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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immunocompetence is...
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The immune system responds appropriately to a foreign stimulus
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Immunity is...
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The quality of being insusceptible to or unaffected by a particular disease or condition
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Immunology is....
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The study of the immune system
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Inappropriate responses of the immune system
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Hyperactive response against environmental antigens (allergy)
Inability to protect the body Failure to recognize the body as self Attacks on beneficial foreign tissue (organ transplant rejection or transfusion reaction |
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Innate (natural) immunity
is... |
First line of defense
Provides physical and chemical barriers to invading pathogens and protects against the external environment Composed of the skin, mucous membranes, cilia, stomach acid, tears, saliva, sebaceous glands, and secretions and flora of the intestines and vagina Non-specific immunity |
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Adaptive (acquired) immunity
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Second line of defense
Provides a specific reaction to each invading antigen Protects the internal environment Composed of thymus, spleen, bone marrow, blood, and lymph Produces antibodies in the cells after an infection or vaccination |
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Macrophages (phagocytes) are...
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*
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Lymphokines are....
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*
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antigens are...
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*
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Humoral immunity includes....
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active immunity and passive immunity
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Active Immunity
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Antibodies are produced by one’s own body (vaccines
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Passive immunity
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Antibodies are formed by another in response to a specific antigen and administered to an individual (HBIG)
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Primary importance of cellular immunity....
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Immunity against pathogens that survive inside cells
Fungal infections Rejection of transplanted tissues Contact hypersensitivity Tumor immunity Certain autoimmune diseases |
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What is the role of the compliment system?
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The complement system can destroy the cell membrane of many bacterial species, and this action attracts phagocytes to the area
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Explain Genetic Control of Immunity
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There is a genetic link to both well-developed immune systems and poorly developed or compromised immune systems
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Effects of Normal Aging on the Immune System
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Aging causes a decline in the immune system
Higher incidence of tumors Greater susceptibility to infections Aging does not affect the bone marrow |
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Explain immunization
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A controlled exposure to a disease-producing pathogen which triggers antibody production and prevents disease
Provides protection for months to years |
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What is immunotherapy?
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Treatment of allergic responses that involves administering increasingly large doses of the offending allergens to gradually develop immunity
Preseasonal, coseasonal, or perennial Severe side effect: anaphylaxis |
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Immune response: hypersensitivity
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An abnormal condition characterized by an excessive reaction to a particular stimulus
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What are hypersensitivity reactions?
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An inappropriate and excessive response of the immune system to a sensitizing antigen
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Hypersensitivity disorders
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Harmless substances such as pollens, danders, foods, and chemicals are recognized as foreign
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Hypersensitivity
Etiology/pathophysiology |
Genetic defect that allows increased production of immunoglobulin E (IgE)
Exposures may occur by inhalation, ingestion, injection, or touch |
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Clinical manifestations of Hypersensitivity
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Pruritus
Nausea Sneezing Excessive nasal secretions and tearing Inflamed nasal membranes Skin rash Diarrhea Cough; wheezes; impaired breathing |
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Hypersensitivity:
Diagnostic tests |
History
Physical exam Laboratory studies: CBC, skin testing, total serum IgE levels |
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Hypersensitivity:
Nursing interventions |
Symptom management: antihistamines
Environmental control: avoidance of the allergen Immunotherapy |
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What is Anaphylaxis?
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System reaction to allergens
Venoms Drugs—penicillin Contrast media dyes Insect stings Foods |
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Anaphylaxis:
clinical manifestations |
Feelings of uneasiness to impending death
Urticaria (hives) and pruritus Cyanosis and pallor Congestion and sneezing Edema of the tongue and larynx with stridor Bronchospasm, wheezing, and dyspnea Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea and involuntary stools Tachycardia and hypotension Coronary insufficiency, vascular collapse, dysrhythmias, shock, cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, and death |
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Anaphylaxis:
nursing interventions |
Epinephrine
Benadryl IV access Oxygen Aminophylline Teaching: avoid allergen; use medic-alert ID; administration of epinephrine |
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What are transfusion reactions?
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Reactions that occur with mismatched blood
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Mild Transfusion reactions:
Clinical manifestations |
Diarrhea
Fever and chills Urticaria Cough Orthopnea |
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Moderate Transfusion reactions...
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Fever and chills
Urticaria Wheezing |
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Severe Transfusion reactions...
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Fever and extreme chills
Severe urticaria Anaphylaxis |
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Nursing interventions for mild transfusion reactions...
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Stop transfusion
Administer saline Administer steroids, diuretics, and antihistamines as ordered Physician may order transfusion continued at a slower rate |
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Nursing interventions for moderate transfusion reactions...
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Stop transfusion
Administer saline Administer antihistamines and epinephrine |
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Nursing interventions for severe transfusion reactions...
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Stop transfusion
Administer saline Administer antihistamines and epinephrine Return blood or blood product to lab for testing Obtain urine specimen |
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What is Delayed hypersensitivity?
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Reaction occurs 24-72 hours after exposure
Examples include: Poison ivy Tissue transplant rejection |
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What are Types of grafts?
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Autograft
Isograft Allograft (homograft) Heterograft |
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Antigenetic determinants on the cells lead to...
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graft rejection via the immune process
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What happens to lymphocytes 7-10 days after vascularization?
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lymphocytes appear in sufficient numbers for sloughing to occur
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What is Immunosuppressive?
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Agents that significantly interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to antigenic stimulation by inhibiting cellular and humoral immunity
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What is Immunodeficiency
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An abnormal condition of the immune system in which cellular or humoral immunity is inadequate and resistance to infection is decreased
May cause recurrent infections, chronic infections, severe infections, and/or incomplete clearing of infections Can be induced (chemotherapy) |
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Primary immunodeficiency disorders
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Phagocytic defects
B-cell deficiency T-cell deficiency Combined B-cell and T-cell deficiency |
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Secondary immunodeficiency disorders
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Drug-induced immunosuppression
Stress Malnutrition Radiation Surgical removal of lymph nodes, thymus, or spleen Hodgkin’s disease |
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Explain autoimmune
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The development of an immune response to one’s own tissues
Body is unable to distinguish “self” protein from “foreign” protein Examples of disorder: pernicious anemia; Guillain-Barré syndrome; scleroderma; systemic lupus erythematosus |
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What is Plasmapheresis?
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Removal of plasma that contains components causing disease
Used to treat autoimmune disease |
