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227 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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acidosis
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an actual or relative increase in the acidity of blood caused by an accumulation of acid or a loss of base
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alkalosis
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an actual or relative decrease in the acidity of blood caused by loss of acid or accumulation of base
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anion
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electrolyte that carries a negative electrical charge
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antidiuretic
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lessening urine excretion
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cation
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electrolyte that carries a positive electrical charge
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dehydration
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a condition resulting from excessive loss of body fluid that occurs when fluid output exceeds intake
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diffusion
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the tendency of molecules of a substance to move from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration
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dysrhythmia
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abnormal, disordered or disturbed cardiac rhythm
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edema
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collection of excess fluid in body tissues
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electrolytes
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a substance that when dissolved in water can conduct electricity
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extracellular
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outside the cell
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filtration
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the process of removing particles from a solution by allowing the liquid portion to pass through a membrane or other partial barrier
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hydrostatic
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pertaining to the pressure of liquids in equilibrium and to the pressure exerted by liquids
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hypercalcemia
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an excessive amount of calcium in the blood
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hyperkalemia
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an excessive amount of potassium in the blood
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hypermagnesemia
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excess magnesium in the blood
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hypernatremia
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excess sodium in the blood
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hypertonic
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exerts greater osmotic pressure than blood
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hyperventilation
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increased ventilation that results in a lowered carbon dioxide level (hypocapnia)
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hypervolemia
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an abnormal increase in the volume of circulating blood
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hypocalcemia
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reduced amount of calcium in the blood
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hypokalemia
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reduced amount of potassium in the blood
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hypomagnesemia
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reduced amount of magnesium in the blood
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hyponatremia
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reduced amount of sodium in the blood
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hypotonic
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pertaining to defective muscular tone or tension; having a lower concentration of solute than intracellular or extracellular fluid
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hypovolemia
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the most common form of dehydration resulting from the loss of fluid from the body; results in decreased blood volume
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interstitial
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fluid between the tissues
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intracellular
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fluids located within the blood cell
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intracranial
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within the cranium or skull
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intravascular
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fluids located within the blood vessels
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isotonic
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a fluid that has the same osmolarity as the blood
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osmosis
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the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane that separates solutions of different concentration
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osteoporosis
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a condition in which there is a reduction in the mass of bone per unit volume
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semipermeable
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partly permeable; said of a membrane that will allow fluids but not the dissolved substance to pass through it
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transcellular
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across cell membranes
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basal cell secretion test
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part of a gastric analysis; measure the amount of gastric acid produced in 1 hour
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bowel sounds
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gugling and clicking sounds heard over the abdomen caused by air and fluid movement from peristaltic action. Normal bowel sounds occur every 5 to 15 seconds at a rate of 5 to 35 sounds per minute. Absent-no bowel sounds heard after 5 minutes of listening in each quadrant. Hyperactive-bowel sounds that are frequent, high pitched, and loud. Hypoactive-bowel sounds that occur at a rate of one every minute or longer
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caput medusae
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dilated veins around the umbilicus, associated with cirrhosis of the liver
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carcinoembryonic antigen
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a class of antigens normally present in fetal cells; CEA level is elevated in many cancers and is measured to guide cancer treatment
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colonoscopy
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examination of the upper portion of the rectum with a colonoscope
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esophagogastrodudenoscopy
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an endoscopic procedure that allows the physician to view the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
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esophagoscopy
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examination of the esophagus using an endoscope
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fluoroscope
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a device consisting of a fluorescent screen suitable mounted, either seperately or in conjunction with an x-ray tube, by means of which the shadows of objects interposed between the tube and the screen are made visable
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gastric acid stimulation test
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a test that measures the amount of gastric acid for 1 hour after subcutaneous injection of a drug that stimulates gastric acid secretion
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gastric analysis
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a test performed to measure secretions of hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach
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gastroscopy
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examination of the stomach and abdominal cavity by use of a gastroscope
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gastrostomy
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surgical creation of a gastric fistula through the abdominal wall
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gavage
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feeding with a stomach tube or with a tube passed through the nares, pharynx, and esophagus into the stomach. The food is in liquid or semiliquid form at room temperature.
