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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the consistency of blood?
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45% blood cells
55% blood plasma |
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What is the volume of blood?
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10-12 pints
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What are erythrocytes?
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Red Blood Cells
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What is the function of red blood cells?
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Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
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What are Leukocytes?
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White blood cells
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What is the function of WBC's?
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Body defenses: destruction of bacteria and viruses
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What are thrombocytes?
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platelets
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What do thrombocytes do?
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initiate blood clotting
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A body process that arrests the flow of blood and prevents hemorrhage is known as...
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homeostasis
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How can blood become thicker?
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if fluid intake is limited
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How are blood types determined?
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by the presence or absence of specific antigens on the outer surface of the RBC
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What blood type is the universal recipient?Ty
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Type AB
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What blood type is the universal donor?
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Type O
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Where are RH antibiodies located?
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on the surface of the RBC
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RH positive means...
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RH antibodies are present
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RH negative means...
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RH antibiodies are NOT present
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Immature neutrophils are called...
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Bands
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"A shift to the left" means...
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There is an infection
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What is the function of the lymphatic system?
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Maintenance of fluid balance
Production of lymphocytes Absorption and transportation of lipids from the intestine to the bloodstream |
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What is lymph?
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Lymph is a specialized fluid formed in the tissue spaces transported by way of the lymphatic vessels and reenters the circulatory system
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What are lymph nodes?
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Act as filters, keeping particulate matter such as bacteria from entering bloodstream
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In regards to lymphatic tissue, what do the tonsils do?
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Produce lymphocytes and antibodies: trap bacteria
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In regards to lymphatic tissue, what does the Spleen do?
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Reservoir for blood; forms lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma; destroys worn-out RBCs; removes bacteria by phagocytosis
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In regards to lymphatic tissue, what does the Thymus do?
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Immune system before and a few months after birth; atrophies at puberty
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What are diagnostic tests used for Disorders of the Hematological and Lymphatic System?
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Complete blood count (CBC)
Red cell indices Peripheral smear Schilling test Megaloblastic anemia profile Lymphangiography Bone marrow aspiration or biopsy |
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What is anemia?
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Disorder characterized by RBC and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels below normal range
Causes delivery of insufficient amounts of oxygen to tissues and cells |
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What are types of anemia?
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Blood loss
Impaired production of RBCs Increased destruction of RBCs Nutritional deficiencies |
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What are clinical manifestations of anemia?
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Anorexia
Dyspepsia Cardiac dilation Disorientation Shortness of breath Dyspnea Fatigue Headache Insomnia Pallor Palpitation Systolic murmur Tachycardia Vertigo |
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What is the medical management for anemia?
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Depends on the cause
Correction of the disease process may correct or lessen the anemic condition Treatment is often specific to the particular anemia |
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What is Hypovolemic anemia?
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(Blood loss anemia)
Abnormally low circulating blood volume due to blood loss (500 ml loss can be tolerated;1000 ml loss can cause severe complications) ~Severity and signs and symptoms depend on how rapid the blood is lost |
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Hypovolemic anemia:
Clinical manifestations |
Weakness
Stupor; irritability Pale, cool, moist skin Hypotension Tachycardia (rapid, weak, thready pulse) Hypothermia Hemoglobin less than 10 g/100 ml Hematocrit less than 40% |
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Hypovolemic anemia:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
Control bleeding
Treat shock O2, elevate lower extremities, keep warm Replace fluid Blood transfusion, plasma, dextran, lactated Ringer’s Monitor vital signs |
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What is pernicious anemia?
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Absence of the intrinsic factor
Intrinsic factor is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 |
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A deficiency in B12 affects what?
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affects growth and maturity of all body cells
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How is Vitamin B12 is also related to nerve myelination?
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May cause progressive demyelination and degeneration of nerves and white matter
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Pernicious anemia: Clinical manifestations/assessment
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Extreme weakness
Dyspnea Fever Hypoxia Weight loss Jaundice (destruction of RBCs) Pallor GI complaints Dysphagia Sore, burning tongue Smooth and erythematous Neurological symptoms Tingling of the hands and feet Disorientation Personality changes; behavior problems Partial or total paralysis |
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Pernicious anemia:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) 1000 units
Folic acid supplement Iron replacement RBC transfusion Diet: high in protein, vitamins, and minerals |
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Explain dosing schedules for Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) for pernicious anemia
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Daily for 1 week
Weekly for 1 month Monthly for life |
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What is Aplastic anemia?
