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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diabetes Insipidus-Nephrogenic
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Diabetes Insipidus-Nephrogenic
Nephrogenic- Kidney Malfunction |
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Diabetes Insipidus- Cerebral
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Diabetes Insipidus- Cerebral
Head trauma or trauma to pituitary. Can result from surgical trauma. |
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Diabetes Insipidus- clinical manifestations-
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Diabetes Insipidus- clinical manifestations-
Increased urine output Lower specific gravity in urine Altered thirst mechanism Dehydration |
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Diabetes Insipidus resulting from brain trauma- manifestations
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Diabetes Insipidus resulting from brain trauma- manifestations
Localized swelling blocks the transport of ADH from hypothalamus to pituitary |
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Diabetes Insipidus- interventions
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Diabetes Insipidus- interventions
Administer Fluids Administer Pitressin (synth ADH) |
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Sodium (Na) value
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Sodium (Na) value
135-145 mEq/L |
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Sodium- function
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Sodium- function
maintain extracellular volume and water balance aids to transmit nerve impulses |
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Hypernatremia- causes
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Hypernatremia- causes
Decreased water intake Fluid loss Osmotic diuresis Hyperglycemia Salt water intake Profuse diaphoresis accompanied by low water intake Hyperaldosteronism-too much sodium in blood. Diabetes Insipidus |
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Hypernatremia- Clinical manifestations
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Hypernatremia- Clinical manifestations
Decreased mental status Decreased turgor Dry skin and dry mucous membranes Thirst |
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Hypernatremia- interventions
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Hypernatremia- interventions
Administer hypotonic IV (0.455% NSS) Water Administer oral hygeine |
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Hyponatremia- causes
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Hyponatremia- causes
Sweating followed by large plain water intake causes dilution of plasma sodium Increased ADH Adrenal Insufficiency (decreased aldosterone so Na levels fall) |
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Hyponatremia- clinical manifestations
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Hyponatremia- clinical manifestations
Neurological symptoms due to brain swelling Weight gain Edema Rales Abdominal cramps Low hematocrit Low BUN Orthostatic hypotension |
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Hyponatremia- Interventions
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Hyponatremia- Interventions
Administer hypotonic IV Diuretics |
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Potassium value
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Potassium value
3.5-5 mEq/L |
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Potassium- Functions
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Potassium- Functions
Cellular metabolism Transmission of neuromuscular impulses supports cardiac cycle Acid base balance Any condition that increases urinary output decreases potassium |
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Hypokalemia- Causes
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Hypokalemia- Causes
Diuretics GI Losses Adrenal Tumor- may cause excess secretion of aldosterone,which then secretes too much Ka |
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Hypokalemia- clinical manifestations
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Hypokalemia- clinical manifestations
Malaise Muscle Weakness Leg Cramps Fatigue Decreased reflexes Abnormal ECG and dysrhythmias |
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Hypokalemia- interventions
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Hypokalemia- interventions
Administer potassium Oral or IV (NEVER IV PUSH potassium, THIS CAN BE FATAL) |
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Hyperkalemia- causes
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Hyperkalemia- causes
Renal insufficiency Cellular destruction Excessive administration of Ka Adrenal Insufficiency- too little aldosterone. |
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Hyperkalemia- clinical manifestations
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Hyperkalemia- clinical manifestations
Mental changes Abnormal ECG Lethal disrhythmia Dialysis (#1 cause) |
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Hyperkalemia- interventions
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Hyperkalemia- interventions
Glucose and insulin concentrate to move Ka into cells Sodium Bicarbonate for acidosis Kayexelate enema or oral |
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Calcium value
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Calcium value
8.5-10.5mEq/L |
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Calcium- function
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Calcium- function
formation of bone and teeth blood clotting myocardial contractility nerve impulse conduction (suppressant effect) |
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Calcium- regulation
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Calcium- regulation
Vitamin D Parathyroid |
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Hypocalcemia- causes
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Hypocalcemia- causes
Hypoparathyroid Pancreatitis Low dietary Ca Alkalosis Renal disease (kidneys activate V-D, Vit D helps absorb Ca) |
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Hypocalcemia- clinical manifestations
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Hypocalcemia- clinical manifestations
hyperactive reflexes tingling in face fingers toes Muscle spasm tetany Decreased blood clotting Bronchospasms (assess by checking trousseau's signs) |
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Hypocalcemia- interventions