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icterus
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yellowing of the skin and the sclera of the eye
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endoscopy
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use of a tube and fiberoptic system (endoscope) for observation of the inside of a hollow organ or cavity, as well as removing polyps, taking biopsy specimens, or coagulating identified bleeding sites
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impaction
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an immovable accumulation of feces in the bowels
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jaundice
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yellowing of the skin and the sclera of the eye
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lavage
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washing out of a cavity
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lower gastrointestinal series
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the use of barium sulfate as an enema to facilitate x ray and fluoroscopic examination of the colon
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occult blood test
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a chemical test or microscopic examination for blood, especially in feces, that is not apparent on visual inspection
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peripheral parenteral nutrition
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nutrition by intravenous injection
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peristalsis
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progressive wave like movement that occurs involuntarily in hollow tubes of bhe body such as the alimentary (digestive) canal; causes contents of tube to be moved onward
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proctosigmoidoscopy
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visual examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon by use of a sigmoidoscope
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retrograde cholangiopancreatography
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an endoscopic procedure that permits the physician to visualize the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas using an endoscope, dye, and x-ray examination
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spider angioma
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thin reddish purple vein lines close to the skin surface
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steatorrhea
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fat in the stools; may be associated with pancreatic disease
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striae
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a line or band of elevated or depressed tissue; may differ in color or texture from surrounding tissue
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upper gastrointestinal series
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x-ray and fluoroscopic examinations of the stomach and duodenum after the ingestion of a contrast medium
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anorexia
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absense or loss of apetite for food. Seen in depression, with illness, and as a side effect of some medications
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anorexia nervosa
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refusal to maintain body weight over a minimal normal weight for age and height
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aphthous stomatitis
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small white painful ulcers (also known as canker sores) that appear on the inner cheeks, lips, gums, tongue, palate, and pharynx. they tend to recur
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bariatric
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branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, control, and treatment of obesity
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bulimia nervosa
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recurrent episodes of binge eating and self induced vomiting
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gastrectomy
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any surgery that involves partial or total removal of the stomach
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gastritis
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acute - inflammation of the stomach mucosa; also known as heartburn or indestion. chronic - gastritis that is recurrent; classified as type A (asymptomatic) or type B (symptomatic)
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gastroduodenostomy
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excision of the pylorus of the stomach with anastomosis of the upper portion of the stomach to the duodenum
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gastrojejunostomy
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subtotal exision of the stomach with closure of the proximal end of the duodenum and side to side anastomosis of the jejunum to the remaining portion of the stomach
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gastroplasty
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pastic surgery of the stomach used to decrease the size of the stomach to treat morbid obesity
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helicobacter pylori
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bacterium that causes some peptic ulcers
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hiatal hernia
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a condition in which part of the stomach protrudes through and above the diaphragm
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obesity
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abnormal amount of fat on the body from 20% to 30% over average weight for age, sex, and height
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peptic ulcer disease
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a condition in which the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum is eroded
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roux-en-Y
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gastric bypass surgery. a small stomach pouch the size of a thumb is created with staples, then a y shaped section of the small intestine is attached to the pouch to allow food to bypass the lower stomach and duodenum
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steatorrhea
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fat in the stools; may be associated with pancreatic disease
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stomatitis
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inflammation of the mouth
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appendicitis
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inflammation of the vermiform appendix
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colectomy
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excision of the colon or a portion of it
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colitis
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inflammation of the colon
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colostomy
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an artificial opening (stoma) created in the large intestine and brought to the surface of the abdomen for evacuating the bowels
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constipation
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a condition of sluggish or difficult bowel action/evacuation
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diarrhea
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passage of fluid or unformed stools
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diverticulitis
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inflammation of a diverticulum (a sac or pouch in the walls of a canal or organ, usually the colon) especially inflammation involving diverticula of the colon
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diverticulosis
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the presence of diverticula in the absence of inflammation
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enteritis
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inflammation of the intestines, particularly of the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine
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fissures
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a narrow slit or cleft, especially one of the deeper or more constant furrows separating the gyri of the brain
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fistulas
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any abnormal tubelike passage within body tissue, usually between two internal organs or leading from an internal organ to the body surface
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hematochezia
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blood in the feces
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hemorrhoids
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a mass of dilated tortuous veins in the anorectum involving the venous plexuses of that area
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hernia