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Decrease of bone marrow function
-can be primary or secondary |
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What is primary aplastic anemia?
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Congenital
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What is secodary aplastic anemia?
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Viral invasion
Medications Chemicals Radiation; chemotherapy |
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Aplastic anemia:
Clinical manifestations/assessment |
Pancytopenic
Repeated infections with high fevers Fatigue, weakness, malaise Dyspnea Palpitations Bleeding tendencies |
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Aplastic anemia:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
Identify and remove cause
Platelet transfusion for severe thrombocytopenia Splenectomy for hypersplenism Steroids and androgens Antithymocyte globulin Bone marrow transplant |
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What is iron deficiency anemia?
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RBCs contain decreased levels of hemoglobin
Excessive iron loss Caused by chronic bleeding—intestinal, uterine, gastric |
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Iron deficiency anemia:
Clinical manifestations/assessment |
Pallor
Fatigue; weakness Shortness of breath Angina; signs and symptoms of heart failure Glossitis; burning tongue Pagophagia Headache Paresthesia |
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Iron deficiency anemia:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
Ferrous sulfate 900 mg daily
Oral or injection (Z-track) Ascorbic acid Diet high in iron |
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What is Sickle Cell anemia?
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An abnormal, crescent-shaped RBC
Severe, chronic, incurable condition |
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Sickle cell anemia is what type of disease?
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Homozygous
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Sickle cell anemia is what trait?
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Heterozygous
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Sickle cell anemia:
Clinical manifestations/assessment |
Precipitating factors
Loss of appetite Irritability Weakness Abdominal enlargement Joint and back pain Edema of extremities |
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Sickle cell anemia:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
No specific treatment—alleviate symptoms
Oxygen Rest Fluids Analgesics Bone marrow transplant |
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What is Agranulocytosis?
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Severe reduction in the number of granulocytes
WBC less than 200/mm3 Medications Chemotherapy Radiation Neoplastic disease Viral and bacterial infections |
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Agranulocytosis:
Clinical manifestations/assessment |
Symptoms of infection
Ulcerations of mucous membranes Bronchial pneumonia Urinary tract infection |
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Agranulocytosis:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
Remove cause of bone marrow depression
Prevent or treat infections Meticulous handwashing Strict asepsis |
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What is Leukemia?
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Malignant disorder of the hematopoietic system
Excess leukocytes accumulate in the bone marrow and lymph nodes Cause unknown |
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How is Leukemia classified?
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Acute or chronic
Proliferating cells (lymphocytic, monocytic, myelogenous) |
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Leukemia:
Clinical manifestations/assessment |
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia; leukopenia Enlarged lymph nodes Splenomegaly |
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Leukemia:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
Chemotherapy; radiation
Bone marrow transplant Medications: chlorambucil (Leukeran), hydroxyurea, corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) |
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What is Thrombocytopenia?
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Condition in which the number of platelets is reduced below 100,000/mm3; may be due to decreased production or decreased survival
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Thrombocytopenia:
Clinical manifestations/assessment |
Petechiae
Ecchymoses Platelets below 100,000/mm3 Bleeding from mucous membranes |
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Thrombocytopenia:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
Corticosteriod therapy
Splenectomy Gamma globulin Immunosuppressive drugs Platelet transfusions Avoid trauma |
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What is Hemophilia?
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Hereditary coagulation disorder, characterized by a disturbance of clotting factor
Hemophilia A; hemophilia B X-linked hereditary trait |
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Hemophilia:
Clinical manifestations/assessment |
Internal and external bleeding
Hemarthrosis Excessive blood loss from small cuts and dental procedures |
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Hemophilia:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
Minimize bleeding—avoid trauma
Relieve pain—no aspirin Transfusions |
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What are different transfusions for hemophilia?
