45

fibrosis

Back 45

increase in connective tissue

Front 46

fields

Back 46

dimensions of the size of radiation area used to treat a tumor from a specific angle

Front 47

fine needle aspiration

Back 47

placement of a very thin needle inside the tumor mass and extracting cells for microscopic evaluation

Front 48

follicular

Back 48

forming small glandular sacs

Front 49

fractionation

Back 49

method of dividing radiation into small, repeated doses rather than fewer large doses

Front 50

fulguration

Back 50

destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high-frequency current

Front 51

fungating tumor

Back 51

mushroom pattern of growth in which tumor cells pile one on top another and project from a tissue surface

Front 52

genetic screening

Back 52

family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene

Front 53

grading of tumors

Back 53

evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or indication of malignant transformation

Front 54

gray (Gy)

Back 54

unit of absorbed radiation dose

Front 55

gross description of tumors

Back 55

visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye

Front 56

hyperplasia

Back 56

Condition of increased formation of cells.

Front 57

immunohistochemistry

Back 57

localizing antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled antibodies

Front 58

incisional biopsy

Back 58

piece of tumor is removed for examination to establish a diagnosis

Front 59

infertility

Back 59

inability to contribue to conception of a child

Front 60

infiltrative

Back 60

extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues

Front 61

invasive

Back 61

having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue

Front 62

irradiation

Back 62

exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat or x-rays

Front 63

laparoscopy

Back 63

visual examination of the abdominal cavity using small incisions and a laprascope

Front 64

linear accelerator

Back 64

large electronic device that produces high-engery x-ray beams for the treatment of deep-seated tumors

Front 65

malignant tumor

Back 65

tumor having the characteristic of continuous growth, invasiveness and metastasis

Front 66

mammography

Back 66

x-ray examination of the breast to detect breast cancer

Front 67

medullary tumor

Back 67

Large, soft fleshy tumors

Front 68

mesenchymal

Back 68

Pertaining to embryonic connective tissue from which all connective tissues arise. Sarcomas are tumors of connective tissues that arise originally from mesenchymal cells.

Front 69

metaplasia

Back 69

Conversion of normal cells into a less differentiated type in response to chronic stress or injury.

Front 70

metastasis

Back 70

spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site, literally, beyond control

Front 71

microscopic description of tumors

Back 71

appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope

Front 72

mitosis

Back 72

replication of cells

Front 73

mixed-tissue tumors

Back 73

tumors composed of different types of tissue

Front 74

modality

Back 74

method of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation

Front 75

molecularly targeted drugs

Back 75

Anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in specific tumor cells.

Front 76

morbidity

Back 76

condition of being unwell or deficient in normal function

Front 77

mucinous

Back 77

tumors are filled with mucus

Front 78

mucositis

Back 78

inflammation and ulceration of mucous membranes

Front 79

mutagenic

Back 79

Pertaining to producing a mutation.

Front 80

mutation

Back 80

change in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell

Front 81

myelosuppression

Back 81

bone marrow depression

Front 82

necrotic tumor

Back 82

contain dead tissue

Front 83

neoplasm

Back 83

new growth; benign or malignant tumor

Front 84

neurofibromatosis

Back 84

Benign tumors of supportive tissue.

Front 85

nucleotide

Back 85

unit of DHA (gene) composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a base

Front 86

oncogene

Back 86

region of DNA in tumor cells or in viruses that cause cancer

Front 87

oncology

Back 87

Study of tumors (malignant tumors).

Front 88

osteosarcoma

Back 88

Malignant tumor of bone.

Front 89

palliative

Back 89

relieving but not curing symptoms

Front 90

papillary

Back 90

forming small, finger-like or nipple-like projections of cells

Front 91

pedunculated

Back 91

possessing a stem or stalk

Front 92

PET/CT scan

Back 92

diagnostic procedure combining CT and PET

Front 93

photon therapy

Back 93

radiation therapy using x-rays or gamma rays

Front 94

pleomorphic

Back 94

composed of a variety of types of cells

Front 95

pneumonitis

Back 95

inflammation of the lungs

Front 96

polypoid tumor

Back 96

growths that form projections extending outward from a base

Front 97

protein marker tests

Back 97

measure the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells

Front 98

protocol

Back 98

detailed plan for treatment of an illness

Front 99

proton therapy

Back 99

small subatomic positively charged particles produced by a cyclotron deposit all the absorbed dose at a focused finite point

Front 100

radiation

Back 100

energy carried by a stream of particles

Front 101

radiocurable tumor

Back 101

tumor that can be completely eradicated by radiation therapy

Front 102

radionuclide scans

Back 102

radioactive substances are injected intravenously, and scans (images) of organs are obtained

Front 103

radioresistant tumor

Back 103

tumor that requires large doses of radiation to produce death of the cells

Front 104

radiosensitive tumor

Back 104

tumor in which irradiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue

Front 105

radiosensitizers

Back 105

drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays

Front 106

radiotherapy

Back 106

treatment of tumors using doses of radiation

Front 107

relapse

Back 107

recurrence of tumor after treatment

Front 108

remission

Back 108

partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease

Front 109

retinoblastoma

Back 109

Malignant tumor of the retina of the eye; childhood malignancy.

Front 110

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 110

cellular substance that represents a copy of DNA and directs the formation of new protein inside cells

Front 111

sarcoma

Back 111

cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue

Front 112

scirrhous

Back 112

densely packed tumors, due to dense bands of fibrous tissue

Front 113

secondary tumors

Back 113

new types of tumors, originating at a site separate from the primary tumor

Front 114

serous

Back 114

tumors filled with thin watery fluid resembling serum

Front 115

sessile

Back 115

have no stem

Front 116

simulation

Back 116

study prior to radiation therapy using CT scan and /or MRI to map treatment

Front 117

solid tumor

Back 117

tumor composed of a mass of cells

Front 118

staging of tumors

Back 118

system of evaluating the extent of spread of tumors

Front 119

stem cell transplantation

Back 119

Stem cells (immature blood cells) are harvested from the bloodstream of a patient and then reinfused after the patient has received chemotherapy

Front 120

stereotactic radiosurgery

Back 120

single large dose of radiation delivered from several different angles under stereotactic guidance to destroy a vascular abnormality or treat small intracranial tumors

Front 121

steroids

Back 121

complex, naturally occurring chemicals derived from cholesterol

Front 122

surgical procedures to treat cancer

Back 122

methods of removing cancerous tissue

Front 123

teletherapy

Back 123

Radiation delivered to a tumor from a distant source, such as a linear accelerator or cyclotron.

Front 124

ulcerating tumor

Back 124

characterized by an open, exposed surface resulting from the death of overlying tissue

Front 125

viral oncogenes

Back 125

pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant

Front 126

virus

Back 126

infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host's genetic material to make copies of itself

Front 127

xerostomia

Back 127

dryness of the mouth