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the protrusion or projection of an organ or a part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it
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ileostomy
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an artificial opening (stoma) created in the small intestine (ileum) and brought to the surface of the abdomen for the purpose of evacuating feces
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impaction
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an immovable accumulation of feces in the bowels
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intussusception
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the slipping of one part of an intestine into another adjacent to it
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megacolon
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extremely dilated colon
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melena
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black tarry feces caused by action of intestinal secretions on free blood
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obstipation
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intractable constipation
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peristomal
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area around a stoma
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peritonitis
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inflammation of the peritoneum
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stoma
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a mouth, small opening, or pore
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volvulus
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a twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction
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ascites
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abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
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asterixis
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hand flapping tremor and involuntary movements of tongue and feet; may be present in hepatic encephalopathy
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cholecystitis
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inflammation of the gallbladder
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choledochoscopy
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an endoscopic test of the gallbladder and common bile duct
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choledocholithiasis
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gallstones in the common bile duct
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cholethiasis
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gallstones in the gall bladder
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cirrhosis
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chronic disease of the liver associated with fat infiltration and development of fibrotic tissue
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colic
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spasm of a hallow organ or duct causing pain
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encephalopathy
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dysfunction of the brain
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extracorporeal shock wave lithrotripsy
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noninvasive treatment using shock waves to break up gallstones or kidney stones
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fetor hepaticus
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foul breath associated with liver disease
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hepatitis
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inflammation of the liver most often viral
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hepatorenal syndrom
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a deadly kidney failure that sometimes accompanies liver disease
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laparoscopy
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exploration of the abdomen with an endoscope
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pancreatectomy
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removal of all or part of the pancreas
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portal hypertension
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persistent blood pressure elevation in the portal circulation of the abdomen
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T-tube
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t shaped tube in the bile duct that allows drainage of bile following gallbladder surgery
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transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
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shunt that side tracks venous blood around the liver to thevena cava for treatment of ascites
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varices
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dilated veins
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Location of stoma: ileostomy
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type of effluent: liquid to mushy
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location of stoma: cecostomy, ascending colostomy
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type of effluent: liquid to mushy, foul odor
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location of stoma: right transverse colostomy
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type of effluent: mushy to semiformed
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location of stoma: left transverse colostomy
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type of effluent: semiformed, soft
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location of stoma: descending or sigmoid colostomy
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type of effluent: soft to hard formed
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Norm: osmolarity of blood
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270-300 mOsm/L (miliosmoles p/liter)
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Norm: tonicity
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0.9% saline
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Norm: urine output
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30-50 ml p/hr
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Norm: adequate sodium intake
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adults - 49 = 1.5g p/day, 50yrs - 70yrs 1.3g p/day, 71+ 1.2g p/day
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Norm: serum sodium
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135-145 mEq/L
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Norm: serum potassium
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3.5 - 5 mEq/L
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Norm: serum calcium
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9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5 to 5.5 mEq/L
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Norm: serum magnesium
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1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L
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Norm: serum pH
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7.35 - 7.45
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Norm: Pco2
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32 - 45 mmHg
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Norm: Hco3
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20 - 26 mEq/L
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Norm: Stomach Ph
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1 -2
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Norm: pH of duodenal chyme
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7.5
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Norm: bowel sounds
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5-30 p/minute
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Norm: carcinoembryonic antigen
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< 5 ng/mL (nonsmokers)
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Norm: RBC count
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4.2 - 5.2 million/mm3 (women), 4.5 - 6.2 million/mm3 (men)
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Norm: hemoglobin
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12-16 g/dL (women), 14-18 g/dL (men)
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Norm: hematocrit
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38%-46% (women), 42%-54% (men)
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Norm: calcium
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8.0-10.5 mg/dl
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Norm: chloride
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98-107 mEq/L
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Norm: potassium
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3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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Norm: sodium
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135-145 mEq/L
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Norm: stool for occult blood
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negative
