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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is cancer?
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caner is characterized by abnormal unrelated cell proliferation. Invade normal tissue and compete with normal cells for oxygen nutrients and space.
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What is neoplasms?
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Abnormal tissue or tumors
"oma" indicate a tumor |
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What is the 4 main classification of tumors?
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Carcinomas-epithelial cells
Lymphomas-organs that fight infection Leukemias-organs that form blood Sarcomas-connective tissue (bone and muscle) |
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What are the 3 classifaction of tumor growths?
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Benign, Malignant, metastasis
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what is TNM?
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T - sizeof tumor
N- involvement of lymph nodes M - metastasis |
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What is stage I of tumors?
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malignant cells are confined to the tissue of orgin
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Once cancer has metastasized is it difficult to treat?
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yes it is difficult to treat and at times less likely to be curative
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What is thestage II of tumors?
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spread to local area usually the lymph nodes
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What is stage III of tumors?
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larger tumor or spread to surrounding tissues or both
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What is the stage IV of tumor?
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metastasized to distant body parts
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what are the clasification of tumors/
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anatomic site
stage cell appearance and differentation |
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Carcinomas of the testicles, pancreas, and liver is what type of lab?
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Alpha-fetoprotein
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Increased with breast, pancreas, liver, kidney and colon cancer. (Maybe elevated for no reason) is what type of lab?
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Carinoembryonic antigen(CEA)
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Prostate cancer, slightly elevated in benign prostate hyperplasia is what type of lab?
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Prostate - specific antigen(PSA)
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What type of lab testing is used for meteastic breast cancer?
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CA 15-3
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what type of lab is used for gastrointestinal and pancreatic cancers?
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CA 19-9
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what type of lab is used for ovarian cancer?
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CA 125
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What type of x-ray will give you a 3 dimmensional view of tissue to determine tumor density, size and location?
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CT
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What type of x-ray is used for tissue is being obeserved for changes using radioactive isotope?
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Nuclear imaging
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What type of x-ray uses cross-sectional view of tissue to look at increased concentration of isotopes in malignant cells & differentiates between benign & malignant cells?
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PET
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What type of x-ray is used for monoclonal antibodies labeled with isotopes are injected intravenously & accumulate at the tumor site which makes tumor able to be visualized.
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Radioimmunoconjugates
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What uses high frequent sound waves to determine if the tumor is solid of fluid filled?
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Ultrasound
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What type of x-ray used to look at differences in the densities of body tissues and used for bone and gastric cancers?
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Fluoroscopy
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what are the warning signs of tumors being present?
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change in bowels
sores that do not heal unusual bleeding or discharge thickening or lump in breast or other body parts indigestion or difficulty swallowing a recent change in a wart or mole a nagging cough or hoarseness |
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What is it called when immediate examination of the cells tumor removed the specimen is quickly frozen then sliced into thin sheets and observed?
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frozen section
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Waht type of treatment is done to remove a tumor that has not invaded surrounding tissues and is confined?
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Surgey
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Waht is it called when the entire tumor cannot be removed?
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Debulking
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What is it called when the tumor and a small amount of surrounding healthy tissues are removed?
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local excision
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Removes tumors, lymph nodes any involved adjacent structures and surrounding tissue that poses a risk for metastasis?
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wide or radial excision
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done with a local recurrance of cancer, more extensive than previous surgery
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salvage surgery
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client is at high risk for developing cancer, usually done for breast or reproductive cancers
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prophylactic
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relieve uncomfortable symptoms or prolong life and not a cure
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palliative
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high-energy ionizing radiation used to destroy cancer cells by disrupting cell function, division& alteration of DNA molecules and cell death occurs immediately or no more repruduction can occur
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radiation therapy
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malignant cells are more sensitive to what treatment?
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external radiation causes damage to the cell's DNA impairing reproduction
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A patient getting external radiation what should the nurse keep in mind or tell the patient?
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it will be marked with a marker or tattoo and do not wash the markings and do not apply any lotions ect. to the radiation area.
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Internal radiation
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brachytherapy, radioactive source that is implanted or placed on the tumor implanted inside the patient's body & poses a threat to others
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what type of radiation is a sealed sorce that is inserted into the body in a sealed container directly into the tumor body & can be held in place with an applicator?
