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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CV system
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heart, blood, blood vessels
transport o2, remove wasteq |
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efficiency of CV system depends on
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ability of heart to pump
patency of blood vessels quality of blood quantity of blood |
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Right heart pumps to
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lungs
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left heart pumps to
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body
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layers of heart
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endocardium (lines chamber)
myocardium (muscle) coronary arteries epicardium - only a few cells thick |
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left main coronary artery
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widow maker
blocks circulation to all rest of LV |
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coronary artery fills during
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diastole
empties to RA |
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workhorse of heart
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Left Ventricle
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SA node
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pacemaker
intrinsic rate 60-100 |
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AV node
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intrinsic rate 40-60
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bundle branch rate
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20-30
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which cell is pacemaker?
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cell that beats fastest
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order of conduction system
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SA, AV, bundle of His, left/right bundle branch
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Electrolytes in heart at rest for polarization
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Na out of cell
K in cell |
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Electrolytes in heart during contraction
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na moves into cell
K moves out of cell |
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electrolytes in heart when recovering
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na moves back outside cell
k moves back into cell |
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tall T, arrythmias
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Hyperkalemia
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lo T, u wave
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hypokalemia
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calcium realated to contractility
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aids in contractility
if high (hypercalcemia) irritability happens - cause arrythmias |
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heart and PSNS
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resting time
negative chronotropic - slows HR negative inotropic - less work for heart |
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heart and SNS
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postive chronotropic - beat fast
positive inotropic - heart beats hard |
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catecholamines
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epinephrine
norepi dopamine produce SNS effect |
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thyroid hormone
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can increase HR higher than normal
(BMR) |
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capillaries
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all exchange occurs - o2, nutrients, waste
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lymphatic
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feeds into veins
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what % blood plasma
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55
(90% water, albumin, gamma globulin, fibrinogen, etc) |
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what % blood is solid particles
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45, includes
WBC RBC |
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WBC
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leukocytes
5,000-10,000 short lifespan |
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hematocrit
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% RBC
men: 42-50% women: 40-48% |
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hemoglobin
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male: 13-18
female: 12-16 |
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Hg:Hct ratio
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1:3
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thrombocytes
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platelets
100,000-400,000 |
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digoxin
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listen at PMI for 60s
digoxin slows a too fast HR if HR less than 60, hold digoxin |
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Cardiac output
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CO = SV x HR
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stroke volume
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amount of blood ejected from the heart with each contraction
usually 70-80 |
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preload
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amount of volume returning to Right heart
dependent on venous return |
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preload in FVD
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decreased preload
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preload in FVE
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hi preload
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afterload
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arterial resistance
LV has to overcome aortic pressure |
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indirect measures of CO
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2+ pulses
skin warm, dry good capillary refill BP WNL good Urine outpt AOx3 HR WNL RR WNL clear breath sounds |
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direct measures of CO
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swan ganz
cardiac cath |
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baroreceptors
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respond to change in BP
lo BP - inc SNS |
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chemoreceptors
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respond to cahnge in acidosis, hypoxia
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EKG, holter monitor
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looks at electrical activiyt of the heart
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12 lead ECG
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diagnose exactly what's going on
more complicated diagnosis see 12 angles of heart |
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echo
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look at sound waves
same principle as sonogram |
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external echo
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lay on L to get heart closer to chest
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internal echo
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if obese, inc chest muscle
trans esophogeal EKG - small transducer in esophogas |
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stress test
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non invasive
stress pt under controlled condition exercise or pharmacological |
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contraindications for stress test
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severe aortic stenosis
MI severe hypertension - could cause stroke |
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RN interventions for stress test
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usually npo 4-6 h
no caffiene, tobacco before stop beta blockers 24 h before |
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coronary artery can dilate
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up to 4x normal to deliver o2 under stress
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radionucleotide imagery
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thallium 201
technetium |
