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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Conjunctivitis |
Inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by either a virus or a bacterium |
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How long can the viral conjunctivitis live on dry surfaces? |
2 weeks or more |
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Signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis |
•Conjunctival redness •Crusting exudate on the lids and corners of the eyes •Itching •Pain •Excessive tearing |
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Treatment for conjunctivitis |
•Eyewashes or irrigations •Bacterial is treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointments |
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Blepharitis |
An inflammation of the eyelid margins; is a chronic inflammatory process. |
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2 Types of blepharitis |
•Seborrheic •Ulcerative |
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Seborrheic blepharitis |
Characterized by reddened eyelids with scales and flaking at the base of the lashes |
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Ulcerative blepharitis |
Produces crusts at eyelashes, reddened eyes, and inflamed corneas |
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Treatment for blepharitis |
•Requires commitment to long-term daily cleansing with cotton-tipped swabs dipped in diluted baby shampoo or sterile eyelid cleanser solutions to prevent infection. •If bacterial, antibiotic ointment is applied 1-4 times/day after being cleansed •Warm compresses may also be used |
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Hordeolum |
•Another type of eyelid infection •An external sty, is a small abscess in the sebaceous gland at the base of the eyelash (either the glands of Zeis or glands of Moll). •Styes are small, raised, reddened areas |
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Chalazion |
•Internal hordeolum •May form in the connective tissue of the eyelids, specifically in the meibomian glands •Larger than the external hordeolum |
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Keratitis |
Inflammation of the cornea and may be acute or chronic and superficial or deep. The depth is determined by how many layers of cornea are affected |
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People at increased risk for keratitis |
•People with dry eyes •People with contacts and practice poor contact lenses hygiene •Have decrease corneal sensation •People who are immunosuppressed |
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Signs and symptoms of keratitis |
•Pain that increases with movement of the lid over the cornea •Decreased vision •Photophobia •Tearing •Blepharospasm •Conjunctiva often appears reddened •In advanced cases, cornea may appear cloudy/opaque |
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Treatment of keratitis |
•Topical antibiotics •Topical corticosteroids •Topical interferons •Antiviral medications •Cycloplegic agents •Warm compresses •If cornea is severely damaged, corneal transplant may be required |
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Emmetropia |
Normal vision |
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Ametropia |
A term used to describe any refractive error |
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4 common types of ametropic disorders |
•Hyperopia •Myopia •Astigmatism •Presbyopia |
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Hyperopia |
•Farsightedness. The globe or eyeball is too short from the front to the back causing light rays to focus beyond the retina. •Corrected convex lenses |
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Myopia |
•Nearsightedness •Caused by light rays focusing in front of the retina. The eyeball is elongated, and thus the light rays do not reach the retina. •Corrected with concave lenses |
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Astigmatism |
•Results from unequal curvatures in the shape of the cornea. •When parallel light rays enter the eye, the irregular cornea causes the light rays to be focused in 2 different points. •The person with astigmatism has blurred vision with distortion |
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Presbyopia |
Condition in which the crystalline lenses lose their elasticity, resulting in a decrease ability to focus on close objects. Usually associated with aging and generally occurs after age 40 |
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Blindness |
•The complete or almost complete absence of the sense of sight •Is produced when the rays of light on their way to the optic nerve are obstructed, or by disease of the optic nerve or tract of the part of the brain connected with vision |
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Signs and symptoms of blindness |
•Loss of vision •Visual field is blurred, distorted, or absent in specific areas |
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Vision for glaucoma |
Objects may appear dark or absent around the peripheral field |
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Vision for diabetic retinopathy |
The center of the visual field may appear dark for individuals with diabetic retinopathy or macular degeneration |
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WHAT'S UP |
•Where •How •Aggravating/alleviating factors •Timing •Severity •Useful data •Perception of the problem |
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Diabetic retinopathy |
Retinopathy is a disorder in which vascular changes occur in the tribal blood vessels. The pathological changes are related to excess glucose, changes in retinal capillary walls, formation of microaneurysms, and constriction of retinal blood vessels. |
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3 stages of diabetic retinopathy |
•Background retinopathy •Preproliferative retinopathy •Proliferative retinopathy |
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Background retinopathy |
The earliest stage in which microaneurysms form on the retinal capillary walls. Microaneurysms may leak blood into the central retina or macula. If leakage causes edema, patient may notice decrease in color discrimination and visual acuity |
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Preproliferative retinopathy |
Characterized by swollen and irregularly dilated veins, which results in sluggish or blocked blood flow. Patients are generally not aware of this stage because there are no symptoms |
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Proliferative retinopathy |
Characterized by the formation of new blood vessels growing into the retinal and optic disc area in an attempt to increase the blood supply to the retina. The newer vessels may grow into the vitreous, which causes a traction effect, causing retinal detachment |
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Retinal detachment |
Separation of the retina from the choroid layer beneath it, allowing fluid to enter the space between the layers |
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Signs and symptoms of retinal detachment |
•Sudden change in vision •Initially as the retina is pulled, patients report seeing flashing lights and then floaters •When the retina detaches, patients describe it as, "looking through a veil" or "cobwebs" and finally "like a curtain being lowered over the field of vision," with darkness resulting •No pain bevause the retina does not contain sensory nerves |