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Factor VIII or IX concentrate
Cryoprecipitate (rich in factor VIII) Manufactured factor VIII or IX |
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What is von Willebrand’s disease?
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Inherited bleeding disorder characterized by abnormally slow coagulation of blood; mild deficiency of factor VIII
Similar to hemophilia; not limited to males |
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von Willebrand’s disease:
Clinical manifestations/assessment |
Spontaneous episodes of
GI bleeding Epistaxis Gingival bleeding |
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von Willebrand’s disease:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
Cryoprecipitate
Fibrinogen Fresh plasma Desmopressin (DDAVP) Minimize bleeding—avoid trauma Relieve pain—no aspirin |
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What is Disseminated intravascular coagulation?
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Overstimulation of clotting and anticlotting processes in response to disease or injury
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation:
Clinical manifestations/assessment |
Bleeding; hemoptysis
Dyspnea Diaphoresis Cold, mottled digits Purpura on the chest and abdomen Petechiae |
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation:
Medical management/nursing |
Treat underlying cause
Cryoprecipitate Heparin Protect from bleeding and trauma |
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What is Multiple myeloma?
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Malignant neoplastic immunodeficiency disease of the bone marrow
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Multiple myeloma:
Clinical manifestations/assessment |
Bone pain; pathological fractures
Infection Anemia; bleeding Hypercalcemia Renal failure |
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Multiple myeloma:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
Symptomatic; not curable
Radiation Chemotherapy Corticosteroids IV fluids |
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What is Lymphangitis?
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Inflammation of one or more lymphatic vessels
Usually occurs from acute streptococcal or staphylococcal infection in an extremity |
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Lymphangitis:
Clinical manifestations/assessment |
Fine red streaks from the affected area
Edema Chills; fever Local pain Headache; myalgia |
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Lymphangitis:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
Penicillin
Moist heat Elevate extremity |
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What is Lymphedema?
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Primary or secondary disorder
Accumulation of lymph in the soft tissue |
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Lymphedema:
Clinical manifestations/assessment |
Massive edema and tightness of affected extremity
Pain |
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Lymphedema:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
Diuretics
Antibiotics Compression pump Elastic stocking or sleeve Restricted sodium diet Avoid constrictive clothing Meticulous skin care |
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What is Malignant lymphoma?
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Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Neoplastic disorder of lymphoid tissue Tumors usually start in lymph nodes and spread to lymphoid tissue in the spleen, liver, GI tract, and bone marrow |
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Malignant lymphoma:
Clinical manifestations/assessment |
Painless, enlarged cervical lymph nodes
Fever; susceptibility to infection Weight loss; anorexia Anemia Pruritus Fatigue Malaise |
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Malignant lymphoma:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
Accurate staging of the disease is crucial to determine treatment regimen
Radiation Chemotherapy Bone marrow transplant Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) |
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What is Hodgkin’s disease?
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Inflammatory or infectious process that develops into a neoplasm
Affects males twice as frequently as females Reed-Sternberg cells |
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Hodgkin’s disease:
Clinical manifestations/assessment |
Enlargement of cervical lymph nodes
Anorexia Weight loss Pruritus Low-grade fever Night sweats Anemia Leukocytosis |
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Hodgkin’s disease:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
Stage I or II (localized)
Radiation Stage III or IV (generalized) Chemotherapy Combination |
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Malignant lymphoma:
Clinical manifestations/assessment |
Painless, enlarged cervical lymph nodes
Fever; susceptibility to infection Weight loss; anorexia Anemia Pruritus Fatigue Malaise |
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Malignant lymphoma:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
Accurate staging of the disease is crucial to determine treatment regimen
Radiation Chemotherapy Bone marrow transplant Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) |
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What is Hodgkin’s disease?
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Inflammatory or infectious process that develops into a neoplasm
Affects males twice as frequently as females Reed-Sternberg cells |
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Hodgkin’s disease:
Clinical manifestations/assessment |
Enlargement of cervical lymph nodes
Anorexia Weight loss Pruritus Low-grade fever Night sweats Anemia Leukocytosis |
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Hodgkin’s disease:
Medical management/nursing interventions |
Stage I or II (localized)
Radiation Stage III or IV (generalized) Chemotherapy Combination |