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Norm: stool for ova parasites
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negative
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Norm: stool culture
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no unusual growth
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Norm: stool for lipids (fecal fat)
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2-5g p/24 hrs (normal diet)
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Norm: Blood Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
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5-35 IU/dL
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Norm: Albumin
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3.1-4.3 g/dL
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Norm: Amylase
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53-123 U/L
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Norm: Ammonia
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12-55 mol/L
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Norm: Aspertate Aminotransferase (AST)
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8-20 units/L
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Norm: Bilirubin Total Serum
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0.1 - 1.0 mg/dl
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Norm: Bilirubin Conjugated (direct)
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0.0 - 0.4 mg/dl
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Norm: bilirubin Unconjugated (indirect)
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0.1-1.0 mg/dl
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Norm: calcium
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9-10.5 mg/dl
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Norm: cholesterol
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150-200 mg/dl
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Norm: lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
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110-350 IU/L
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Norm: potassium
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3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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Norm: prothrombin time
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11-12.5 s
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Norm: urine bilirubin
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negative
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Norm: urobilinogen
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0.3-1.0 Ehrlich unit in 2 hrs
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Norm: gastric pH
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1-5
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Norm: respiratory and intestinal secretions
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ph > 6
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Norm: BMI
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20-25
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Norm: Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
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5-35 IU/dL
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Norm: Aspertate Aminotransferase (AST)
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8-20 u/L
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Norm: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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1-20mm/hr (women), 1-13 mm/hr (men)
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Norm: anti-HAV
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negative
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Norm: anti-HBV
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negative
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Norm: anti-HCV
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negative
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% of body made of water
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adult 60%, elderly < 50%, infant 70-80%
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isotonic
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0.9% saline (normal saline)
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hypotonic
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lower osmolarity
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hypertonic
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higher osmolarity
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ormolarity (definition and norm)
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concentration of substances in body fluids, 270-300mOsm/L
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dehydration criteria
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urine output < 30 ml p/hr
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healthy adults should drink approx ____ ml of fluid p/kilo of body weight p/day
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30
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the patient w/ dehydration usually also has
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elevated BUN level, elevated hematocrit, increased specific gravity
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furosemide (Lasix)
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The drug of choice for water retention when patient has adequately functioning kidneys, a loop (high ceiling) diuretic that causes the kidneys to excrete sodium and water, oral for mild and IV for severe
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the most reliable indicator of fluid gain
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1-2 lbs of weight gain
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Norm: serum sodium
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135-145 mEq/L
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Norm: adequate sodium intake
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1.5g p/day for adults to 49, 1.3g for 50-70yrs, 1.2g for 71yrs and older
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Upper intake level for sodium (UL)
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2.3g p/day
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Hyponatremia occurs when serum sodium levels are _______
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less than 135 mEq/L
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Abnormal pH levels (value and meaning)
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below 7.35 is acidosis, above 7.45 is alkalosis
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abnormal PaCO2 carbon dioxide levels (value and meaning)
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< 35 or > 45, either abnormal reading is respiratory
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abnormal HCO3 bicarbonate levels (value and meaning)
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< 22 or > 26 is metabolic
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Hypernatremia occurs when serum sodium level is ___
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above 145 mEq/L
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Amount of potassium found in the blood stream
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3.5 to 5 mEq/L
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Hypokalemia occurs when
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serum potassium levels fall below 3.5 mEq/L
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drugs that can cause increased excretion of potassium
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potassium loosing diuretics: lasix (furosemide) Digitalis preparations: lanoxin (digoxin), Corticosteroids: detasone (prednasone)
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Hyperkalemia occurs when serum _______ level exceeds ___________
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potassium 5mEq/L
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use of _____ may also contribute to hyperkalemia
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potassium sparing diuretics *aldactone (spironolactone)
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for patients with renal problems, a cation exchange resin, such as __________ is administered orally or rectally
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kayexalate (polystyrene sulfonate)
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Norm: serum calcium
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9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5 to 5.5 mEq/L
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hypocalcemia occurs when:
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serum calcium below 9 mg/dl or 4.5 mEq/L
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adequate intake of calcium
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19yrs-50yrs 1000mg, 50yrs+ 1200mg
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For patients with acute or severe hypocalcemia, __________ is given
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IV calcium gluconate or calcium chloride
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Hypercalcemia occurs when:
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serum calcium levels above 11 mg/dl or 5.5 mEq/L
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Why is potassium never given by IV push?