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Hypocalcemia- interventions
Oral or IV calcium (NEVER IM CALCIUM) |
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Hypercalcemia- causes
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Hypercalcemia- causes
Hyperparathyroidism- causes too much Ca to be retained Malignancies-some cancers produce pth. Osteoporosis Prolonged immobility Decreased renal function |
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Hypercalcemia- clinical manifestations
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Hypercalcemia- clinical manifestations
Hypotonicity Lethargy Increased blood clotting Extreme thirst Decreased neuromuscular function Kidney Stones Fractures-too much Ca can cause breaks. |
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Hypercalcemia- interventions
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Hypercalcemia- interventions
Parathyroidectomy Steriods (they decrease GI absorption of Ca) Mitromycin Calcitonin |
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Magnesium value
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Magnesium value
1.5-2.5mEq/L |
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Hypomagnesemia-causes
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Hypomagnesemia-causes
Decreased Mg intake Malnutrition Alcoholism |
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Hypomagnesemia-clinical manifestations
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Hypomagnesemia-clinical manifestations
tremors hyperactivity tetany positive Trousseau's Confusion Agitation |
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Hypomagnesemia- interventions
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Hypomagnesemia- interventions
Replace Magnesium- IV (Mg salts)IV Mg can cause cardiac arrest if given too quickly. Oral IM |
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Hypermagnesemia- causes
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Hypermagnesemia- causes
Renal failure- may be exacerbated by meds containing magnesium. |
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Hypermagnesemia- clinical manifestations
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Hypermagnesemia- clinical manifestations
Lethargy Slow/Weak pulse Low BP Decreased tonicity Brachypnea |
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Hypermagnesemia- interventions
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Hypermagnesemia- interventions
Dialysis Stop intake of Mg. |
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Magnesium- function
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Magnesium- function
Nerve impulse conduction Chemical metabolism Cardiac conduction |
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Trousseaus Signs
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Trousseaus Signs
BP cuff inflated for 3-4 minutes hand claws up. |
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Electrolytes
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Electrolytes
- substances which when dissolved in water separate into ions (capable of conducting electricity) |
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Intracellular Electrolytes
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Intracellular Electrolytes
potassium(K) and magnesium (Mg) |
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Extracellular Electrolytes
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Extracellular Electrolytes
Sodium and Chloride |
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Third Spacing
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Third Spacing
- shift of fluid from vascular space to another part of the body (interstitial space) |
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Third spacing- causes
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Third spacing- causes
increased hydrostatic pressure- as seen in CHF Too much fluid in vessels Decreased plasma proteins Liver disease Increased capillary permeability- sepsis, trauma and burns |
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Third Spacing- clinical manifestations
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Third Spacing- clinical manifestations
Weak right sided pressure Low albumin levels Protein levels |
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Third Spacing- interventions
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Third Spacing- interventions
IV albumin Lasix after IV treatment In sepsis, treat cause |
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SIADH (Syndrome Of Inappropriate Diuretic Hormone)
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SIADH (Syndrome Of Inappropriate Diuretic Hormone)
Excessive ADH production |
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Antidiuretic Hormone - function
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Antidiuretic Hormone - function
- produced & stored in the hypothalamus - stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water decreasing urine output, supporting BP and blood volume - stimulate peripheral blood vessels to constrict |
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Cacitonin - function
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Cacitonin - function
- targets bone and kidney cells - to regulate calcium ion concentration in body fluids |
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Function
T4 - Thyroxine T3 - Triiodothyronine |
Function
T4 - Thyroxine T3 - Triiodothyronine - bind to mitochondria and nucleus of cells to increase the rate of ATP production |
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Pancreas - function
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Pancreas - function
- regulates blood glucose concentrations |
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Thyroidectomy - Postoperative Care
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Thyroidectomy - Postoperative Care
1. Provide Comfort (analgesics, semi-Fowler's positon, head & neck supported by pillows, ice collar to wound - for comfort and to prevent edema) 2. Monitor for hemorrhage (dressing, exudate,) auscultate trachea for stridor 3. Promote patent airway - HOB 30 degrees elevated, oral & sterile suctioni supplies & emergency trach tray (trach kit and IV calcium gluconate or CaCl)at bedside, maintain humidification if ordered, deep breathing exercise hourly; cough if needed to clear secretions 4.Prevent tetany by early identification of hypocalcemia 5. Maintain patent IV site 6. Assess for laryngeal nerve damage noting ability to speak loudly, quality and tone of voice |