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internal radiation
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What are the precautions that the nurse needs to do & keep in mind for a patient that has internal radiation?
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Private room, lead llined
sign on the door no children or preg. women limit time in the room use lead aprons, monitoring devices 30 min. per shift monitor for accidental dislodge sources |
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What are some precautions that the nurse needs to do or keep in mind with a patient that has unsealed source of internal radiation?
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wear gloves
body fluids require special considerations because radiation is excreted through the urin, saliva, sweat glands, and feces use seperate eating utensils wash clothes separately drink plenty of fluids to flush system |
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What type of therapy uses antineoplastic agents to treat cancer cells?
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chemotherapy
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Chemotherapy can be used for what ?
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cure cancer, prevention of metastasis,slow growth of tumor, destroy tumor cells or relieve symptoms
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How can chemotherapy be given to a patient?
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Given by orally, IV, IM, intraperitoneally, intrapleurally, topically, intrathecally or directly into a cavity
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alkylating drugs and mitotic inhibitors does what?(cytotoxic)
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interfere with the process of cell division
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antineoplastic antibiotics and antimetabolites does what?(cytotoxic)
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interefer with DNA & RNA
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what is used in treating cancers that uses hormones as growth factors?
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hormones (cytotoxic)
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what type of stem cell transplant come from the client either from the bone marrow or circulating blood.
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autologous stem cell
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what type of stem cell transplant comes from a dodor whose tissue type matches the client?
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allogeneic stem cell
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what type of stem cell comes an identical twin with identical tissue type?
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syngeneic stem cell
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what type of therapy uses biologic response modifiers to stimulate the body's natural immune system to restrict and destroy cancer cells?
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immunotherapy (1)
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what manipulates the natural immune response by restoring, stimulating or augmenting the natural defenses?
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immunotherapy (2)
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Antigen injected into client in hopes to stimulate an immune response to destroy malignant cells
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Nonspecific immunotherapy
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Tumor cells are injected into mice to form antibodies
Antibodies are removed from the spleen and cultured with more cancer cells to form more antibodies which are injected into a client to destroy tumor cells (after purification) |
Monoclonal antibody immunotherapy
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4 Types of Cytokines is what?
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1 Interferons
2 Interleukins 3 Hematopoietic growth factors (colony stimulating factors) 4 Tumor necrosis factor |
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What type of therapy uses
temps > 41.5 C (106.7 F) to destroy tumor cells? |
hyperthermia
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What does hyperthermia do to the cell membrane?
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Alters cell membrane permeability so that uptake of chemo and immunotherapeutic agents are increased
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Radio waves, US, microwaves, hot water baths used for what type of therapy?
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Hyperthermia
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what does the client experience during Hyperthermia therapy?
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Clients may experience local burns, tissue damage, electrolyte imbalances and neuropathies
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what type of therapy uses Photoactive drug injected into client (porfimer/ Photofrin)
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Photodynamic Therapy
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what is a patient teaching using the Photodynamic Therapy?
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Clients must stay protected from sunlight and bright indoor lights for 30 days
Sunburns can occur if noncompliant |
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What is the process that rids the body of cells that are no longer needed or defective in some way?
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Apoptosis
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Lung Cancer is it the no. one cause of cancer deaths?
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yes
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What type of cell is
Slow growing Arise from the bronchi and bronchioles leading to obstruction Mets to the thorax and small bowel 25 to 35% of all lung tumors? |
Epidermold or Squamous Cell
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What type of cell
Arise in the peripheral bronchi No well-defined growth patterns Usually diagnosed as a bulky tumor mass Mets early to the CNS 5 to 20% of all lung tumors? |
Large Cell or Undifferentiated
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Arise from the mucus glands
Patchy growth throughout lung fields Lead to malignant pleural effusion 25 to 35% of lung tumors |
Adenocarsinoma
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Most malignant form of lung cancer
Arises from the bronchi. Hypersecretes antidiuretic hormone Mets to the mediastinum, liver, bone, bone marrow, CNS, adrenal glands, pancreas, and other endocrine organs |
Small Cell Carcinoma or Oat Cell
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Any malignant blood disorder in which the leukocytes (WBCs), usually in an immature form, proliferate (grow) unregulated.
Often accompanied by a decrease in erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets. |
Leukemia
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Onset is usually younger than 5, rarely over 15.