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in too high concentrations it can cause cardiac arrest
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The drug that releases sodium and absorbs potassium for excretion through the feces
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Kayexalate, a cation exchange resin aka sodium polystyrene sulfonate
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What is a potassium sparing diuretic that may also contribute to hyperkalemia
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Aldactone (spironolactone)
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What type of person is most at risk for hypocalcemia?
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postmenopausal woman, also thin, petite, caucasian
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an inexpensive source of calcium for patients who do not require vit D supplementation
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tums, provides 240 mg of elemental calcium per tablet
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Test in which you inflate a blood pressure cuff around the patient's upper arm for 1 to 4 minutes, and their hands and fingers become spastic and go into palmar flexion
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Trousseau's sign, if positive is a sign of hypocalcemia
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test in which you tap the face just below and in front of the ear
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Chvostek's sign, indicates calcium deficit, facial twitching signifies a positive result
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Excessive intake of calcium or Vitamin D, renal failure, hyperparathyroidism, cancers and overuse or prolonged use of thiazide diuretics (HydroDiuril)
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can cause hypercalcemia
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Diuretics that promote calcium excretion
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Lasix (furosemide)
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Drugs that bind with calcium to lower calcium levels
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Mithramycin, Mithracin, Cuprimine
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which of the following are functions of sodium in the body? NEWLINE a) maintenance of serum osmolarity NEWLINE b) formation of bones and teeth NEWLINE c) control of bronchodilation NEWLINE d) control of serum glucose NEWLINE e) maintenance of cellular function
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a) maintenance of serum osmolarity NEWLINE e) maintenance of cellular function
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A 93 year old patient with diarrhea and dehydration is admitted to the hospital from an extended care facility. For which of the following symptoms of dehydration should the nurse assess? NEWLINE a) pale colored urine, bradycardia NEWLINE b) disorientation, poor skin turgor NEWLINE c) decreased hematocrit, hypothermia NEWLINE d) lung congestion, abdominal discomfort
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b) disorientation, poor skin turgor
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Which patient is most at risk for fluid excess? NEWLINE a) an infant with pneumonia b) a teen with multiple injuries following an automobile accident NEWLINE c) a middle aged man who just had surgery NEWLINE d) an elderly patient receiving IV therapy
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d) an elderly patient receiving IV therapy
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Which of the following is the most reliable way to monitor a patient's fluid status? NEWLINE a) I&O NEWLINE b) skin turgor NEWLINE c) daily weights NEWLINE d) lung sounds
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c) daily weights
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When caring for a patient with fluid excess, which of the following interventions will help relieve respiratory distress? A) elevate the head of the bed NEWLINE b) encourage the patient to cough and deep breathe NEWLINE c) increase fluids to promote urine output NEWLINE d) perform percussion and postural drainage
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a) elevate head of bed
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A patient is being discharged following hospitalization for fluid imbalance. Which instruction by the nurse should take priority? NEWLINE a) weight yourself every day and report changes NEWLINE b) call your doctor immediately if you feel weak or fatigued NEWLINE c) drink eight glasses of water a day NEWLINE measure everything you drink and measure how much you urinate each day
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a) weigh yourself every day and report changes
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A patient is being treated for hypocalcemia. When evaluating his response to potassium replacement therapy, which of the following changes in his assessment should you observe for? NEWLINE a) improving visual acuity NEWLINE b) worsening constipation NEWLINE c) decreasing serum glucose NEWLINE d) increasing muscle strength
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d) increasing muscle strength - because lethargy is a sign of decreased potassium so would be working if strength increased
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A patient is being placed on a potassium losing diuretic. Which foods are high in potassium and should be recommended to the patient by the nurse? Choose all that are correct NEWLINE a) bread NEWLINE b) potato NEWLINE c) tomato juice NEWLINE d) banana NEWLINE e) gelatin
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b) potato, c) tomato juice, d) banana
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Which patient is at risk for respiratory acidosis? NEWLINE a) patient w/ uncontrolled diabetes mellitus NEWLINE b) the patient with chronic pulmonary disease NEWLINE c) the patient who is very anxious NEWLINE d) the patient who overuses antacids
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b) COPD patient
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Which pH value represents acidosis? NEWLINE 7.26 NEWLINE 7.35 NEWLINE 7.4 NEWLINE 7.49
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7.26 b/c the cut off is 7.35
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