Increased lymphocytes, decrease RBC’s and platelets |
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
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Onset is older that 40
Most common type in adults Increased lymphocytes, normal or low RBC’s and platelets |
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
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Decrease in myeloid formed cells (monocytes, granulocytes, RBC’s and platelets)
Occurs in all age ranges |
Acute myelogenous leukemia
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Same as AML but greater number of normal cells.
Onset is older than 20, increasing incidence with age. Genetic link |
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
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Malignancy involving the plasma cells or B-lymphocyte cells in the bone marrow.
Prognosis is poor with estimated survival rate of 1 to 5 years. |
Multiple Myeloma
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Cancer that affect the lymphatic system
Two types Hodgkin’s Non-Hodgkin’s |
Lymphoma
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Age of onset is 15 – 40 and then older than 55.
Has Reed-Sternberg cells Orderly growth More curable |
Hodgkins
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Non-Hodgkins
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Thirty subtypes
Peaks after 50 No Reed-Sternberg cells B and T cell origins Mets common Less curable |
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Brain tumors
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Benign tumors can be fatal because of increased ICP and damage to surrounding tissues.
Gliomas are the most common |
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Many develop from benign adenomas what is it called?
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Cancer of the GI tract
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what type of cancer is palliative therapy?
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Cancer of the Liver
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If a patient has pain jaundice, weight loss, nausea and vomiting and diarrhea what is the cancer that the patient might have?
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cancer in the head of the pancreas?
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If the patient c/o of GI bleed or back pain where are the tumors might the patient have?
Quickly spreads to duodenum, stomach, spleen and left adrenal gland. |
tumors in the center and tail
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If a patient comes in with s/s
anemia, weakness and weight loss. Gross hematuria and flank pain are late signs. what might the patient have? |
Cancer of the kidneys
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Signs and symptoms include pathological break, limp or abnormal gait what might this be if your patient c/o of these s/s?
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bone cancer
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Endometrial cells that migrate out of the uterus and attach to other organs in the pelvic cavity.
Builds and bleeds like the tissue within the uterus, causing pain and local inflammation. Considered benign uterine growth |
Endometriosis
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Hysterectomy is done for what ?
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Endometriosis
cancer |
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Ductal carcinoma
Lobular carcinoma Medullary carcinoma Mucinous carcinoma Tubular ductal carcinoma Inflammatory breast cancer what type of cancers are these? |
breast cancers
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what does the breast cancer feel like to the patient?
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Painless mass
Firm, irregular shaped Fixed to underlying structures |
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Painless mass
Firm, irregular shaped Fixed to underlying structures are s/s of what type of cancer? |
breast cancer
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what lp type of tests should the patient do for breast cancer to help detecct early breast cancer?
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Physical exam every three years until 40, then yearly
Base-line mammogram at age 40 Monthly self exams After each period Post menopause, same day each month |
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After Surgery what should the nurse keep in mind for the breast cancer patient?
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No needle sticks to affected side
No blood pressures to affected side Elevation of affected arm No lifting with affected arm |
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Metastasizes widely to the abdomen through the peritoneal fluid.
Incidence is low, mortality is high |
Ovarian Cancer
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Most common in men older than 50
Third most common cause of cancer deaths in men Grows slowly High survival rate if detected early Cause unknown but R/T diets high in fat |
Prostate Cancer
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s/s:
Decreased urinary flow and difficulty starting stream Back pain Hematuria Hemospermia Erectile dysfunction |
Prostate Cancer
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what are the 3 types of :
Most common type of cancer in the US Increased exposure to UV radiation increases risk |
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma |
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Nursing Management of the Client With Cancer what should the nurrse do for her pateint?
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Pain control and comfort
Can be from obstruction, or nerve compression by a tumor |
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what are the s/s for an infection the nurse needs to look for?
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Fever
Elevated WBC count Pain redness Drainage Bleeding Immobility Alterations in body image Changes in psychological and mental status Grieving Emotional support to client and family Side effects of chemotherapy and radiation |
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what are the client and family teching the nurse can do?
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Medications, treatment and procedures
Adverse effects associated with treatment Resources for support Follow-up needed after discharge from the hospital Must allow time for clients to express their feelings or discuss home care |
